WEEK TWO
DATE:
CLASS: Year 8
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
TOPIC: ANIMALS FEED AND FEEDING
DURATION: 40mins
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to (i) Define of
feed. (ii) Mention and explain the types of animal feed. (iii) List Feeding tools
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Learners are familiar with Feed/ feeding in animals.
CONTENT:
DEFINITION OF FEED
Feed refers to the food given to animals. They contain nutrient elements either alone
or in combination with other substances which support the healthy growth and
development of livestock.
TYPES OF FEED
Animal feeds can be classified into four main groups according to the
digestibility, quantity of fibre, quantity required and moisture in the feed. The
four groups of feeds are;
1. Concentrates: They are fee with a low proportion of fibre and water content. They
are easily digested by farm animals. Concentrates can be further be subdivided into
two groups: Those containing a high proportion of carbohydrates are called
carbohydrate concentrates/basal feed/energy feed e.g. maize, guinea corn,
cassava etc. while those with a high proportion of proteins are called protein
concentrates e.g. beans, peas, cotton seed, sunflower seeds and heads, groundnuts,
palm kernel and animal products such as meat, blood meal, bone meal, fishmeal and
milk.
2. Roughages: Roughages are very low in protein and carbohydrate but high in fibre.
They are not easily digested by animals, therefore are fed together
with concentrated foods for young animals and those kept for milk and meat
production. Examples are hay, groundnut hulls, straw, bean pods and maize stover.
3. Succulents: These have high water content. They are easy to digest. Examples
are freshly cut/lush grass and legume plants (soilage), pumpkin, silage, melons and
most green crops.
4. Supplements (minerals and vitamins): they are required in small quantities,
low in energy, protein and fibre but high in vitamins and minerals. They aid digestion
and increase animals’ resistance to diseases. They are available in basal and protein
concentrate feeds. Other sources are bone meal, oyster shell, salt licks etc.
FEEDING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FOR FARM ANIMALS
Common animal feeding equipment includes:
1. Hay racks: They are used for feeding animals with hay and other forages
2. Feed troughs or bunks: These are used for feeding grain and silage. Troughs for
feeding cattle are usually stationary and located on a well-drained site preferably on
concrete or hard surfaces.
3. Self-feeders: These are mainly used for fattening cattle. Self-feeders may be
stationary or portable.
4. Watering facilities: Farm animals cannot survive for a long time without water.
Mature cattle can consume an average of 12 litres of water per head daily depending
on the size of the animals, season and the type of feed consumed. Water troughs,
wells, springs, streams, or lakes are the main sources of water supply for cattle.
Water troughs and tanks should be of adequate size when used.
NOTE: Farm animals should be provided with suitable shade while feeding particularly
during the dry season to reduce the heat burden.
STRATEGIES/ ACTIVITIES:
STEP I: Teacher goes over previous knowledge by initiating the discussion method of teaching.
STEP II: Introduce and explains the topic for the week.
STEP III: Evaluation; Learners ask questions for clarity and teacher explains further for better
understanding.
STEP IV: Gives material/note to students, and a research topic for study.
STEP VI: Goes over learners material/note for correction and acknowledgment.
EVALUATION: (i) Define of feed. (ii) Mention and explain the types of animal feed.
(iii) List Feeding tools
CONCLUSION: At the end of the lesson, learners were able to (i) Define of feed. (ii) Mention
and explain the types of animal feed. (iii) List Feeding tools
WEEK THREE
DATE:
CLASS: Year 8
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
TOPIC: Feed nutrient
DURATION: 40mins
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to (i) Define Feed
nutrients. (ii) Explain the Classes of feed nutrient.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Learners are familiar with Feed/ feeding and nutrients in animals.
CONTENT:
FEED NUTRIENTS
These are substances obtained from feed and used by the body to promote
growth, maintenance and repairs of body tissues. About 21chemical elements make up the
various feed nutrients needed for the nutrition of farm animals. The following shows the
elements and their chemical symbols.
Name of element Chemical symbol
Carbon C
Non mineral elements
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
Phosphorus P
Potassium K
Macro mineral elements
Chlorine Cl
Magnesium Mg
Sulphur S
Calcium Ca
Sodium Na
Cobalt Co
Copper Cu
Fluorine F
Manganese Mn
Micro mineral elements
Zinc Zn
Molybdenum Mo
Selenium Se
Chromium Cr
Iodine I
Iron Fe
Classes of livestock feed nutrient
There are many types of feed nutrients suitable for livestock. It is important to
understand the main classes and its constituent elements and functions of animal feeds.
