KAPUR CLASSES PERIODIC PROPERTIES / N1 G.S.KAPUR (PG.

IIT-D)
DOBEREINER’S TRIADS
In 1829 Dobereiner, A German Chemist, arranged certain elements with similar properties in groups of
three in such a way that the atomic mass of the middle element was nearly the same as the average atomic
masses of the first and the third elements. A few triads proposed by him are listed.
(Li, Na, K ), (Cl, Br, I) Also the properties of the middle element were in between those of the other two
members
NEWLAND’S LAW OF OCTAVES
In 1866, John Newlands, an English chemist proposed the Law of Octaves by stating that when elements
are arranged in order to increasing atomic masses, every eighth element has properties similar to the first.
A gap of 7 exists between the positions of Li and Na and similar gap is present between Na and K
MENDELEEF’S PERIODIC LAW AND PERIODIC TABLE
In 1869 Mendeleef arranged 63 elements into a periodic table on the basis of his periodic law, which states
that
physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic function of their atomic weights.
THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
In 1913, the English physicist, Henry Moseley showed that the atomic number is a more fundamental
property of an element than its atomic mass.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Law was, therefore, accordingly modified. This is known as the Modern Periodic Law
and can be stated as :
The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
Hence
(i) The elements were arranged in order of their increasing atomic numbers.
(ii) The elements resembling in their physical and chemical properties fall one below another.
(iii) There are 7 horizontal rows called as periods and 18 vertical columns called as groups.
Periods
Horizontal rows are called as periods. There are 7 periods. The number of periods denotes the number of
shell. Each period begins with an alkali metal and ends up with a noble gas. However first period begins
with hydrogen.
(i) The first period contains 2 elements, 1H and 2He.
(ii) The second and third periods contain 8 elements each and are known as short periods.
The elements are from lithium (3Li) to neon (10Ne) and from sodium (11Na) to argan (18Ar).
(iii) The fourth and fifth periods contain 18 elements each and are known as long periods.
The elements are from potassium (19K) to krypton (36Kr) and from rubidium (37Rb) to xenon (54Xe).
(iv) Sixth period contains 32 elements and is known as very long period.
The elements contained are from caesium (55Cs) to radon (86Rn).
(v) The 14 elements each belonging to 6th and 7th periods are placed in two separate rows at the bottom
called as lanthanides (58–71) and actinides (90–103).
Groups
18 vertical columns are called as groups. Elements in a group have similar physical and chemical properties
because of similar outer shell electron configuration.
(i) Elements of groups 1, 2, 13 – 18 are known as normal, typical or representative elements. They have their
innermost shell complete (and outer electronic configurations as ns1, ns2, ns2np1, ns2np2, ns2np3, ns2np4,
ns2np5 and ns2np6 respectively.
Group 1 is called alkali metals group, group 2 is called alkaline earth metals group and group 17 is
called as halogen group. The elements of group 18 are noble gases.
(ii) Elements of group 3 – 12 are known as transition elements as their properties lie in between those of
metals and Non-metals.
(iii) Inner transition metals are placed in two separate horizontal rows below seventh period (Lanthanons and
Actinons).
ELECTRONIC STRUCTRUE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
1. s-block elements: Those elements in which the last electron enters into the outermost s-subshell are
called as s-block elements. These are the elements of group 1 having outermost electronic configuration
ns1 and elements of group 2 having outermost electronic configuration ns 2.
2. p-block elements : Those elements in which the last electron enters into the p-orbitals of outermost shell
are called as p-block elements. These are the elements of groups 13 – 18 (excluding He). The general outer
electronic configuration varies from ns 2np1 to ns2np6.
KAPUR CLASSES PERIODIC PROPERTIES / N2 G.S.KAPUR (PG. IIT-D)

3. d-block elements : Those elements in which the last electron enter in (n—1) d-orbitals are called as d-
block elements. This block includes elements of group 3-12. This block lies between s-block and p-block
and hence its elements are called as transition elements. Their general electronic configuration is: [NOBLE
GAS] (n—1)d1—10 ns1—2. They have their outermost as well as penultimate shells incomplete
4. f-block elements: Those elements in which the last electron enters in (n—2) f-orbitals are called as f-block
elements. These have general electronic configuration:
[NOBLE GAS] (n—2) f1—14 (n—1)d0—1 ns2 There are two series of f-block elements:
Lanthanides having incomplete 4f-orbitals [from cerium (58) to lutetium (71). These have general e.c.
