Analysis of farmer’s perceptions and their preparedness for climate change in Lahore,

Pakistan

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction

Climate change stands as one of today's most urgent global challenges, marked by major changes
in weather patterns, elevated sea levels, and a higher occurrence of extreme weather events. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports that the global average temperature
has risen by approximately 1.2°C since the pre-industrial period. This rise has caused extensive
effects on both natural ecosystems and human societies (Masson-Delmotte et al., 2021). These
changes have profound implications for agriculture, water resources, and ecosystems worldwide.
Rising sea levels, caused by the melting of polar ice caps and the thermal expansion of seawater,
pose a threat to coastal communities and agricultural lands. The National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) states that global sea levels have increased by about 8
inches since 1880. Furthermore, the pace of this rise has accelerated in recent decades (Plan,
2020). Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods have become more
frequent and intense, disrupting food production and supply chains. For example, the heat wave
in Russia in 2021 resulted in a 25% decrease in wheat production, which subsequently triggered
a global increase in food prices (Canton, 2021).

 Climate Change in Pakistan

Due to its varied geography and socio-economic difficulties, Pakistan is especially susceptible
to1the effects1of1climate1change. Over1the past1several1decades, 1the country1has witnessed
substantial alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns. According to the Pakistan
Meteorological Department (PMD), the average annual temperature in
Pakistan1has1increased1by 0.6°C from 1901 to 2010, with more pronounced warming in the last
few decades (Mustafa et al., 2021). These climatic changes have severe implications for
Pakistan's agriculture, which accounts for about 19% of the GDP and1employs 42%
of1the1labor1force (Syed et al., 2022). Shifts in precipitation patterns have led to irregular
monsoon rains and increased instances of droughts and floods. For instance, the catastrophic
floods of 2010 impacted 20 million1people and1caused an1estimated $10 billion1in1damages,
significantly hindering agricultural productivity (Fair, 2011).

 Agriculture in Lahore

Lahore, the capital of Punjab province, is one of Pakistan's key agricultural regions. The fertile
lands around Lahore are known for producing a variety of crops, including wheat, rice,
sugarcane, and vegetables. Agriculture in Lahore features a mix of traditional farming methods
and modern agricultural techniques, playing a crucial role in both the local and national
economy. However, climate change presents a substantial risk to agricultural activities in Lahore.
The rise in global temperature and changes in rainfall patterns have already started affecting crop
yields. For instance, studies have shown that wheat yields in Punjab could decline by 3-4% per
degree Celsius increase in temperature. Additionally, the rising frequency of extreme weather
events, including floods and heat waves, further heightens the agricultural sector's vulnerability
(Munir et al., 2022).

1.2. Awareness and Perception of Climate Change among Farmers

Climate1change denotes1long-term alterations in1temperature, 1precipitation, and other

atmospheric conditions, predominantly driven by human1activities like1fossil fuel combustion
and1deforestation.

These1actions elevate the levels of greenhouse1gases, including1carbon1dioxide (CO2)

and1methane (CH4), in the1atmosphere, 1resulting in global warming and climate variability. It
is essential to communicate these concepts in simple terms to the farming community to enhance
their understanding and engagement with climate change issues (Ali and Rose, 2021).
Numerous1studies1have1examined1farmers' awareness of1climate1change in Lahore and1other
areas. For example, a survey conducted by Usman et al. (2023) revealed1that while a
majority1of farmers1in Lahore are aware1of climate change, their understanding of its specific
impacts and underlying causes is limited. The study found that about 65% of1the1respondents
had heard of1climate1change, but only 40% could accurately describe its effects on agriculture.
This gap in awareness highlights the need for targeted educational programs and information
dissemination strategies to enhance farmers' knowledge and preparedness. The role of local
media, extension services, and community organizations is crucial in bridging this gap (Shahid
et al., 2021).

 Importance of Awareness in Adaptation

Awareness of1climate change is1a1critical1factor1in adopting effective1adaptation strategies.

Farmers who are well-informed about climate change and its potential impacts are more likely to
implement adaptive measures to safeguard their livelihoods. For example, knowledgeable
farmers might implement1strategies1such1as1crop1diversification, enhanced
irrigation1methods, and1the adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties. A study by Hussain et
al. (2019) in East Africa found that farmers with higher awareness levels were more proactive in
adopting adaptation strategies, resulting in increased agricultural productivity and resilience to
climate shocks. This underscores the importance of raising awareness among farmers
to1enhance1their capacity to adapt to climate1change.

1.3. Adaptation Strategies and Preparedness

Farmers in Lahore have implemented a range of strategies1to1manage1the1effects1of1climate

change. These1include changing cropping patterns, such as shifting from1water-intensive1crops
like1rice to less water-dependent crops like maize. Additionally, farmers are increasingly using
improved irrigation methods, such as drip and sprinkler irrigation, to conserve water and enhance
crop yields. The use of technology, such as weather forecasting and early warning systems, has
also gained traction among farmers. These tools help farmers make informed decisions about
planting and harvesting times, reducing the risks associated with unpredictable weather patterns.
For example, the introduction of mobile-based weather advisory services has improved farmers'
ability to plan and manage their agricultural activities more effectively (Khan et al., 2022).