The major feed nutrients include:
Carbohydrates
These foods are needed by livestock for supplying the energy required by the body for
doing work and for the functioning of different organs of the body. Carbohydrates occur in
nature as starches, cellulose or fibre. They contain elements, such as carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen which are easily ‘burnt up’ or oxidized to produce energy. Examples are yams,
cassava, potato, rice and Bread.
Fats
Fats contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Fats have more carbon and oxygen than
carbohydrates. They supply energy needed by the body for keeping the body temperature
at the correct level. They produce two and a half times the energy produced by
carbohydrates. Fat can be found in plant and animal materials. Examples are milk, fatty
seeds such as groundnuts, coconuts and cotton seeds, animal by-products, fish by-
products, cereals, roots and tubers.
Proteins
Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes iron, phosphorus and
or sulphur. Proteins are found in the protoplasm of all animals and plants. They are
required by animals for growth and for the repair of worn-out tissues and organs of the
body. Examples of protein-rich foods include soybeans, cotton seeds, groundnut, peas and
beans as well as fish and meat. The common sources of protein for animal feeds are
forages, animal and fish by-products, roots and tubers and cereal grains.
Minerals
Minerals are necessary in an animal’s diet. They are required in small quantities only,
except phosphorus and calcium which are important for bone formation. Carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are four of the twenty one elements that function in animal
nutrition and are called non-mineral elements. The other 17 elements are called mineral
elements. Macro-elements are required by the animals in large quantities, and they are
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulphur, chlorine and magnesium. The remaining
ten elements are required in very small quantities and are called micro-elements or
trace elements, and they are iron, iodine, copper, cobalt, chromium, fluorine, manganese,
zinc, molybdenum and selenium.
Water
Water contains hydrogen and oxygen. Water is needed by farm animalsto aid digestion and
distribution of food in their body. It also helps in the regulation of body temperature
through heat loss by evaporation from the skin and lungs. Water is contained in the feeds
of animals.
Vitamins
These are another group of substances which must present in very tiny amounts in the
rations of farm animals. They are essential for the proper and normal functioning of the
animal’s body. Their deficiency leads to ill-health of the animal. Vitamins contain
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Vitamins can be grouped into
1. Water-soluble e.g. Vitamin B and C and
2. Fat-soluble vitamins e.g. Vitamin A, D, E and K.
STRATEGIES/ ACTIVITIES:
STEP I: Teacher goes over previous knowledge by initiating the discussion method of teaching.
STEP II: Introduce and explains the topic for the week.
STEP III: Evaluation; Learners ask questions for clarity and teacher explains further for better
understanding.
STEP IV: Gives material/note to students, and a research topic for study.
STEP VI: Goes over learners material/note for correction and acknowledgment.
EVALUATION: (i) Define Feed nutrients. (ii) Explain the Classes of feed nutrient.
CONCLUSION: At the end of the lesson, learners were able to (i) Define Feed nutrients. (ii)
Explain the Classes of feed nutrient.
WEEK FOUR
DATE:
CLASS: Year 8
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
TOPIC: FACTORS TO CONSIDER BEFORE DECIDING ANIMAL FEED
DURATION: 40mins
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to (i) List the
factors to consider before deciding farm animal feeds and explain these factors.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Learners are familiar with Feed/ feeding in animals.
CONTENT:
Factors to consider before deciding animal feeds are
1. Age
2. Physiological status
3. Purpose of rearing the animals
4. Management system
Age
Younger animals require more proteinous feeds than the older animals.
Physiological status
Pregnant and lactating animals will consume more feed and need nutritious feed to sustain
their young ones and foetus.
Purpose of rearing the animals
Animals kept for production of milk, egg, work etc. will be fed with feed suited for that
purpose and will need more in terms of quantity than other animals.
Management system
Animals kept under intensive management system would require more quantity and
quality feed due to the fact that they are confined and cannot fend for themselves as
compared to animals kept under other management systems.