[Xe] 4f1—14 5d0—1 6s2 and
Actinides having incomplete 5 f-orbitals [from thorium (90) to lawrencium (103)]. These have general
e.c. [Rn] 5f1—14 6d0—1 7s2
N2/Q1. Write down the general outer electronic configuration of (i) p-block elements (ii) d-block
elements and (iii) f-block elements. (iv) actinoids
A. (i) p-block elements: ns2 np1–6 (ii) d-block elements: (n–1)d1—10 ns1—2 (iii) f-block elements: (n–2)f1—14 (n–
1)d0—1 ns2 (vi) actinoids: 5f1—14 6d0—1 7s2.
N2/Q2. Explain in terms of electronic configuration why the halogens have similar chemical properties.
A. Their properties are similar because of similar outermost electronic configuration (ns 2 np5).
N2/Q3. Lanthanoids and actinoids are placed in separate rows at bottom of the Periodic Table. Explain
the reason for this arrangement.
A. Lanthanoids and actinoids are placed separately at the bottom of the Periodic Table to maintain its
structure and to preserve the principle of classification by keeping elements with similar properties in a
single column
ATOMIC SIZES (OR ATOMIC RADII / IONIC SIZES
VARIATION OF ATOMIC RADII IN A GROUP. As we move down a group in the periodic table, the atomic radii go on
increasing.
REASON:
(i) Down a group, the nuclear charge goes on increasing. As a result, atomic radii must decrease.
(ii) As we move down a group, a new energy shell is added at each succeeding element though the number of
electrons in the valence shell remains the same. As a result, atomic radii must increase.
The effect of progressive addition of a new shell outweighs the effect of increased nuclear charge.
Hence atomic radii of elements increase with the increase in atomic number as we move down a group.
VARIATION OF ATOMIC RADII IN A PERIOD: As we move from left to right in a period, atomic radii go on decreasing.
REASON:
As we move from left to right in a particular period, the atomic number i.e., nuclear charge increases by one
unit in each succeeding element but the corresponding addition of electron takes place in the same
principal shell. As a result, electrons are pulled little closer to the nucleus thereby making each individual
shell smaller and smaller.
RADIUS (OR SIZE) OF CATION LESS THAN THAT OF ATOM
Cation is formed by the loss of one or more electrons from the neutral gaseous atom. With the removal of one
or more electrons from an atom, magnitude of nuclear charge remains the same as that in the parent atom
while the number of electron decreases.
As a result, the same nuclear charge acts on lesser number of electrons. In other words, the effective nuclear
charge per electron increases and therefore, electrons as more strongly attracted and are pulled towards
the nucleus. This causes decrease in the size of positive ion.
N2/Q4. SIZE OF Na+ ION IS MUCH SMALLER THAN THAT OF Na ATOM. EXPLAIN.
RADIUS (OR SIZE) OF ANION MORE THEN THAT OF PARENT ATOM
Anion (or negative ion) is formed by the gain of one or more electrons by the gaseous atom. In the anion, the
nuclear charge is the same as that in the parent atom but the number of electrons has increased.
As a result, the same nuclear charge acts on relatively larger number of electrons. Thus, effective nuclear
charge per electrons is decreased. Also addition of one or more electrons would result in increased
repulsion among the electrons Therefore, anion is always larger than its parent neutral atom.
N2/Q5. Explain why cations are smaller and anions larger in radii than their parent atoms?
N2/Q6. WHAT ARE ISOELECTRONIC SPECIES? HOW DO THEIR SIZE VARY?
A. Isoelectronic species (atom or ions) are those which have the same number of electrons and same
arrangement of electrons but differ from each other in the magnitude of their nuclear charge (i.e., atomic
number).
Ion N3— O2— F— Na+ Mg2+ Al3+
No. of electrons 10 10 10 10 10 10
Nuclear charge 7 8 9 11 12 13
Size (pm) 171 140 126 95 65 50
 KAPUR CLASSES PERIODIC PROPERTIES / N3 G.S.KAPUR (PG. IIT-D)
Within the series of iso-electronic ion, as the nuclear charge increases, the attraction between nucleus and
the electrons increases. This results in the decrease of ionic radius. Thus size of isoelectronic ions
decreases with the increase in the magnitude of nuclear charge i.e. atomic number
N3/Q1 Consider the following species : N3–, O2–, F–, Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+
(a) What is common in them?
(b) Arrange them in the order of increasing ionic radii.