 Factors Influencing Adaptation

Several factors influence farmers' perceptions and attitudes towards climate change adaptation.
Socio-economic factors, such as education level, access to information, and financial resources,
play a significant role. Farmers with higher1education1levels1and better access1to information
are1more likely1to recognize the importance of adaptation and adopt appropriate measures
(Abbasi and Nawaz, 2020). Cultural factors also influence adaptation decisions. Traditional
beliefs and practices may hinder the adoption of modern adaptation strategies. For example,
some farmers may rely on traditional weather forecasting methods based on local knowledge,
which may not be as accurate as scientific forecasts. Addressing these cultural barriers through
community engagement and education is essential for promoting effective adaptation (Abbasi
and Nawaz, 2020). Institutional factors, such as government policies and support mechanisms,
are also crucial. Effective policies that provide financial incentives, technical assistance, and
access to credit can significantly enhance farmers' ability to adapt to climate change. For
instance, the Punjab Government's Kissan Package, which includes subsidies for farm machinery
and inputs, has helped farmers adopt more sustainable practices (Abbasi and Nawaz, 2020).

 Effectiveness of Support Mechanisms

Various support mechanisms have been implemented to enhance farmers' preparedness for
climate change in Lahore. These include government initiatives, extension services, and
community-based programs. Assessing the effectiveness of these strategies is essential to
comprehend their impact and pinpoint areas for enhancement. Government initiatives, like the
National Climate Change Policy and the National Disaster Risk Management Framework, offer a
strategic framework for tackling1the effects1of1climate1change1on agriculture. However,
the1implementation1and enforcement of1these policies remain a challenge. Strengthening
institutional capacity and ensuring effective coordination among different stakeholders are
essential for improving policy outcomes (Rana et al., 2022). Extension services are crucial in
spreading knowledge and encouraging adaptive practices among farmers. However, the coverage
and quality of these services vary, and there is a need to enhance their effectiveness through
training and capacity-building programs for extension workers. Community-based initiatives,
such as farmer cooperatives and self-help groups, have shown promise in promoting collective
action and resource sharing. These initiatives can enhance farmers' resilience by facilitating
access to information, credit, and markets. For example, community seed banks, where farmers
collectively manage and share climate-resilient seed varieties, have been successful in some
regions (Ehsan et al., 2022).

1.4. Significance of the Research

This research is significant as it addresses a critical issue affecting the livelihoods of farmers in
Lahore, Pakistan. Understanding1farmers'1perceptions1and readiness for climate1change can
guide1the creation1of targeted interventions and policies aimed at boosting resilience and
adaptive capacity. The findings can contribute to the broader discourse on1climate1change
adaptation1in agriculture, providing valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and
practitioners. Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of awareness and education in
promoting effective adaptation strategies. By identifying the factors influencing farmers'
perceptions and attitudes, the study can help design more effective communication and outreach
programs. This can ultimately lead to improved agricultural productivity and sustainability
in1the face1of climate1change (Ahmad et al., 2023).
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Lahore, celebrated as Pakistan's cultural hub, stands as a vibrant city steeped in history, cultural
diversity, and societal significance. Over the years, rapid urbanization and a burgeoning
population have shaped various socio-cultural dynamics, influencing how its residents perceive
and address environmental challenges (Husain et al., 2005). Lahore boasts a diverse populace
encompassing different socio-economic backgrounds, educational levels, and cultural beliefs,
fostering a wide array of viewpoints on environmental issues like climate change and
sustainability. The city's rich tapestry of cultural norms, traditions, and values often intersects
with environmental awareness and practices, influencing individual and communal responses to
these challenges (Zahid and Rasul 2010). However, Lahore grapples with multiple
environmental hurdles exacerbated by its swift urban growth, industrial expansion, and
population surge. The city faces a gamut of climate-related adversities, including intense heat
waves, air pollution, erratic weather patterns, and vulnerability to flooding due to its
geographical placement and urban infrastructure. Air quality remains a primary concern owing to
heightened pollution levels, mainly attributed to vehicle emissions, industrial operations, and
agricultural burning in nearby areas. Studies reveal rising temperatures and increased
occurrences of heat waves, posing health risks and straining energy resources for cooling.
Urbanization strains waste management and green space preservation, hindering overall
sustainability efforts (Qasim et al., 2015).

Community Responses and Sustainable Initiatives in Lahore's Climate Awareness

Research indicates a burgeoning awareness of climate change among Lahore's populace. Local
environmental organizations and academic institutions highlight an augmented understanding
among residents concerning the city's susceptibility to climate change impacts, notably extreme
weather events like heat waves and floods. Studies often note higher concerns among
communities in low-income neighborhoods or informal settlements, acknowledging their
increased vulnerability to climate change effects. Cultural perceptions, social contexts,
education, socioeconomic status, and access to information collectively shape how individuals
perceive and respond to climate-related issues. There's a growing interest in sustainable practices
as a response to climate change, with efforts to adopt eco-friendly technologies, bolster urban
green spaces, and advocate for sustainable transportation gaining traction (Gadiwala and Sadiq
2008). However, embedding sustainability measures into policies and daily practices remains an
ongoing endeavor. Noteworthy research on climate indicators and their trends in Pakistan has
been conducted by institutions like the Global Change Impact Studies Centre (Ali et al., 2009)
and the Pakistan Meteorological Department. Their studies underscore significant evidence of
evolving climatic patterns across Pakistan.

Climate Change's Influence on Agriculture in Pakistan

South Asian nations, particularly Pakistan, find themselves significantly affected by the risks
posed by climate change. Despite contributing minimally to global warming, Pakistan has seen a
drastic increase in its vulnerability to climate change impacts. Its position among the countries
most affected by these changes has escalated from 12th in 2012 to 8th in 2015 and further to 7th
(Kreft and Eckstein, 2013). This rise illustrates the intensification of climate-related challenges
faced by the country, including floods, droughts, cyclones, and storms, which have not only
become more frequent but also more devastating (Qasim et al., 2015). Despite these recurring
climate crises, Pakistan's response has been insufficient, leading to widespread devastation with
millions affected and thousands of lives lost across the nation. Factors such as rapid population
growth, unregulated urban development, and infrastructure expansion have increased the
population's vulnerability to natural hazards, placing more people at risk (Ullah et al., 2018).