Definition of some terms associated with animal feeding
1. Diet is the amount of feed formulated to meet the specific need of an animal
2. Ration is the total amount of feed supplied to animal per day.
3. Abalancedration is a feed constituent that contains all essential nutrients in their
appropriate quantities before being offered to an animal. There are two types of balanced
ration, they are
4. Maintenanceration: is the amount of feed given to an animal to within a 24 hour
period just enough for the animal to maintain its normal bodily functions without adding or
losing live weight.
5. Productionration: is the amount of feed given to a specific group of animal within a 24
hour period to enable them produce appropriately.
Categories of animals fed production ration are:
1. Lactating animals for milk production.
2. Growers/Weaning animals to support growth.
3. Fattening animals to reach desired weight in good time.
4. Flushing for female animals prior to breeding.
5. Steaming up for pregnant animals prior to parturition.
6. Pregnant animals to support growing foetus.
7. Broilers too for rapid growth.
8. Layers for quality egg production.
STRATEGIES/ ACTIVITIES:
STEP I: Teacher goes over previous knowledge by initiating the discussion method of teaching.
STEP II: Introduce and explains the topic for the week.
STEP III: Evaluation; Learners ask questions for clarity and teacher explains further for better
understanding.
STEP IV: Gives material/note to students, and a research topic for study.
STEP VI: Goes over learners material/note for correction and acknowledgment.
EVALUATION: (i) List the factors to consider before deciding farm animal feeds and
explain these factors.
CONCLUSION: At the end of the lesson, learners were able to (i) List the factors to consider
before deciding farm animal feeds and explain these factors.
WEEK FIVE
DATE:
CLASS: Year 8
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
TOPIC: FARM ANIMAL DISEASE I
DURATION: 40mins
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to (i) Define
disease (ii) Outline the causes of diseases in farm animal (iii) Mode of transmission of farm
animal disease (iv) mention symptoms of farm animals diseases
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Learners are familiar with diseases, how it spreads and preventive
methods.
CONTENT:
DEFINITION
Disease is any change in the normal function or well-being of farm animals caused by
another organism. Animals, like human beings, suffer from many serious diseases which
may make them sick and may cause their death in large numbers if they are not treated.
CAUSES OF DISEASES IN FARM ANIMAL
Five groups of organisms which commonly cause animal disease; they are:
1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Protozoa
4. Worms (parasitic nematodes)
5. Fungi
MODE OF TRANSMISSION OF FARM ANIMAL DISEASE
Disease-causing organisms can transit diseases to farm animals through the following
modes:
1. Air (airborne)
2. Water
3. Direct contact with organism
4. Bites from insects, ticks and mites
However, preventing exposure of farm animals to these sources of transmission of
diseases, the chances of farm animals being affected by diseases which can make them
sick can be reduced.
SYMPTOMS OF FARM ANIMAL DISEASES
Symptom refers to the sign or indication of the presence of an abnormal condition in an
animal. Diseased animals show specific symptoms which farmers can recognize that there
are changes in the normal functioning of the bodies of farm animals. Farmers can
recognize symptoms of different diseases in their sick animals. Such sick animals are taken
to veterinary doctors who can prescribe medicines to cure the farm animals. Common
symptoms of diseases in animals include the following:
1. Stunted growth
2. Reduced food utilization
3. Rise in temperature- high fever
4. Abortion in female animals
5. Sores and exudates from the skin
6. Enlarged udder
7. Stained blood in orifices
8. Loss of hair (alopecia)
9. Loss of weight (emaciation)
10. Loss of appetite (anorexia)
11. Anaemia (shortage of blood)
STRATEGIES/ ACTIVITIES:
STEP I: Teacher goes over previous knowledge by initiating the discussion method of teaching.
STEP II: Introduce and explains the topic for the week.
STEP III: Evaluation; Learners ask questions for clarity and teacher explains further for better
understanding.
STEP IV: Gives material/note to students, and a research topic for study.
STEP VI: Goes over learners material/note for correction and acknowledgment.
EVALUATION: (i) Define disease (ii) Outline the causes of diseases in farm animal (iii)
Mode of transmission of farm animal disease (iv) mention symptoms of farm animals
diseases
CONCLUSION: At the end of the lesson, learners were able to (i) Define disease (ii) Outline the
causes of diseases in farm animal (iii) Mode of transmission of farm animal disease (iv)
mention symptoms of farm animals diseases.