N3/Q2. Name a species that will be isoelectronic with each of the following atoms or ions:
(i) Ne (ii) Cl— (iii) Ca2+ (iv) Rb
A. (i) Sodium ion, Na+ (ii) Potassium ion, K+ (iii) sulphide ion, S2— (iv) Sr+
N3/Q3. Name a species that will be isoelectronic with each of the following atoms or ions.
(i) F– (ii) Ar (iii) Mg2+ (iv) Rb+
N3/Q4. IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PAIRS, WHICH SPECIES HAS A LARGER SIZE ? EXPLAIN.
(i) K or K+ (ii) Br or Br— (iii) O2— or F— (iv) Li+ or Na+ (v) P or As (vi) Na+ or Mg2+
N3/Q5. Select from each group the species which has the smallest radius stating appropriate reason.
(i) O, O—, O2— (ii) K+, Sr2+ (iii) Si, P, Cl
A. (i) The species O has the smallest radius because the radius of anion is always larger than the radius of
the atom from which it is formed. O— and O2— are anions of oxygen.
(ii) K+ has the smallest radius. In K+ the outermost shell is third whereas in Sr2+ it is fourth.
(iii) Cl has the smallest radius. Si, P and Cl belong to same period. In a period atomic radius decreases
with increase in atomic number due to increase in effective nuclear charge
IONIZATION ENTHALPY
Ionization enthalpy is a quantitative measure of the tendency of an element to lose electron. It is defined as
the minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom (X) in its
ground state. In other words, the first ionization enthalpy for an element X is the enthalpy change (H) for
the following reaction: X (g) ------> X+(g) + e—
The ionization enthalpy is expressed in units of kJ mol —1 of atoms.
SUCCESSIVE IONIZATION ENTHALPIES
The energy required to remove the first loosely bound electron from gaseous isolated atom is called the
first ionization enthalpy (HIE)1. The energies required to remove second, third and fourth electrons are
called second (HIE)2, third (HIE)3 or fourth (HIE)4 ionization enthalpies respectively.
SECOND IONIZATION ENTHALPY IS ALWAYS GREATER THAN THE FIRST IONIZATION ENTHALPY.
This is explained as follows: It is more difficult to remove an electron from a positively charged ion than
from a neutral atom.
Also after the removal of first electron, the atom changes into monovalent positive ion (M +). In the ion (M+),
the number of electrons decreases but the nuclear charge remains the same as the parent atom, hence
effective nuclear charge increases for remaining electrons.
As a result, the attraction of the nuclear charge increases over the remaining electrons. Hence, more energy
is required to remove the second electron. In other words, the second ionization enthalpy is greater than
the first ionization enthalpy (HIE)2 > (HIE)1
2. FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE MAGNITUDE OF IONIZATION ENTHALPY: This main factors are
(i) Size of the atom. As the size of the atom increases, the outermost electron is located at a greater distance.
Thus, the force of attraction between the outermost electron and the nucleus decreases, thereby the
energy required to remove the loosely bound electron decreases. Thus, greater the size, lesser is the
ionization enthalpy value and vice versa.
(ii) Nuclear charge. With the increase in nuclear charge, the force of attraction between the nucleus and the
valence electrons increases. Consequently, more energy is required to remove a valence electron. Hence
ionization enthalpy increases in nuclear charge.
(iii) Screening effect of inner shells. Consider two factors : (i) the attraction of electrons towards the nucleus,
and (ii) the repulsion of electrons from each other.
As the number of inner shell increases, the “shielding” or “screening” of the valence electron from the
nucleus by the intervening core electrons increases. In general, shielding is effective when the orbitals in
the inner shells are completely filled. As a result, the valence electron experiences a net positive charge
which is less than the actual nuclear charge, so the ionization enthalpy decreases.
.

VARIATION ACROSS A PERIOD.

In general, ionisation enthalpy increases with increasing atomic number in a period. This is because:
(a) The nuclear charge increases from left to right.
(b) The atomic size decreases along a period.
Due to the gradual increase in the nuclear charge and simultaneous decrease in the atomic size, the
valence electrons are more and more tightly held by the nucleus. Therefore, more and more energy is
needed to remove the electron and thereby the ionization enthalpy keeps on increasing.
KAPUR CLASSES PERIODIC PROPERTIES / N4 G.S.KAPUR (PG. IIT-D)
VARIATION OF IONISATION ENTHALPY IN A GROUP.
The value of ionisation enthalpy decreases regularly with the increases of atomic number in a group.