The relationship between climate change and agriculture is complex, involving environmental,
climatic, social, and economic dimensions. Responses to these changes can emerge
spontaneously or result from deliberate economic and technological policies. Moreover, the
connections between climate change and agriculture evolve dynamically over time, often across
extensive temporal and spatial scales, and are still marked by considerable uncertainties (Bosello
and Zhang, 2005). Figure 1 succinctly outlines the impacts of climate change on water resources,
agriculture, food security, and household welfare, highlighting the intricate nature of these
interdependencies.
The impact of climate change on crop yields is significant, leading to notable changes in
agricultural outcomes. Despite advancements in technology, elements like temperature and
rainfall remain crucial factors affecting agricultural productivity, thereby impacting food security
in rural areas (Huong et al., 2019). Pakistan, specifically, confronts considerable vulnerability to
extreme climatic events such as floods and droughts. Climate variability manifests in soil
degradation, water scarcity, fluctuations in crop yields, and an increase in crop diseases. Notably,
Pakistan's susceptibility to climate change impacts has increased despite its limited contribution
to global warming. Its ranking among the regions most affected globally by climate change
emphasizes the growing risks faced by the country (Fahad and Wang, 2020).

Fig 1. Schematic diagram showing the impacts of climate change on water, agriculture, food
security, and household welfare (Source: Shahzad, 2020)

Climate Vulnerability and Rural Agriculture in Pakistan

The majority of farmers in Pakistan operate on small landholdings and rely heavily on
agriculture for their livelihoods. These small-scale subsistence farmers face heightened
vulnerability to climate-related risks such as floods and droughts. Challenges like limited
education and awareness often hinder their adoption of advanced adaptation techniques. Studies
consistently emphasize the severe impact of climate change on these rural farming communities
(Ali and Erenstein, 2017). Research in Punjab province echoes these findings, noting longer
summers, reduced precipitation, and shifts in the agricultural growing season experienced by
these communities (Abid et al., 2016). The frequency and severity of natural disasters, including
extreme temperatures, floods, and droughts, have been increasingly observed in recent years
(Maheen and Hoban, 2017).

While environmental factors significantly contribute to vulnerability, prevailing ignorance and

poverty exacerbate the situation (Wisner et al., 2012). Pakistan, like many developing nations,
harbors a sizable rural population grappling with these challenges. Devastating floods in 2010,
2011, and 2014 caused widespread damage across various sectors, including forestry, livestock,
infrastructure, and agriculture, affecting around 250,000 farm households and a million acres of
cultivated land. Despite the agricultural sector's substantial contribution to the economy, it faces
significant challenges in the aftermath of catastrophic flood events (Hoanh et al., 2006).

Farmer’s perspective on Climate Impacts and Agricultural Adaptations in Pakistan

Around 85% of farmers in Pakistan acknowledge the considerable impact of rising temperatures
and insufficient rainfall on agricultural productivity (Ali et al., 2017). These climatic factors
significantly affect crop production in a country marked by high temperatures and limited
rainfall. Shifting rainfall patterns have fundamentally reshaped the economic landscape of the
agricultural sector, causing even highly productive crops to yield below expectations.
Consequently, farmers are compelled to prioritize cultivating crop varieties resilient to drought
conditions. Fluctuations in day and night temperatures disrupt agricultural operations, further
reducing productivity. While 60% of farmers highlight the detrimental effect of low nighttime
temperatures on agricultural output, 27% remain neutral about its impact. Additionally,
variations in nighttime temperatures significantly affect sowing and harvesting schedules, with
over 70% of respondents attributing decreased productivity in Pakistan's agricultural sector to
these timing nuances (Usman et al., 2023).
Figure 2 illustrates the disparity between farmers' perceived necessary changes in local farming
practices and the actual adaptations implemented. While a majority of farmers recognize the
need for adjustments in cropping patterns (77%), cropping activities (94%), input applications
(89%), soil conservation (92%), water conservation (90%), and income diversification, only a
small percentage manage to enact these perceived changes due to various constraints.
Specifically, approximately 29% of farmers adapted their cropping patterns, while around 52%,
50%, 42%, 44%, and 30% adapted their cropping activities, input applications, soil conservation,
water conservation, and income diversification, respectively. This contrast underscores the
challenges faced by farmers, stemming from constraints or difficulties encountered in the
adaptation process. To formulate a more effective adaptation strategy, it is crucial to identify and
address these constraints, as emphasized by Ali and Rose in their 2020 work.

Drawing on research conducted by Jain et al., (2015), the farmers included in the study expressed
a strong perception of significant climate shifts in Pakistan. A substantial majority noted
observable temperature increases (81%) and occurrences of flooding (69%), alongside alterations
in precipitation patterns (73%) over the medium-term period studied. Notably, a lower
percentage of farmer-respondents reported drought (39%), potentially attributed to prevalent
irrigation methods used to mitigate moisture deficiencies, particularly in the predominant wheat
and rice crops extensively grown in South Asia.

Fig 2. Perceived adaptation choices and adaptations undertaken (Ali and Rose, 2020)
Pakistan's Climate Vulnerability and Disaster Management Challenges
Pakistan's authorities continually grapple with the challenge of frequent natural disasters
occurring across the nation. Unfortunately, those responsible for disaster risk reduction have not
effectively utilized recent advancements in scientific methodologies, techniques, and tools for
implementing cost-effective and sustainable interventions (Qasim et al., 2015). There's an urgent
need for research to identify the primary drivers of climate change vulnerability (CCV),
household-level adaptation measures, and risk perceptions in agriculture to mitigate the adverse
impacts of climate change (Abid et al., 2016).

