CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS ● Phospholipid bilayer is called that because a phosphate group

is attached to each lipid molecule, serving as its hydrophilic

(water-loving) head. Two non-polar fatty acid chain groups
are attached to each phospholipid, serving its
hydrophobic(water-fearing) tail.
● Lipids such as cholesterol and small non-polar molecules such
as oxygen and carbon dioxide, can pass through the
membrane because of its hydrophilic interior. Polar
substances like water cannot cross the membrane
independently as they cannot penetrate the membrane’s
hydrophobic interior.
Each of these objects is called a cell organelle.
A cell organelle is a small organ-like structure present inside the cell. It CELL WALL
has a particular structural makeup and performs a specific function. Cell wall is the other covering which is a rigid layer that gives
protection, support, and shape to the cell. The cell walls of multiple cells
Organelles are structures that enable the cell to live, grow and can cling to each other to help support an entire organism.
reproduce.
CYTOPLASM
● The cytoplasm fills the space between the nucleus and the cell
membrane.
● It is the area in the cell where organelles are located.
● In the cytoplasm, organelles are suspended in cytosol which is
consisting mainly of water.

NUCLEUS
● “Control Center” of the cell.
● It directs all the cell activities and determines how a cell
should appear and function.
● The nucleus holds the chromosome which carries the tightly
wrapped and coiled DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic
MAJOR PARTS OF THE CELL material of an organism.

Cell Membrane – protecting the cells and its contents.

Cytoplasm – site of all organelles and where most of the activities of Nuclear envelope - special membrane of the nucleus that encloses the
the cell take place. DNA and separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Nucleus – serves as the brain of the cell and directs all of the cell’s Nuclear pores - holes in the nuclear envelope that allow large
activities. molecules to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Nucleolus - a dense region in which the small organelle for making

PLASMA MEMBRANE
proteins are produced and assembled.

Ribosomes - the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

MITOCHONDRIA
“Powerhouse of the cell” mitochondria supply energy to the cell. They
are responsible for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the
cell's energy currency.
● They are bean-shaped and have two membranes. The outer
membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a skin.
- It is a thin barrier that forms a boundary, separating an individual ● The inner membrane folds over many times and creates
cell from the external environment. layered structures called cristae.
● The fluid contained in the mitochondria is called the matrix.
- It acts as gatekeeper as it controls the exhange of cell’s essential ● The mitochondrial matrix is a viscous fluid that contains a
components. mixture of enzymes and proteins.

- Composed of phospholipid bilayer.

PHOSPHOLIPIDS
PLASTIDS
Plastids are double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells
of plants and algae. Plastids are responsible for manufacturing and
storing food.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes attached.

Responsible for the production of lipids (fatty acids and phospholipids)
as well as breaking down of drugs and alcohol.

Chloroplasts – serve as the site of energy conversion in plants cells. GOLGI APPARATUS
● Carry out photosynthesis, which series of complex chemical
reactions that transform solar energy into energy-rich
molecules the cell can use.
● Like mitochondria, chloroplasts are highly compartmentalized.
They have both an outer membrane and inner membrane.

Thylakoids – is a sheet-like membrane-bound structure that is the site

of the light-dependent photosynthesis reactions in chloroplasts.
● A stack of thylakoids forms a group of coin-like structures
called a granum.

Chlorophyll – a light-absorbing molecule that gives plant their green

color and plays a role in photosynthesis.
From the ER, proteins are tranported into layered stacks of
The ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM is a series of compartments that work membrane-enclosed spaces called Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Complex or
together to package, label, and ship proteins and molecules ensuring Golgi Body), where proteins are processed, stored, and delivered. The
the smooth flow of activities in the cell membrane of the golgi apparatus has enzymes that further modify the
proteins and finish product are packed in this organelle to be
It also functions as storage of nutrients and eliminator of organisms transported to other organelles or carried to the membrane to
that are harmful to the living system. secrete out of the cell.

- Cis face of a Golgi stack is the end of the organelle where substances
enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing

- Cisternae plays a crucial role in the packaging, modification, and

transport of proteins.

- Trans face is where they exit in the form of smaller detached

vesicles.

The ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM is a series of interconnected

membranous sacs and collectively tubules that has a duty of
transporting molecules across the cytoplasm and capable of
assembling new lipids for export to other organelles.

After a protein has been manufactured, part of ER pinches off to form

small, membrane-bound sacs called Vesicles enclosing the proteins. The
protein being protected by the vesicle can now be transported to the
Golgi apparatus, where further modification can be made. A new
vessile will be formed again at the end of the Golgi apparatus for
storage, transport or secretion.

TYPES OF VESICLES
Transport vesicles help move materials, such as proteins and other
Rough endoplasmic reticulum has a rough appearance due to molecules, from one part of a cell to another.
ribosomes attached to it. Its primary function is to synthesize proteins Secretory vesicles play an important role in moving molecules outside
which is a significant part in the production of plasma membrane of the cell. They are crucial for healthy organ and tissue function.
proteins and protein outside the cell. Extracellular vesicles act in cell-to-cell communication, delivering
cargo from donor to recipient cells and modulating their physiological
condition.
LYSOSOME

● Suicidal bags of the cell

● Round-shaped, membrane-bound structures containing
chemicals that can break down materials in the cell. They
contain powerful enzymes (lysozyme), which can defend a
cell from invading bacteria and viruses. They also break
down damaged or worn-out cells parts.

PEROXISOMES
Peroxisome carry oxidative enzyme that require oxygen. They absorb
nutrients that had been acquired by the cells and enzymes in it,
breakdown complex molecules to simple ones. Ex. One by-products
of digestion is hydrogen peroxide then peroxisome destroys it by
breaking it down into water and oxygen. It also helps in breaking
down alcohol in the body.

RIBOSOMES
Ribosomes are a cell structure that makes protein. Protein is needed
for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical
processes. Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

VACUOLE
● In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help
sequester waste products.
● In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water balance. Single
vacuole can take up most of the interior space of the plant cell
and help support the entire plant. Aside from water, the
central vacuole may also contain toxins that can harm
predators and protect the plant.

ORGANELLES FOR STRUCTURAL SUPPORT, MOVEMENT, AND

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS

CENTROSOME AND CENTRIOLES

A centrosome is a structure that organizes microtubules during cell
division. Within that centrosome there are two centrioles. A centriole is
a barrel-shaped organelle which are made up of things called
microtubules. And those centrioles are very important for cell division.

Microtubules is also part of the cytoskeleton. Maintaining the cell’s

shape at structure.