On moving down any group:
(a) The nuclear charge increases which tend to increase the ionization enthalpy.
(b) The new electron goes to higher energy level, which tend to decrease the ionization enthalpy.
(c) Screening effect increases due to increase in the number of intervening electrons. It tends to decrease the
ionization enthalpy.
The second and third factors overpower the first factor and thus ionization enthalpy goes on
decreasing on moving down any group.
N4/Q1. PREDICT WHICH ATOM IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PAIRS HAS THE GREATER FIRST IONIZATION ENTHALPY AND
EXPLAIN YOU ANSWER : (i) B and C (ii) F and Ne
A. (i) B and C: e.c. 5B = 1s22s22px1; 6C = 1s22s22px12py1
The first ionization enthalpy of C is greater than that of boron because effective nuclear charge of C atom
is greater than that of B-atom and atomic size is smaller than that of B.
(ii) F and Ne: e.c. 9F = 1s22s22px22py22pz1; 10Ne = 1s22s22px22py22pz2
The first ionization enthalpy of Ne is greater than that of F because of high value of effective nuclear
charge and stable electronic configuration i.e., fully filled s and p-orbitals in case of Ne.
N4/Q2. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PAIRS OF ELEMENTS WOULD YOU EXPECT TO HAVE LOWER FIRST IONIZATION
ENTHALPY? EXPLAIN. (i) Cl or F (ii) Cl or S (iii) Kr or Xe
N4/Q3. THE FIRST IONIZATION ENTHALPY OF MAGNESIUM IS HIGHER THAN THAT OF SODIUM. ON THE OTHER HAND, THE
SECOND IONIZATION ENTHALPY OF SODIUM IS VERY MUCH HIGHER THAN THAT OF MAGNESIUM. EXPLAIN.
A. Electronic configuration of
2 2 6 1 2 2 6 2
11Na = 1s 2s 2p 3s 12Mg = 1s 2s 2p 3s
The first electron in both the cases has to be removed from the 3s orbital but nuclear charge of sodium is less
than that of magnesium. After the loss of first electron, the electronic configuration of Na+ is 1s22s22p6, i.e.
of noble gas which is very stable and hence the removal of second electron is very difficult.
In case of Mg, after the removal of one electron, electronic configuration of Mg + is 1s22s22p63s1. The second
electron to be removed is from 3s orbital which is easier.
EXCEPTIONS:
N4/Q4. Among the second period elements the actual ionization enthalpies are in the order
Li < Be > B < C < N > O < F < Ne. Explain:
WHY IS THERE A DECREASE IN THE IONIZATION ENTHALPY VALUE AS WE MOVE FROM (a) N to O (b) Be to B?
A. (a) N and O : e.c. 7N = 1s22s22px12py12pz1; 8O = 1s22s22px22py12pz1
The first ionization enthalpy of N is greater than that of O. Electronic configuration of nitrogen atom in
which 2p-subshell is half filled, is more stable than that oxygen, though oxygen has higher nuclear charge
than nitrogen. Therefore, first ionization enthalpy of N is more than that of Oxygen.

(b) There is decrease in IE as we move from Be (1s2 2s2 ) to B (1s2 2s2 2p1). This is due to
(i) It is difficult to remove electron from stable fully-filled 2s-orbital of Be (2s2 ).
(ii) for same principal quantum level, an s-electron is attracted to the nucleus more than a p-electron. In
beryllium, the electron removed during the ionization is an s-electron whereas the electron removed during
ionization of boron is a p-electron The penetration of a 2s-electron to the nucleus is more than that of a 2p-
electron i.e. 2p orbitals are more diffused than 2s orbital hence removal of electron is easier from 2p1 of B.
(iii) the 2p electron of boron is more shielded from the nucleus by the inner core of electrons than the 2s
electrons of beryllium. Therefore, it is easier to remove the 2p-electron from boron compared to the
removal of a 2s- electron from beryllium.
N4/Q5. The first ionization enthalpy (ΔIH) values of the third period elements, Na, Mg and Si are
respectively 496, 737 and 786 kJ mol—1. Predict whether the first ΔIH value for Al will be more close
to 575 or 760 kJ mol—1? Justify your answer.
A. It will be more close to 575 kJ mol—1. The value for Al should be lower than that of Mg because of effective
shielding of 3p electrons from the nucleus by 3s-electrons.

ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY ( egH)

Electron gain enthalpy is the enthalpy change accompanying the addition of an electron to an isolated
gaseous atom to convert it into a negative ion represented by the equation.
X(g) + e— ----> X— (g) ; egH
Electron gain enthalpy provides a measure of ease with which an atom adds an electron to form anion.
Depending on the element, the process of adding an electron to the atom can be either endothermic or
exothermic.
For many elements energy is released (exothermic) when an electron is added to the atom and the electron
gain enthalpy is negative.
KAPUR CLASSES PERIODIC PROPERTIES / N5 G.S.KAPUR (PG. IIT-D)

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE MAGNITUDE OF ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY

(i) NUCLEAR CHARGE. Greater the magnitude of the nuclear charge, greater will be the attraction for the
incoming electron. As a result electron gain enthalpy has a large negative value.
(ii) SIZE OF THE ATOM. Larger the size of atom, more will be the distance between the nucleus and the additional
electron and this results in lesser attraction. As a result electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative.
ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY BECOMES MORE NEGATIVE WITH INCREASE IN ATOMIC NUMBER ACROSS A PERIOD.
This is because effective nuclear charge increases as we go form left to right across a period and as a
consequence it will be easier to add an electron to a smaller atom since the added electron on an average
would be closer to the positively charge nucleus.
ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY BECOMES LESS NEGATIVE AS WE GO DOWN A GROUP
On moving down a group the size and nuclear charge increases. But the effect of increase in atomic
size is much more pronounced than that of nuclear charge and thus the additional electron feels less
attraction by the large atom. Hence electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative as we go down a group.
N5/Q1. WHY DO HALOGENS HAVE VERY HIGH NEGATIVE ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPIES ?
A. This is due to the fact that halogens (group 17 elements) have the general electronic configuration of ns2
np5 and have only one electron less than the stable noble gas (ns2 np6) configuration. In order to attain
stable noble gas
configuration, halogens have very strong tendency to pick up an additional
electron and hence halogens have very high negative electron gain enthalpies.
N5/Q2. OUT OF F OR Cl, WHICH HAS MORE NEGATIVE ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY ? EXPLAIN,
A. Cl: This is because when an electron is added to fluorine (1s22s22p5) the added electron goes to
relatively compact 2p subshell of F atom and suffers significant repulsion from the other electrons present
in this subshell.
On the other hand, when an electron is added to chlorine (1s22s22p63s23p5), the added electron goes to
relatively extended / diffused 3p subshell of Cl atom and occupies a larger region of space and hence the
electron – electron repulsion is much less.
This means that the incoming electron feel less attraction in F than in Cl atom. Hence electron gain
enthalpy of fluorine is less negative than that of chlorine.
N5/Q3. OUT OF OXYGEN AND SULPHUR, WHICH HAS LESS NEGATIVE ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY AND WHY ?
A. Oxygen has a less negative electron gain enthalpy than sulphur Due to small size of oxygen, the inter–
electronic repulsions in the relatively compact 2p subshell of O atom is more than those in the relatively
extended 3p subshell of S atoms. This means that the incoming electron feel less attraction in O than in S
atom. Hence, the electron gain enthalpy of O is less negative than that of S atom.
N5/Q4. EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF A POSITIVE ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY.
A. The positive electron gain enthalpy means that the energy is required rather than released during the
addition of an electron to a neutral gaseous atom to form gaseous ion.
N5/Q5. WHY DO NOBLE GASES HAVE LARGE POSITIVE ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPIES?
A. Because noble gases have stable electronic configuration of completely filled orbitals (ns 2 np6). Thus
noble gases have almost no tendency to take an additional electron because the electron has to enter the
next higher quantum level leading to a very unstable electronic configuration. As a result, noble gases
have positive electron gain enthalpies.
N5/Q6. Which of the following pairs of elements would have a more negative electron gain enthalpy?
(i) O or F, (ii) F or Cl.
A. (i) F (ii) Chlorine (Cl)
N5/Q7. Consider the electronic configuration of the elements X, Y and Z and answer. X: 1s2, 2s2, 2px1, 2py1
Y: 1s2, 2s2, 2px2, 2py2, 2pz1 Z: 1s2, 2s2, 2px1, 2py1, 2pz1 Which element has highest negative egH?
(ii) Which element has lowest negative egH?
A. (i) Y (ii) Z.
N5/Q8. In each of the following sets, arrange the elements in the increasing order of their negative electron
gain enthalpies (i) C, N, O (ii) O, N, S (iii) S, Cl, Ar (iv) F, Cl, Br.