Experts in disaster risk management assert that vulnerability to hazards doesn't solely arise from
environmental factors but also from societal ignorance and widespread poverty in the nation.
With over half of Pakistan's population living in extreme poverty and a significant portion
residing in disaster-prone regions (Smit and Pilifosova, 2003), this specific social segment
cannot be expected to prioritize disaster risk reduction, despite bearing the brunt of disasters.
This social issue exacerbates the physical vulnerabilities of those living in highly susceptible
areas. During the 2010 Pakistan flood, many individuals disregarded warnings about impending
disasters due to reasons such as lack of awareness, education, and a trust deficit between locals
and government authorities. Another illustration of social and economic vulnerability lies in the
country's irrigation system, where high water demand has led to inappropriate irrigation
practices, worsening flood and drought conditions (Wisner et al., 2012).

Conclusion

Pakistan faces a critical challenge in effectively managing frequent natural disasters due to
limited utilization of advanced methodologies for disaster risk reduction. The need for immediate
research to understand climate change vulnerability drivers and implement household-level
adaptation measures in agriculture is evident. Beyond environmental factors, societal ignorance
and pervasive poverty contribute significantly to vulnerability, with a substantial portion of the
population residing in disaster-prone regions and lacking the capacity to prioritize risk reduction.
Social and economic vulnerabilities were starkly evident during the 2010 flood, reflecting a lack
of awareness, education, and trust between locals and authorities. Moreover, inappropriate
irrigation practices in the country exacerbate flood and drought conditions. Addressing these
multifaceted challenges requires a holistic approach encompassing education, community
engagement, and sustainable resource management to build resilience and mitigate the impacts
of disasters and climate change in Pakistan.

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Age Distribution of Respondents

The respondents' ages vary, with the largest proportion falling within the 25-34 age range,
making up 46% of those surveyed. A significant number, 23%, are aged 18-24, while 12% are in
the 35-44 age bracket. A smaller portion of respondents is between 55-64 years (10%), and the
fewest are 65 or older (2%).

Age Range Count Percentage of Total

Responses
18-24 23 23%
25-34 46 46%
35-44 12 12%
45-54 0 0%
55-64 10 10%
65 or over 2 2%
Total 100 100%
 Age
50 46
45
40
35
30
Axis Title

25 23
20
15 12
10
10
5 2
0
0
18-24 25-34 35-44 55-64 65 or over 0
Age Distribution of respondant

Figure 1:Age Distribution of Respondents

Education Level of Respondents

Respondents have varying levels of education, with 32% holding a bachelor’s degree and 31%
having a master’s degree. A notable 21% have completed high school, while 13% have primary
or junior school education. A smaller percentage (3%) have attained a Doctorate or PhD.

Education Level Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Bachelor’s degree 32 32%
Master’s degree 31 31%
Doctorate / PhD 3 3%
High school 21 21%
Primary/junior school 13 13%
Total 100 100%

What is your highest level of education

32.5
27.5
22.5
17.5
Axis Title

12.5
7.5
2.5
Bachelors degree Masters degree Doctorate / PhD High school
Series1 32 31 3 21

Education Level

Figure 2:Education Level of Respondents

Years of Farming Experience in Lahore

The respondents' farming experience in Lahore shows that 38% have been farming for less than
5 years. A significant portion, 33%, have over 20 years of experience. Others have 5-10 years
(20%) or 11-20 years (9%) of farming experience.

Years of Farming Count Percentage of Total

Experience Responses
Less than 5 years 38 38%
5-10 years 20 20%
11-20 years 9 9%
More than 20 years 33 33%
Total 100 100%

How many years have you been farming in Lahore?

37.5
32.5
27.5
22.5
Axis Title

17.5
12.5
7.5
2.5
Less than 5 years 5-10 years 11-20 years More than 20 years
Series1 38 20 9 33

Years of Farming

Figure 3:Years of Farming Experience in Lahore

Landholding Size

Most respondents have landholdings between 1-5 acres, representing 42% of the total responses.
A quarter of respondents (24%) have less than 1 acre, while 21% hold more than 10 acres. A
smaller group, 13%, manage landholdings of 5-10 acres.

Landholding Size Count Percentage of Total

Responses
1-5 acres 42 42%
Less than 1 acre 24 24%
More than 10 acres 21 21%
5-10 acres 13 13%
Total 100 100%

What is the size of your landholding?

42.5
37.5
32.5
27.5
22.5
Axis Title

17.5
12.5
7.5
2.5
1-5 acres Less than 1 acre More than 10 acres 5-10 acres
Series1 42 24 21 13

Landholding Size

Figure 4:Landholding Size

Primary Crops Grown

Wheat is the primary crop grown by the majority of respondents (56%), followed by vegetables
(19%) and rice (15%). Other crops, such as maize, cotton, and fruits, are less common, with each
representing less than 10% of the total responses.

Crop Type Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Wheat 56 56%
Rice 15 15%
Vegetables 19 19%
Maize 7 7%
Cotton 1 1%
Fruits 2 2%
Total 100 100%

What type of crops do you primarily grow?

60 56

50
Respondant size

40

30
19
20 15

10 7
2 0
0
Wheat Rice Vegetables Maize Fruits 0
Crops

Figure 5:Primary Crops Grown

Access to Formal Financial Services

A larger portion of respondents, 55%, do not have access to formal financial services like bank
loans or credit, while 45% do have access to these services.