WEEK SIX
DATE:
CLASS: Year 8
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
TOPIC: TOPIC: FARM ANIMAL DISEASES II
DURATION: 40mins
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to (i) Bacteria
diseases i .e anthrax, cowpox, mastitis etc (ii) Discuss their modes of transmission (iii)
Discuss their methods of control and symptoms.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Learners are familiar with diseases, how it spreads and preventive
methods.
CONTENT:
BACTERIA DISEASES
1. Anthrax:
Anthrax is a bacterial disease which attacks mammals’ especially herbivorous animals,
such as sheep and goats.
Mode of transmission: The disease is mostly transmitted by eating infected or
contaminated materials. It can also be transmitted through contact with affected animals
and feeding equipment and infected wounds.
Symptoms: Grinding of teeth, rise in temperature and convulsion. This disease can kill an
animal suddenly. It starts when the animal respires rapidly and stops feeding.
Method of prevention and control: Sick animals should be isolated. Vaccination of the
animals should be done regularly; proper sanitation should be maintained in all animal
houses. Animal that dies of the disease, together with all the beddings should be buried
deep in the ground. The animal house should be disinfected immediately.
Treatment: Sick animals should be isolated. The disease is treated with antibiotics such as
penicillin.
2. Typhoid:
This is a bacterial disease found mainly in poultry birds. It affects the intestines of the
birds.
Mode of transmission: Through contact with the body fluids of infected birds.
Symptoms: The symptoms include high fever, tiredness and reddish droppings.
Method of prevention and control: Consult a veterinary doctor. Poultry birds should be
vaccinated against this disease.
Treatment: Consult a veterinary doctor.
3. Contagious abortion: This is a bacteria disease of cattle, goats and pigs. It is also
referred to as brucellosis.
Mode of transmission: This disease is transmitted through food and water contaminated
with discharge and aborted foetus.
Symptoms: This includes; still births, retained placenta, abortion during the 7 to 9 month
th th
of pregnancy and infertility in males.
Method of prevention and control: The affected animal should be isolated from the
other animals in the herd. All animals should be vaccinated before breeding. Animals
should be given food in very clean containers and surroundings.
Treatment: This is by vaccination.
4. Mastitis: This is bacterial disease that affects the breasts of cattle, sheep, goats and
pigs(swine).
Mode of transmission: The disease is transmitted into the breasts (mammary glands) of
the animals by bacteria from dirty floors and milkers through the teat and udders.
Symptoms: include fever, pains, swellings of the udder, blood in the milk and rise in
temperature of the animal.
Method of prevention and control:
1. The udder of animals should be properly washed before and after milking.
2. Milking by hand should be done in clean environments.
3. The hands to be used for milking must be well washed with soap and clean water
before commencing milking.
4. Overcrowding of diary animals should always be prevented.
Treatment: The disease can be treated by injecting penicillin and other antibiotics in the
body of the affected animals.
5. Cowpox
This disease affects cows as well as sheep and poultry.
Symptoms
The udder of an affected cow is swollen; there are eruptions on the udder of cows.
Method of prevention and control: Disinfect all equipment used for feeding and milking
cattle.
STRATEGIES/ ACTIVITIES:
STEP I: Teacher goes over previous knowledge by initiating the discussion method of teaching.
STEP II: Introduce and explains the topic for the week.
STEP III: Evaluation; Learners ask questions for clarity and teacher explains further for better
understanding.
STEP IV: Gives material/note to students, and a research topic for study.
STEP VI: Goes over learners material/note for correction and acknowledgment.
EVALUATION: (i) Bacteria diseases i .e anthrax, cowpox, mastitis etc (ii) Discuss their
modes of transmission (iii) Discuss their methods of control and symptoms.
CONCLUSION: At the end of the lesson, learners were able to (i) Bacteria diseases i .e anthrax,
cowpox, mastitis etc (ii) Discuss their modes of transmission (iii) Discuss their methods of
control and symptoms.
WEEK SEVEN
DATE:
CLASS: Year 8
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
TOPIC: FARM ANIMAL DISEASES III
DURATION: 40mins
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to (i) Viral
diseases i .e rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, Newcastle disease etc (ii) Discuss their
modes of transmission (iii) Discuss their methods of control and symptoms.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Learners are familiar with bacterial diseases, how it spreads and
preventive methods.