A. (i) N < C < O (ii) N < O < S (iii) Ar < S < Cl (iv) Br < F < Cl.
N5/Q9. Elements A, B, C, D and E have the following electronic configurations:
A: 1s22s22p1 B: 1s22s22p63s23p1
2 2 6 2 3
C: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p D: 1s22s22p63s23p5
E: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
which among these will belong to the same group in the periodic Table?
A. The elements A and B have similar valence shell electronic configuration (ns 2np1). Therefore, they belong
to same group in the periodic table.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
It is defined as the relative tendency of an element to attract the shared pair of electron towards itself in a
chemical compound.
KAPUR CLASSES PERIODIC PROPERTIES / N6 G.S.KAPUR (PG. IIT-D)
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ELECTRONEGATIVITY
(i) Size of the atom: In general, smaller atoms attract the electrons more strongly than the larger ones.
(ii) Nuclear charge : Higher the nuclear charge, larger is the attraction towards the shared pair of electrons
and thus higher is the electronegativity.
(iii) Screening effect of inner shells. The number of inner shell increases, the screening effect also increases.
As the screening effect increases, the attraction towards the shared pair of electrons decreases so EN
decreases.
PERIODIC TRENDS IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY
1. Variation of electronegativity along a period:
It increases from left to right i.e. along a period due to decrease in size and a corresponding increase in
effective nuclear charge.
Li Be B C N O F
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 (highest)
2. Variation along a group
While moving down a group the increased nuclear charge is counter balanced by increased screening
effect.
In general, the electronegativity decreases down the group due to increasing size.
H LI Na K Rb Cs
2.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 (lowest)
TREND OF METALLIC CHARACTER IN THE PERIODIC TABLE.

(i) Across a period. The non-metallic character increases as we move from left to right across the periodic
table.
(ii) Down a group. The elements become more metallic as we go down a group. In other words, metallic
character increases as we go down a group.

N6/Q1. Arrange the following elements in the increasing order of metallic character: B, Al, Mg, K
A. Metallic character increases on moving down the group and decreases on going across a period from left
to right. Hence, the order of increasing metallic character is B < Al < Mg < K.
N6/Q2. Arrange the following elements in the increasing order of non metallic character: B, C, Si, N, F
A. Non-metallic character increases across a period from left to right and decreases on moving down the
group from top to bottom. Hence, the order of increasing non-metallic character is Si < B < C < N < F.
HOW TO FIND OUT THE POSITION OF AN ELEMENT FROM ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION.
The block is given by the subshell which receives the last electron.
The period is given by the Principle quantum number ‘n’ of the valence shell, (i.e., the maximum value of ‘n’ in
the configuration.)
The group can be predicted as follows:
(i) For s-block element, group number is equal to the number of valence electrons (ns electrons).
(ii) For p-block element,
Group number is 12 + number of electrons in ‘np’ subshell.
(iii) For d-block element, group number is equal to total number of electron in ns and (n – 1)d subshell.
(iv) For f-block element, group number is always 3
N6/Q3. Locate the position of elements with atomic number 11, 17, 21, 31, 38, in the long form of
periodic table.
N6/Q4. Predict the position of the element in the Periodic table satisfying the electron configuration (n–1)d1
ns2 for n = 4.
A. The electronic configuration of the element is 3d1 4s2. Thus, the element belongs to d-block, fourth period
and group 3.
N6/Q5. Assign the position of the element having outer electronic configuration
(i) ns2 np4 for n = 3 (ii) (n–1) d2ns2 for n =4 and
(iii) (n – 2) f7(n–1) d1ns2 for n = 6, in the periodic table.
A. (i) Period-3, Group-16 (ii) Period-4, Group-4 (iii) Period-6, Group-3, Lanthanoid.
ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF SECOND PERIOD ELEMENTS
An interesting feature of the representative families i.e., elements belonging to s and p-blocks is that the first
member of each group and belonging to the second period shows different characteristics as compared to
rest of the members belonging to the same group. This means that it is anomalous in behaviour and this is
attributed to the following reasons:
The anomalous behaviour is attributed to their small size, large charge/ radius ratio and high electronegativity
of the elements.