Access to Financial Count Percentage of Total

Services Responses
No 55 55%
Yes 45 45%
Total 100 100%

Do you have access to formal financial services

(e.g. bank loans, credit)?

45

55

No Yes

Figure 6:Access to Formal Financial Services

Observations of Climate Change

A significant majority of respondents (91%) have observed changes in the climate over the past
20 years. Only 9% of the respondents have not noticed any changes.

Climate Change Count Percentage of Total

Observation Responses
Yes 91 91%
No 9 9%
Total 100 100%

Have you noticed any changes in the climate over the past
20 years?
9

91

Yes No

Figure 7:Observations of Climate Change

Concern About Climate Change Impacts

Most respondents are very concerned about the impacts of climate change on their farming
activities (65%). Another 27% are somewhat concerned, while a small percentage (6%) are
neither concerned nor unconcerned. Only 2% are somewhat unconcerned.

Concern Level Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Very concerned 65 65%
Somewhat concerned 27 27%
Neither concerned nor 6 6%
unconcerned
Somewhat unconcerned 2 2%
Total 100 100%

How concerned are you about the impacts of climate

change on your farming activities?
65
55
45
35
Axis Title

25
15
5
Neither concerned Very concerned Somewhat con- Somewhat uncon-
nor unconcerned cerned cerned
Series1 6 65 27 2

Impacts of climate change

Figure 8:Concern About Climate Change Impacts

Knowledge About Climate Change

Regarding knowledge about climate change, 49% of respondents feel very well informed, and
39% feel somewhat informed. A smaller portion, 8%, neither feel informed nor uninformed,
while 4% are either very or somewhat uninformed.

Information Level Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Very well informed 49 49%
Somewhat informed 39 39%
Neither informed nor 8 8%
uninformed
Very uninformed 2 2%
Somewhat uninformed 2 2%
Total 100 100%

How well-informed do you feel about climate change and

its impacts on agriculture?
60
40
20
0
ed ed ed ed ed
Axis Title

rm rm m m m
fo fo or or or
in in i nf i nf i nf
l t n n n
el ha ru yu tu
yw ew no er ha
V er m ed
V
ew
So m m
or So
i nf
er
eith
N
Information Level

Figure 9:Knowledge About Climate Change

Changes in Farming Practices

In response to climate change, 76% of respondents have made changes to their farming practices.
However, 24% have not implemented any changes.

Change in Practices Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Yes 76 76%
No 24 24%
Total 100 100%

Have you made any changes to your farming practices in

response to climate change?

24

76

Yes No

Figure 10:Changes in Farming Practices

Types of Changes Implemented

Among those who have made changes, the most common adaptations include adjusting cropping
calendars (20%) and changing crop varieties (19%). Other adaptations include crop
diversification (17%) and improved irrigation systems (12%).

Type of Change Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Changed crop varieties 19 19%
Adjusted cropping 20 20%
calendars
Adopted soil conservation 8 8%
Improved irrigation 12 12%
systems
Diversified crops 17 17%

If yes, what changes have you implemented?

22.5

17.5

12.5
Axis Title

7.5

2.5

Changed crop Adjusted crop- Adopted soil Improved irriga- Diversified crops
varieties ping calendars conservation tion systems
techniques
Series1 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
Series2 19 20 8 12 17

Changes

Figure 11:Types of Changes Implemented

Effectiveness of Changes

The effectiveness of these changes is mostly positive, with 39% of respondents finding them
very effective and 31% somewhat effective. A small percentage (3%) feel the changes are
neither effective nor ineffective, while only 1% finds them somewhat ineffective.

Effectiveness Level Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Very effective 39 39%
Somewhat effective 31 31%
Very ineffective 2 2%
Neither effective nor 3 3%
ineffective
Somewhat ineffective 1 1%
Total 100 100%

How effective have these changes been in mitigating the

impacts of climate change on your farm?
42.5
37.5
32.5
27.5
22.5
17.5
Axis Title

12.5
7.5
2.5
Very effective Somewhat effec- Very ineffective Neither effective Somewhat inef-
tive nor ineffective fective

Series1 39 31 2 3 1

Effectiveness level

Figure 12:Effectiveness of Changes

Training on Climate Change Adaptation

Slightly more than half of the respondents (52%) have not received formal training on climate
change adaptation strategies, while 48% have received such training.

Training Received Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Yes 48 48%
No 52 52%
Total 100 100%

Have you received any formal training on climate

change adaptation strategies?

48
52

Yes No

Figure 13:Training on Climate Change Adaptation

Providers of Training

For those who received training, government agencies (18%) and agricultural extension services
(15%) were the most common providers. Other respondents received training from NGOs (11%)
or private companies (4%).

Training Provider Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Government agencies 18 18%
Agricultural extension 15 15%
services
Non-governmental 11 11%
organizations
Private companies 4 4%

If yes, who provided the training?

20 18
15
16
11
12
8 4
4
0
s es s s
Axis Title

cie vic ti on ni
e
g en se
r z a pa
ta n ni m
ga co
en nsio or te
nm te ta
l iva
ver l ex en Pr
Go tu
ra nm
ul ver
ric go
Ag n-
No
Training Institutions

Figure 14:Providers of Training

Usefulness of Training

Of those who received training, a majority found it very useful (30%), while 7% found it
somewhat useful. A smaller portion, 10%, felt neutral, and only 1% found the training not very
useful.