CONTENT:
VIRAL DISEASES
1. Rinderpest or cattle plague: This is a serious and very contagious viral disease
that attacks cattle quickly. It can also attack sheep and goats. The disease is
very deadly; it killed thousands of cattle in Nigeria several years ago. It is found
in the blood, tissue fluids and secretions of affected animals.
Mode of transmission: it is transmitted through direct contact and also through
contaminated feed and water.
Symptoms: include rise in temperature, loss of appetite, blood stained diarrhea, difficulty
in breathing and frequent abortion. The major effect of the disease is high mortality.
Method of prevention and control: Immunization; vaccination is a good preventive
measure as no medical treatment has been successful. Affected animals should be
isolated.
2. Foot and mouth disease: This is a virus disease of cattle, birds, goats, sheep and
pigs. The disease is highly contagious
Mode of transmission: The disease is transmitted by contact with affected animals.
Symptoms: The symptoms are fever, headache and swellings or blisters on the mouth,
skin, udder and salivation.
Method of prevention and control: The disease is better controlled than treated.
Infected animals, particularly cattle, are often destroyed by mass killing to prevent the
disease from spreading to other animals. It can be controlled by immunization and good
sanitation. Infected animals should be isolated from healthy animals.
3. Newcastle Disease
This is a viral disease of poultry.
Mode of transmission: it is transmitted through secretions from the birds and contact
with infected dead birds on the farm. The disease is also air-borne.
Symptoms: include coughing and sneezing, nasal and eye discharges, difficulty in
breathing, loss of appetite, diarrhea, paralysis and general weakness.
Method of prevention and control: proper sanitation should be maintained. Affected
animals should be quarantined. All animals should be vaccinated.
4. Bird Flu (Avian Influenza)
Bird flu is also called Avian Influenza. This is now a very well-known disease which affects
poultry in many countries, including Nigeria. It is a highly contagious viral disease that is
caused by a virus affecting the respiratory, digestive and or the nervous system of poultry.
In some cases, in some Asian countries, human have been reported to be affected by this
disease.
Mode of transmission: This disease can be transmitted by direct contact with the
secretions from infected birds, especially the faeces. The disease can be transmitted
indirectly through contaminated water, animal feeds, equipment and even clothing. The
virus penetrates into the body through the respiratory and digestive systems.
Symptoms: Severe depression, refusal to eat, greatly reduced egg production, difficulty in
breathing, watery eyes, swollen face especially the comb and wattle which change colour
to blueish black, diarrhea, sudden death, with or without showing any symptoms. Ducks
may usually die without showing any symptoms.
Method of prevention and control:
1. Avoid contact between domestic poultry and wild birds.
2. Separate different species of poultry raised on the same farm from one another.
3. Quarantine newly acquired or re-introduced birds for example unsold birds taken to
the market.
4. Do not allow unauthorized persons to visit the farm
5. Install foot baths with disinfectant at the entrance of all poultry houses in the farm.
6. Wash hands and feet with clean water before entering and leaving poultry
houses on the farm.
7. Frequently disinfect soiled materials and farm equipment.
8. Make sure that the source of poultry feed and water are clean and not already
contaminated so that poultry are protected from infection.
9. If poultry are dying in large numbers or you observe the symptoms described, call
a veterinary doctor immediately.
10. Bury or burn all dead birds and wash your hands and feet thoroughly with soap
and clean water after burning or burying the dead or infected birds.
5. Pneumonia: This is a virus disease of cattle. It attacks the lungs of cattle.
Symptoms: Symptoms include rise in temperature, vigorous breathing, loss of appetite
and discharge from the nose and eyes. (pneumonia can also be caused by bacteria).
Method of prevention and control: Proper sanitation should be maintained. Affected
animals should be quarantined. All animals should be vaccinated.
Treatment: The use of antibiotics or administering anti-viral medication.
6. Kata: This is a virus disease of goats, found in the southern parts of Nigeria. The
disease affects the respiratory and intestinal tracks of animals. It is also called peste des
petits ruminants/goat plague.
Symptoms: the signs of disease include coughing, discharge from the nostrils, scrabs on
the lips and other parts of the mouth and diarrhea.
Control: avoid over-crowding of animals.
Treatment: vaccination against the disease, no specific treatment but outbreak of the
disease should be reported to the veterinary doctor.