KAPUR CLASSES PERIODIC PROPERTIES / N7 G.S.KAPUR (PG. IIT-D)

In addition, the first member of group has only four valence orbitals (2s and 2p) available for bonding,
whereas the second member of the groups have nine valence orbitals (3s, 3p, 3d). As a consequence of
this, the maximum covalency of the first member of each group is 4 (e.g., boron can only form BF4− ,
whereas the other members of the groups can expand their valence shell to accommodate more
than four pairs of electrons e.g., aluminium forms AlF6−.
Furthermore, the first member of p-block elements displays greater ability to form pπ – pπ multiple bonds
to itself (e.g., C = C, C ≡ C, N = N, N ≡ Ν) and to other second period elements (e.g., C = O, C = N, C ≡ N,
N=O) compared to subsequent members of the same group.
PERIODICT TRENDS OF OXIDES
Nature of the Oxides. The oxides of the elements are their binary compounds with oxygen. The oxides of the
metals are of basic nature. They dissolve in water to form hydroxides (bases).
For example, Na2O + H2O ---------> 2NaOH
The oxides of non-metals are of acidic in nature. They dissolve in water to form acids. For example,
Cl2O7 + H2O ----->2HClO4 (Perchloric acid)
The oxide formed by the element on extreme left is the most basic (e.g., Na2O), whereas that formed by the
element on extreme right is the most acidic (e.g., Cl2O7). Oxides of elements in the centre are amphoteric
(e.g., Al2O3, As2O3) or neutral (e.g., CO, NO, N2O).
Amphoteric oxides behave as acidic with bases and as basic with acids, whereas neutral oxides have
no acidic or basic properties
N7/Q1. Show by a chemical reaction with water that Na2O is a basic oxide and Cl2O7 is an acidic oxide.
A. Na2O with water forms a strong base whereas Cl2O7 forms strong acid.
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH Cl2O7 + H2O → 2HClO4
N7/Q2. Helium has e.c. of 1s2 but it is placed in p-block in group 18. Explain.
A. The position of helium in p-block along with other group 18 elements is justified because it has a
completely filled valence shell and as a result, exhibits properties characteristics of other noble gases.
N7/Q3. What is the significance of the terms “isolated gaseous atom” and
“ground state” while defining ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy?
A. Isolated gaseous atom means that the atom should be free from other atoms in the gaseous state. No
energy should be required to separate it further from other atoms. Ground state means the lowest energy
state possible for that atom. These terms are used for comparison purposes.
N7/Q4. Give some characteristics of d-block elements.
A. Some characteristics of d-block elements are: (i) They are all metals (ii) They form coloured ions (iii) they
exhibit variable valency (iv) Most of them are used as catalysts
N7/Q5. Define (i) metallic radius (ii) covalent radius.
A. (i) Metallic radius is defined as the half the internuclear distance separating the metal ions in the metallic
crystal.
(ii) Covalent radius is defined as the half the distance between the centre of the nuclei of the two bonded
atoms in a covalent bond.
The covalent radius = a/2.
N7/Q6. Would you expect the second electron gain enthalpy of O as positive, more negative or less negative
than the first? Justify your answer.
N7/Q7. The first (IE1) and second (IE2) ionization enthalpies (kJ mol—1) of three elements A, B and C are
given below:
A B C
IE1 403 549 1142
IE2 2640 1060 2080
Identify the element which is likely to be (i) a non metal (ii) an alkali metal (iii) an alkaline earth metal
A. (i) C is non metal (ii) A is alkali metal (iii) B is alkaline earth metal.
N7/Q8. The first (ΔiH1) and the second (ΔiH2) ionization enthalpies (in kJ mol–1) and the (ΔegH) electron gain
enthalpy (in kJ mol–1) of a few elements are given below:
Elements ΔH1 ΔH2 ΔegH
I 520 7300 –60
II 419 3051 –48
III 1681 3374 –328
IV 1008 1846 –295
V 2372 5251 +48
VI 738 1451 –40
Which of the above elements is likely to be : (a) the least reactive element.
(b) the most reactive metal. (c) the most reactive non-metal. (d) the least reactive non-metal.
N7/Q9. Discuss the IUPAC name of the elements with atomic number > 100.