Usefulness of Training Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Very useful 30 30%
Somewhat useful 7 7%
Neutral 10 10%
Not very useful 1 1%

How useful did you find the training in terms of

practical application on your farm?
32.5
27.5
22.5
17.5
Axis Title

12.5
7.5
2.5
Very useful Somewhat useful Neutral Not very useful
Series1 30 7 10 1

Usefulness

Figure 15:Usefulness of Training

Awareness of Government Programs

A slight majority of respondents (55%) are aware of government programs or policies aimed at
helping farmers adapt to climate change, while 44% are not aware.

Awareness of Programs Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Yes 55 55%
No 44 44%
Total 100 100%

Are you aware of any government programs or policies

aimed at helping farmers adapt to climate change?

44

55

Yes No

Figure 16:Awareness of Government Programs

Benefiting from Government Support

Slightly more respondents (53%) have benefited from government support related to climate
change adaptation, while 46% have not.

Benefit from Support Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Yes 53 53%
No 46 46%
Total 100 100%

Have you benefited from any government support or

programs related to climate change adaptation?

46
53

Yes No

Figure 17:Benefiting from Government Support

Effectiveness of Government Support

Government support is generally seen as somewhat effective by 35% of respondents, with 28%
finding it very effective. Meanwhile, 9% find it very ineffective, and 24% feel it is neither
effective nor ineffective.

Effectiveness Level Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Very effective 28 28%
Somewhat effective 35 35%
Very ineffective 9 9%
Neither effective nor 24 24%
ineffective
Somewhat ineffective 2 2%
Total 100 100%

How would you rate the effectiveness of government

support in enhancing your preparedness for climate
change?
32.5
22.5
Axis Title

12.5
2.5
Very effective Somewhat ef- Very ineffective Neither effec- Somewhat inef-
fective tive nor ineffec- fective
tive
Series1 28 35 9 24 2

Effectiveness Level

Figure 18:Effectiveness of Government Support

Additional Support Needed from Government

Financial aid is considered the most critical support needed from the government, with 33% of
respondents highlighting this as a priority. Access to technology (29%) and training programs
(21%) are also seen as important, while better infrastructure (12%) and information
dissemination (5%) are less frequently mentioned.

Additional Support Count Percentage of Total

Responses
Access to technology 29 29%
Training programs 21 21%
Better infrastructure 12 12%
Financial aid 33 33%
Information dissemination 5 5%

What additional support do you think is necessary from

the government to help farmers adapt to climate change?
Select the one you think is most important.
32.5
27.5
22.5
17.5
Axis Title

12.5
7.5
2.5
Access to tech- Training pro- Better infrastruc- Financial aid Information dis-
nology grams ture semination
Series1 29 21 12 33 5

Support

Figure 19:Additional Support Needed from Government

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

This discussion chapter integrates insights from previous research articles and publications,
aligning them with the study's findings.

Demographic Profile and Educational Background

The demographic analysis revealed a young and dynamic farming community in Lahore, with
the largest proportion of respondents (46%) aged between 25-34 years. This aligns with findings
by Javed et al. (2019), who identified that younger farmers are increasingly taking up agriculture
due to the growing awareness of modern farming techniques. The substantial representation of
the 18-24 age group (23%) suggests that agriculture is attracting the youth, possibly driven by
unemployment in other sectors or the rising importance of food security. The educational
background of the respondents is notable, with 32% holding a bachelor’s degree and 31% having
a master’s degree. This higher level of education among farmers is crucial for the adoption of
climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices, as supported by the findings of Abid et al. (2017),
who noted that educated farmers are more likely to adopt innovative farming practices and
sustainable agricultural techniques.

Farming Experience and Landholding Size

The study found that a significant portion of respondents (33%) had more than 20 years of
farming experience, with another 38% having less than 5 years of experience. The diverse range
of experience levels highlights the potential for knowledge transfer between older, more
experienced farmers and younger, less experienced ones. Ahmad et al. (2018) emphasized that
experienced farmers are often better at mitigating risks associated with climate variability due to
their historical knowledge of local environmental conditions. Regarding landholding size, most
respondents (42%) have between 1-5 acres, indicating a predominance of smallholder farms.
This finding is consistent with the observations of Ullah et al. (2015), who noted that smallholder
farmers are more vulnerable to climate change due to limited financial resources and
technological access, which restrict their ability to implement adaptive measures.

Primary Crops Grown and Changes in Farming Practices

Wheat, vegetables, and rice were identified as the primary crops grown by the respondents, with
wheat being the most dominant (56%). This is consistent with the findings of Farooq et al.
(2020), who highlighted wheat as a staple crop in Punjab, making it central to food security in
the region. The study also found that 76% of respondents have made changes to their farming
practices in response to climate change. This is a positive indicator of the farmers' awareness and
willingness to adapt, as also observed by Ali et al. (2019), who found that farmers in Punjab are
increasingly adopting crop diversification, altering planting schedules, and using improved seed
varieties as climate adaptation strategies.

Observations and Concerns About Climate Change

A significant majority of respondents (91%) observed changes in the climate over the past 20
years, with 65% expressing deep concern about the impact of these changes on their farming
activities. This widespread acknowledgment of climate change aligns with the findings of Rasul
et al. (2017), who reported that farmers in Pakistan are highly aware of changing weather
patterns, such as increased temperatures and erratic rainfall, which directly affect crop yields.
The high level of concern among the respondents reflects a growing understanding of the
potential long-term consequences of climate change, including reduced agricultural productivity
and food insecurity, as noted by Sadiq et al. (2020).

Access to Formal Financial Services

The study revealed that 55% of respondents do not have access to formal financial services, such
as bank loans or credit. This lack of access to financial resources is a significant barrier to the
adoption of climate-resilient practices. Siddiqui et al. (2021) emphasized that financial inclusion
is critical for enabling farmers to invest in modern agricultural inputs and technologies that can
enhance their resilience to climate change. The absence of such financial support can hinder
efforts to improve productivity and sustainability, making smallholder farmers particularly
vulnerable to climate risks.