STRATEGIES/ ACTIVITIES:
STEP I: Teacher goes over previous knowledge by initiating the discussion method of teaching.
STEP II: Introduce and explains the topic for the week.
STEP III: Evaluation; Learners ask questions for clarity and teacher explains further for better
understanding.
STEP IV: Gives material/note to students, and a research topic for study.
STEP VI: Goes over learners material/note for correction and acknowledgment.
EVALUATION: (i) Viral diseases i .e rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, Newcastle
disease etc (ii) Discuss their modes of transmission (iii) Discuss their methods of control
and symptoms.
CONCLUSION: At the end of the lesson, learners were able to (i) Viral diseases i .e rinderpest,
foot and mouth disease, Newcastle disease etc (ii) Discuss their modes of transmission (iii)
Discuss their methods of control and symptoms.
WEEK EIGHT
DATE:
CLASS: Year 8
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
TOPIC: FARM ANIMAL DISEASES IV
DURATION: 40mins
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to (i) Fungal and
protozoan diseases i .e Trypanosomiasis, Coccidiosis,Aspergillosis, Dermatomycosis etc (ii)
Discuss their modes of transmission (iii) Discuss their methods of control and symptoms.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Learners are familiar with viral diseases, how it spreads and preventive
methods.
CONTENT:
Fungal and Protozoa disease
PROTOZOAN DISEASES
1. Trypanosomiasis (Nagana)
Trypanosomiasis, also called Nagana, is a deadly disease suffered by some breeds of cattle
like white Fulani and Red Bororo. The Ndama and Muturu cattle are resistant to this
disease. It is caused by a protozoan called Trypanosomes. Trypanosome parasites can be
transmitted by infected tsetse flies when they bite humans. Persons who are infected with
this parasite suffer from a disease called sleeping sickness.
Mode of transmission: it is transmitted by female tsetse flies when they suck blood from
an infected animal and later transmit the parasites to the healthy animals when they suck
their blood. Female tsetse flies require the blood of mammals for the development of
young larvae inside the flies. Male tsetse flies do not suck blood therefore they cannot
transmit this parasite.
Symptoms: Rise in temperature, dullness in appearance, sleepiness, nervous
disorder, anemia, paralysis, the infected animal loses weight, becomes drowsy and may
finally die.
Method of prevention and control: Destroy the tsetse fly habitat by clearing the
surrounding bushes and spray with recommended insecticides to kill the tsetse flies.
Treatment: Use drugs such as Bayer 205 or lomidine or consult a veterinary doctor.
2. Coccidiosis
This is a protozoan disease that attacks cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry and rabbits.
Mode of transmission: It is transmitted through contamination with the faeces of
infected animals through feed, dirty water and soil contaminated with droppings.
Symptoms: Symptoms include Watery discharge, loss of appetite, anemia, bloody faeces,
paleness, ruffled feathers and progressive emaciation and many animals may die.
Method of prevention and control: Droppings from infected poultry animals should be
properly separated from healthy animals. High levelof sanitation should be maintained in
poultry houses. Feed and water troughs should always be kept very clean. The disease can
be treated with many drugs that are recommended by veterinary doctors.
FUNGAL DISEASES: diseases caused by fungi
1. Aspergillosis
This is a disease of poultry.
Mode of transmission: This disease is transmitted through the air (air-borne) by inhaling
air through the nostrils of birds. It is also transmitted through mouldy litter and feed,
overcrowding and contaminated incubators.
Symptoms: Symptoms include loss of appetite, difficulty in breathing, rise in temperature
and whistling noise.
Method of prevention and control: All sources of contamination should be removed.
The hatchery should be kept clean, water and feed spillage should be prevented.
2. Ringworm
This is a fungal disease that affects all farm animals.
Mode of transmission: This disease is spread through contact with infected animals and
bushes.
Symptoms: Ringworm is manifested in farm animals with the appearance of lesions on the
skin, skin irritation, loss of weight and loss of appetite.
Method of prevention and control:
1. All bushes around the farm should be cleared.
2. The affected skin should be treated with a mixture of sulphur and Vaseline.
3. In poultry, violet or iodine ointment should be rubbed on the ringworm lesions.
STRATEGIES/ ACTIVITIES:
STEP I: Teacher goes over previous knowledge by initiating the discussion method of teaching.