KAPUR CLASSES PERIODIC PROPERTIES / N8 G.S.KAPUR (PG. IIT-D)
A. Digit Name Abbreviation Digit Name Abbreviation
0 nil n 5 pent p
1 un u 6 hex h
2 bi b 7 sept s
3 tri t 8 oct o
4 quad q 9 enn e
Atomic No. Name Symbol Atomic No. Name Symbol
101 Unnilunium Unu 111 Unununnium Uuu
102 Unnilbium Unb 112 Ununbium Uub
103 Unniltrium Unt 113 Ununtrium Uut
104 Unnilquadium Unq 114 Ununquadium Uuq
105 Unnilpentium Unp 115 Ununpentium Uup
106 Unnilhexium Unh 116 Ununhexium Uuh
107 Unnilseptium Uns 117 Ununseptium Uus
108 Unniloctium Uno 118 Ununoctium Uuo
109 Unnilennium Une
110 Ununnillium Uun
N8/Q1. An element ‘x’ with atomic number 112 has been recently predicted. Its electronic configuration is :
[Rn] 5f146d107s2. Predict (i) group and (ii) block in which this element would be placed (iii) IUPAC name and
symbol.
A. The configuration of the element is : [Rn]5f14 6d10 7s2 (i) It belongs to 12th group. (ii) It belongs to d block.
(iii) IUPAC name is : Un + un + bi + um = Ununbium, Symbol: Uub.
N8/Q2. In terms of period and group where would you locate the element with Z=114 with e.c. : [Rn}
5f146d107s27p2? Also give IUPAC name and symbol
A. The electronic configuration of the element with Z = 114 would be [Rn} 5f 146d107s27p2. Since it has n = 7 for
the valence shell, it belongs to 7th period. It receives the last electron in p-orbital. Therefore, it belongs to
p-block. The group number will be 12+2 (12 + No. of electrons in np orbitals = 14) so, it belongs to 7th
period and 14th group.
N8/Q3. Which one of the following statements is incorrect in relation to ionization enthalpy? (a) Ionization
enthalpy increases for each successive electron. (b) The greatest increase in ionization enthalpy is
experienced on removal of electron from core noble gas configuration.
(c) End of valence electrons is marked by a big jump in ionization enthalpy.
(d) Removal of electron from orbitals bearing lower n value is easier than from
orbital having higher n value.
N8/Q4. Which of the following statements related to the modern periodic table is incorrect? (a) The p-block
has 6 columns, because a maximum of 6 electrons can occupy all the orbitals in a p-shell. (b) The d-block
has 8 columns, because a maximum of 8 electrons can occupy all the orbitals in a d-subshell.
(c) Each block contains a number of columns equal to the number of electrons that can occupy that subshell.
(d) The block indicates value of azimuthal quantum number (l) for the last subshell that received electrons in
building up the electronic configuration.
N8/Q5. Considering the elements B, Al, Mg, and K, the correct order of their metallic character is :
(a) B > Al > Mg > K (b) Al > Mg > B > K (c) Mg > Al > K > B (d) K > Mg > Al > B
N8/Q6. Considering the elements B, C, N, F, and Si, the correct order of their non-metallic character is :
(a) B > C > Si > N > F (b) Si > C > B > N > F (c) F > N > C > B > Si (d) F > N > C > Si > B
N8/Q7. Anything that influences the valence electrons will affect the chemistry of the element. Which one of
the following factors does not affect the valence shell? (a) Valence principal quantum number (n)
(b) Nuclear charge (Z ) (c) Nuclear mass (d) Number of core electrons.
N8/Q8. The size of isoelectronic species — F–, Ne and Na+ is affected by (a) nuclear charge (Z ) (b) valence
principal quantum number (n) (c) electron-electron interaction in the outer orbitals (d) none of the factors
because their size is the same.
N8/Q9. How would you justify that there are only 18 elements in fifth period of the periodic Table.
A. The fifth period begins with the filling of 5s orbital and continues till the filling of sixth energy level (6s)
starts. The sub-shells which follows 5s are, 4d, 5p, 6s ….. Thus, the elements which involve filling of 5s, 4d
and 5p sub-shells are accommodated in the fifth period. These sub-shells have nine orbitals that can
accept 18 electrons in all. Hence, there are 18 elements in the fifth period.
N8/Q10. How do you explain that 31Ga has slightly higher ionization enthalpy than 13Al, although it occupies
lower position in the group ? OR
The first ionization enthalpy values (in kJ mol–1) of group 13 elements are :
B Al Ga In Tl
801 577 579 558 589 How would you explain this deviation from the general trend ?
A. 13Al: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p1 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1
13Ga: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 3d , 4s , 4p .
In Ga, the 10 electrons present in 3d-sub-shell do not shield the other electrons from the nucleus
effectively. As a result, effective nuclear charge in Ga increases. This explains why ionization enthalpy of
Ga is slightly more than that of 13Al.