Training and Knowledge on Climate Change Adaptation

The research highlighted that 48% of respondents have received formal training on climate
change adaptation strategies, primarily from government agencies and agricultural extension
services. This training is crucial in equipping farmers with the knowledge and skills needed to
implement effective adaptation measures. Ahmed et al. (2019) found that training programs
significantly improve farmers' ability to manage climate-related risks by promoting practices
such as water conservation, crop rotation, and the use of drought-resistant seeds. However, the
fact that 52% of respondents have not received any training suggests a need for more extensive
outreach and education programs to ensure that all farmers have access to the necessary
information and resources.

Effectiveness of Government Support and Additional Needs

The effectiveness of government support was generally perceived as positive, with 35% of
respondents finding it somewhat effective and 28% finding it very effective. However, there is
still a need for improvement, as 24% felt the support was neither effective nor ineffective. This
aligns with the findings of Shahzad et al. (2018), who observed that while government programs
aimed at supporting farmers are beneficial, their impact is often limited by bureaucratic
inefficiencies, inadequate funding, and poor implementation. The respondents identified
financial aid (33%) and access to technology (29%) as the most critical forms of additional
support needed from the government. This is consistent with the recommendations of Mahmood
et al. (2021), who argued that targeted financial assistance and access to modern agricultural
technologies are essential for building the resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change.

Adaptation Strategies and Their Effectiveness

Among the adaptation strategies implemented, adjusting cropping calendars (20%) and changing
crop varieties (19%) were the most common. These strategies are vital for mitigating the impacts
of climate change, as they allow farmers to optimize planting and harvesting times and select
crops better suited to the changing environmental conditions. The effectiveness of these changes
was positively rated, with 39% finding them very effective and 31% somewhat effective. These
findings are corroborated by the research of Nasim et al. (2016), who found that farmers who
proactively adjust their farming practices in response to climate variability experience better
outcomes in terms of crop yields and overall farm productivity. However, the study also
highlights that ongoing support and education are necessary to sustain these adaptations and
ensure their long-term success.

Challenges and Barriers to Effective Adaptation

Despite the positive steps taken by many farmers, there are still significant challenges and
barriers to effective climate adaptation. The lack of financial resources, limited access to
technology, and inadequate training were consistently highlighted as key obstacles. Hussain et al.
(2020) identified similar challenges in their study of smallholder farmers in Pakistan, noting that
these barriers often prevent farmers from fully implementing the most effective adaptation
strategies. Additionally, the study's findings underscore the need for more comprehensive and
coordinated efforts by government agencies, NGOs, and private sector actors to address these
challenges and support farmers in building their resilience to climate change.

The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the current state of climate adaptation
among farmers in Lahore, Pakistan. The demographic and educational profile of the respondents
indicates a promising potential for the adoption of innovative farming practices, but significant
challenges remain. The limited access to formal financial services, the need for more extensive
training programs, and the mixed effectiveness of government support are critical areas that
require attention. To enhance the resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change, it is
essential to address these barriers through targeted interventions that provide financial aid, access
to technology, and continuous education. The study's results align with the broader literature,
which emphasizes the importance of a multi-faceted approach to climate adaptation that involves
collaboration between government agencies, NGOs, the private sector, and the farming
community. Future research should focus on evaluating the long-term impacts of these
interventions and identifying best practices for scaling up successful adaptation strategies across
different regions of Pakistan.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations

1. Enhancing Awareness and Education on Climate Change: Raising awareness about

climate change among farmers is crucial for fostering proactive adaptation strategies. The
findings of this study indicate a gap in understanding the specific impacts of climate
change and its underlying causes. Therefore, it is recommended that the government, in
collaboration with local NGOs and educational institutions, launch targeted awareness
campaigns. These campaigns should use simple and relatable language to explain the
science of climate change, its effects on agriculture, and the potential adaptation
strategies. Incorporating local dialects and examples relevant to the farmers' daily
experiences will enhance comprehension and engagement. Additionally, leveraging local
media, including radio and television, as well as community gatherings, can increase
outreach, especially in remote areas.

2. Strengthening Extension Services and Training Programs: Extension services play a

vital role in disseminating knowledge and facilitating the adoption of climate-smart
agriculture (CSA) practices. Given that 52% of respondents had not received any formal
training on climate change adaptation, it is recommended that the government expand
and strengthen these services. Training programs should be designed to address the
specific needs and challenges faced by farmers in Lahore, with a focus on practical,
actionable strategies. These could include demonstrations of improved irrigation
techniques, guidance on selecting climate-resilient crop varieties, and instructions on
adjusting cropping calendars. Moreover, extension workers should receive continuous
training to stay updated on the latest agricultural technologies and climate adaptation
methods. Partnering with agricultural universities and research institutions can help
enhance the quality and relevance of these programs.

3. Improving Access to Financial Services: Financial constraints are a significant barrier

to the adoption of climate-resilient practices. The study revealed that 55% of respondents
do not have access to formal financial services such as bank loans or credit. To address
 this, it is recommended that the government and financial institutions develop tailored
financial products for smallholder farmers. These products could include low-interest
loans, microfinance options, and crop insurance schemes specifically designed to support
investments in climate-smart technologies. Additionally, creating awareness about these
financial services and simplifying the application processes would encourage more
farmers to utilize them. Establishing mobile banking platforms and village-level financial
service centers can also improve access, particularly in rural areas where traditional
banking infrastructure is limited.