STEP II: Introduce and explains the topic for the week.
STEP III: Evaluation; Learners ask questions for clarity and teacher explains further for better
understanding.
STEP IV: Gives material/note to students, and a research topic for study.
STEP VI: Goes over learners material/note for correction and acknowledgment.
EVALUATION: (i) Fungal and protozoan diseases i .e Trypanosomiasis,
Coccidiosis,Aspergillosis, Dermatomycosis etc (ii) Discuss their modes of transmission (iii)
Discuss their methods of control and symptoms.
CONCLUSION: At the end of the lesson, learners were able to (i) Fungal and protozoan diseases
i .e Trypanosomiasis, Coccidiosis,Aspergillosis, Dermatomycosis etc (ii) Discuss their
modes of transmission (iii) Discuss their methods of control and symptoms.
WEEK NINE
DATE:
CLASS: Year 8
SUBJECT: AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
TOPIC: FARM ANIMAL DISEASES V
DURATION: 40mins
BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson, learners should be able to (i) Define
Worms: identification, types of worms, symptoms, control of worms. (Ii) Explain nutritional
bloat. (iii) Outline general guidelines for prevention and control of animal diseases.
PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Learners are familiar with fungal and protozoan diseases, how it spreads
and preventive methods.
CONTENT:
WORMS
There are several types of parasitic worms that attack farm animals. An attack may lead to
the death of an animal. Some of the worms live in the intestine, respiratory tract and
various organs of the body.
Examples of worms
1. Tapeworms
2. Roundworms, and
3. Liver fluke
Symptoms of worm infection
The signs of worm infection in the animal depend on where the worms are living in the
body of the animal. Generally, these signs include the following:
1. Coughing
2. Diarrhea
3. Loss of weight
4. Anaemia
5. Worms in faeces.
Control of worm infection:
Worm infection in farm animals can be controlled through the following means:
1. The affected animals should be isolated and treated with worm expellers
2. Grazing of animals on pasture should be avoided. The animal faeces should be
removed at regular intervals. Water and feeds should not be contaminated by the
faeces.
3. Farm animals should be well fed so that they can resist the effects of worms.
Nutritional bloat
This is a disease of cattle, sheep. Goats and rabbits.
Mode of transmission: It is contacted through eating succulent fodder and blockage of
the digestive tract especially in cattle.
Symptoms: Symptoms include swollen digestive tract and enlargement of the bowel.
Method of prevention and control: The feeding of succulent fodder should be reduced.
The animal should be fed with protein supplements. Cattle, sheep and goats should not be
allowed to eat a lot of seeds.
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL DISEASES
To maintain animals in good, healthy condition, the farmer must pay attention to the
following general guidelines:
1. Only clean and healthy animals should be brought into the herd
2. Lots should be drained in order to make them dry and free from stagnant water
3. Farm animals with contagious diseases should be isolated.
4. Farm animals should be tested at least once a year for brucellosis, tuberculosis and
other diseases.
5. All farm animals should be vaccinated against diseases common in the locality as a
preventive measure.
6. Disinfect housing and equipment regularly
7. Use only recommended insecticides and their application methods for the control
of parasites.
8. Do not allow animals to lie on cold floors
9. Isolate newly acquired animals for a minimum of three weeks (quarantine) before
they are mixed with other animals.
10. Spray newly acquired animals with insecticide to control lice; also check for
internal parasites and treat infected animals.
11. Seek the advice of the veterinary doctor.
STRATEGIES/ ACTIVITIES:
STEP I: Teacher goes over previous knowledge by initiating the discussion method of teaching.
STEP II: Introduce and explains the topic for the week.
STEP III: Evaluation; Learners ask questions for clarity and teacher explains further for better
understanding.
STEP IV: Gives material/note to students, and a research topic for study.
STEP VI: Goes over learners material/note for correction and acknowledgment.
EVALUATION: (i) Define Worms: identification, types of worms, symptoms, control of
worms. (Ii) Explain nutritional bloat. (iii) Outline general guidelines for prevention and
control of animal diseases.
CONCLUSION: At the end of the lesson, learners were able to (i) Define Worms: identification,
types of worms, symptoms, control of worms. (Ii) Explain nutritional bloat. (iii) Outline
general guidelines for prevention and control of animal diseases.
