CE143: COMPUTER CONCEPTS &
PROGRAMMING
UNIT-5
Decision Making & Branching
N. A. Shaikh
[email protected]
Topics to be covered
Decision making using
simple if
if...else statement
nesting of if...else
else...if Ladder
switch statements
conditional operator
goto statement
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Introduction
Program is a set of instructions which are normally
executed sequentially.
We may have situations where we may have to change
the order of execution based on some conditions.
Controlling the execution of statements based on certain
condition or decision is called decision making &
branching
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Introduction
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Introduction
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Introduction
C Language supports the following decision making
statements
if statement
switch statement
conditional operator
goto statement
Also known as Control / Conditional statements as they
control the flow of execution based on some condition.
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Decision Making with IF statement
Used to control the flow of execution of statements.
It is basically a two-way decision making statement
Syntax:
if(test-condition)
Here, expression will be evaluated first and then
depending on whether the value of the
expression/condition is true(non-zero) or false(zero), it
transfer the control to a particular statement.
This point of program has two paths to follow, one for the
true condition and the other for the false condition.
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Decision Making with IF statement
Example:
1. if (bank balance is zero) 3. if (code is 1)
borrow money person is male
2. if (room is dark) 4. if (age is more than 55)
Put on lights person is retired
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Decision Making with IF statement
The different forms of if statement are:
1. Simple if statement
2. If…..else statement
3. Nested if…..else statement
4. Else if ladder
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Simple if statement
General form:
test_condition true
o statement-block executes
o statement-x executes
test_condition false
o statement-block skipped
o statement-x executes
Flowchart of simple if control
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Simple if statement
NOTE:
• if you want to control a single statement using if then no
need to create a block using curly brackets
• The curly brackets are used when there are multiple
statements under the same if condition
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Simple if statement
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Simple if statement
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If…..else statement
The if else statement is an extension of the simple if
statement
It is called two way conditional branching
test_condition true
o true-block executes
o statement-x executes
test_condition false
o false-block executes
o statement-x executes
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If…..else statement
General form:
Flowchart of if…..else control
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If…..else statement
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If…..else statement
C Program to check whether an integer is odd or even
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If…..else statement
C Program to check whether a person is eligible to vote or
not.
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If…..else statement
C Program to find maximum of two numbers.
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If…..else statement
Write a C Program to Check whether the number is
negative or positive
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Simple if VS if…else
if
If…..else
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Nesting of if…else statement
Using “if…else statement” within another “if…else
statement” is called “nested if statement”.
Used to test multiple conditions.
It is called nested conditional branching.
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Nesting of if…else statement
General form:
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Flowchart of nested if…else statements
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Nesting of if…else statement
Find largest of the three numbers using nested if…else
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Nesting of if…else statement
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Nesting of if…else statement
What is Dangling Else Problem?
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Else if Ladder
The word ladder means the staircase. As the name
implies this statement is used to choose right way/paths
among multiple paths.
A multiway decision is a chain of if condition in which the
statement associated with an else condition behaves like
another if condition.
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Else if Ladder
General form:
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Flowchart of else … if ladder
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Else if Ladder
Example: Grading the students in an academic institution
Average marks Grade
80 to 100 Honours
60 to 79 First Division
50 to 59 Second Division
40 to 49 Third Division
0 to 39 Fail
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Else if Ladder
Program to calculate the grade of the student according to the specified marks.
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Else if Ladder
Practical-5.1: If the cost price and selling price of an item is input through the
keyboard, write a program to determine whether the seller has made profit or
incurred loss. Also determine how much profit he made or loss he incurred.
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Else if Ladder
Practical-5.3:
The policy followed by a company to process customer orders is given by the
following rules:
a) If a customer order is less than or equal to that in stock and ‘has
credit’ is OK, supply ‘has requirements’.
b) If ‘has credit’ is not OK do not supply. Send him intimation.
c) If ‘has credit’ is OK but the item in stock is less than ‘has ordered’, supply
what is in stock and Intimate him that the balance will be refunded.
Write a C program to implement the company policy.
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Else if Ladder
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Else if Ladder
Output
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Else if Ladder
Write a C Program to Check whether the number is negative ,
positive or zero using else if ladder
Write a C Program to Check whether the number1 is larger ,
smaller or equals to number2 using else if ladder
Write a C Program to find largest from four numbers
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using else if
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ladder
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switch statement
Potential problem with the if-else statement
o complexity of the program increases whenever the
number of alternative path increases.
o program might become difficult to read and
comprehend in case of multiple if-else constructs
o Sometimes it may even confuse the developer who
himself wrote the program.
The solution to this problem is the switch statement.
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switch statement
The switch statement is often used for menu selection
The switch statement tests the value of a
variable/expression against a list of case values.
When a match is found, a block of statements associated
with that particular case is executed.
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switch statement
General form: The expression can be
integer expression or a
character expression.
Value-1,value-2..are known
as case labels.
The break statement signals
the end of a particular case
and causes an exit from the
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switch statement
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Flowchart of switch statement
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switch statement
Valid switch Invalid switch Valid case Invalid Case
switch(x) switch(3.5) case 3; case 2.5;
switch(x>y) switch(x+2.5) case 'a'; case x;
switch(a+b-2) case 1+2; case x+2;
switch(func(x,y)) case ‘+’ case 1,2,3;
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switch statement
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switch statement
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switch statement
WAP to calculate (1)Addition (2)Subtraction (3)Multiplication
(4)Division (5)Remainder calculation (6)Larger out of two
numbers by using switch statements.
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switch statement
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switch statement
WAP to that convert number of years into (1)minutes
(2)hours (3)days (4)months (5)seconds using switch
statements.
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switch statement
Rules for switch statement:
The switch statement must be an integral type.
Case labels must be constant or constant expression.
Case labels must be unique. No two labels can have the
same value.
Case labels must end with colon.
The break statement transfer the control out of the
switch statement
The break statement is optional. So two or more case
labels may belong
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switch statement
Rules for switch statement:
The default label is optional. If present, it will be executed
when the expression does not find a matching case label.
There can be at most one default label.
The default may be placed anywhere but usually placed
at the end.
It is permitted to nest switch statements.
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nested switch
inner switch embedded in an outer switch.
The case constants of the inner and outer switch may
have common values and without any conflicts.
General form:
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nested switch
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nested switch
Practical-5.2:
If the ages of Ram, Shyam and Ajay are input through the keyboard, write a
program to determine the youngest of the three. (Hint: Use Nested Switch
Statement)
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nested switch
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Decision Making
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The ? : Operator
Used to make two-way decision
Combination of ? And :
Takes three operands
Known as conditional operator/ternary operator
Syntax:
conditional expression? expression1: expression2;
Can be written as
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The ? : Operator
Consider the evaluation of the following function:
Can be evaluated using the conditional operator as follows:
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goto statement
The goto statement allows us to transfer control of the
program to the specified label.
The label is an identifier
When the goto statement is encountered, the control
of the program jumps to label: and starts executing the
code.
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goto statement
The goto statement is a jump
statement
Also referred as unconditional jump
statement.
The goto statement is rarely used
because it makes program confusing,
less readable and complex.
Also, when this is used, the control of
the program won’t be easy to trace,
hence it makes testing and debugging
difficult.
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goto statement
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goto statement
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goto statement
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goto statement
WAP to check whether entered number is even or odd.
Use the goto statement.
WAP to check if the entered year is a leap year or not. Use
the goto statement.
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End of Unit-05