4. Promoting the Adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices: The findings

indicate that a significant proportion of farmers have already started adopting climate-
smart practices such as crop diversification and improved irrigation systems. However,
there is still room for improvement in the adoption of these practices. It is recommended
that the government and agricultural extension services promote the benefits of these
practices more aggressively. This could include showcasing successful case studies from
within the community, providing subsidies for purchasing climate-resilient seeds, and
offering incentives for adopting water-saving technologies. Additionally, establishing
farmer field schools where peers can share their experiences and knowledge can further
encourage the adoption of these practices.

5. Enhancing the Effectiveness of Government Support Programs: While the study

found that government support is generally perceived as somewhat effective, there is a
need for improvement. To enhance the effectiveness of these programs, it is
recommended that the government streamline the implementation processes and reduce
bureaucratic inefficiencies. This could involve decentralizing decision-making to local
authorities who are more familiar with the specific needs and challenges of their
communities. Additionally, increasing transparency and accountability in the allocation
of resources will help ensure that support reaches those who need it most. Establishing
feedback mechanisms where farmers can voice their concerns and suggestions can also
lead to more responsive and adaptive government programs.

6. Fostering Community-Based Adaptation Initiatives: Community-based initiatives

such as farmer cooperatives and self-help groups have shown promise in enhancing
 resilience to climate change. It is recommended that the government and NGOs support
the formation and strengthening of these groups. Providing training on group
management, financial literacy, and collective decision-making can empower these
groups to effectively manage resources and implement adaptation strategies.
Additionally, facilitating access to markets for products grown using climate-smart
practices can enhance the economic viability of these initiatives. Encouraging the
establishment of community seed banks, where farmers collectively manage and share
climate-resilient seed varieties, can also promote agricultural sustainability.

7. Investing in Climate-Resilient Infrastructure: The study highlights the need for better
infrastructure to support climate adaptation in agriculture. It is recommended that the
government invest in developing and maintaining infrastructure that enhances the
resilience of agricultural systems. This includes constructing and upgrading irrigation
canals, water storage facilities, and drainage systems to manage water resources more
effectively. Additionally, building flood protection structures and improving rural road
networks can reduce the vulnerability of agricultural lands to extreme weather events.
Ensuring that these infrastructure projects are designed with climate resilience in mind
will help protect farmers' livelihoods in the long term.

8. Leveraging Technology for Climate Adaptation: The use of technology, such as

mobile-based weather advisory services, has proven beneficial in helping farmers make
informed decisions. It is recommended that the government and private sector continue to
invest in developing and expanding these services. Providing real-time weather forecasts,
early warning systems, and climate risk assessments through mobile platforms can
significantly improve farmers' preparedness for extreme weather events. Additionally,
promoting the use of precision agriculture technologies, such as soil sensors and drones,
can help farmers optimize resource use and increase productivity in the face of climate
variability.

9. Facilitating Access to Climate Information: Access to timely and accurate climate

information is critical for effective adaptation. The study revealed that while many
farmers are aware of climate change, their understanding of its specific impacts is
limited. To bridge this gap, it is recommended that the government and research
 institutions develop user-friendly climate information services tailored to the needs of
farmers. This could include seasonal climate forecasts, drought monitoring, and crop-
specific advisories. Disseminating this information through multiple channels, including
SMS, radio, and community meetings, will ensure that it reaches a broad audience.
Collaborating with local extension services and NGOs can also help in interpreting and
applying this information at the farm level.

10. Building Institutional Capacity for Climate Adaptation: Strengthening institutional

capacity is essential for implementing effective climate adaptation strategies. It is
recommended that the government invest in building the capacity of institutions involved
in climate change management, including local government bodies, agricultural
departments, and research organizations. This could involve providing training on climate
risk assessment, project management, and monitoring and evaluation. Enhancing
coordination among these institutions will also improve the delivery of services and the
implementation of policies aimed at supporting farmers' adaptation efforts.

11. Encouraging Public-Private Partnerships: Public-private partnerships (PPPs) can play

a significant role in supporting climate adaptation in agriculture. It is recommended that
the government encourage partnerships between the public sector, private companies, and
civil society organizations to leverage resources and expertise. For example, PPPs can be
used to develop and distribute climate-resilient seeds, promote sustainable farming
practices, and invest in agricultural infrastructure. By aligning the interests of different
stakeholders, these partnerships can enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of
adaptation initiatives.

12. Supporting Research and Innovation in Climate-Smart Agriculture: Ongoing

research and innovation are crucial for developing new solutions to the challenges posed
by climate change. It is recommended that the government, academic institutions, and
private sector invest in research focused on climate-smart agriculture. This could include
studies on drought-resistant crop varieties, water-efficient irrigation technologies, and the
socio-economic impacts of climate change on farming communities. Encouraging
collaboration between researchers, farmers, and extension services will help ensure that
research findings are translated into practical solutions that benefit farmers on the ground.
Conclusion

The study on farmers' perceptions and preparedness for climate change in Lahore, Pakistan,
provides critical insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by the agricultural sector in
the region. The findings highlight that while there is a growing awareness of climate change
among farmers, there are significant gaps in their understanding of its specific impacts and the
available adaptation strategies. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of education,
access to financial resources, and government support in enhancing the resilience of smallholder
farmers to climate change.

One of the key conclusions drawn from the study is that awareness and education are
fundamental to effective climate adaptation. Farmers who are well-informed about climate
change and its potential impacts are more likely to adopt proactive measures to safeguard their
livelihoods. However, the study also reveals that many farmers lack access to formal training on
climate adaptation, which hinders their ability to implement effective strategies. This highlights
the need for expanded and targeted extension services that address the specific needs and
challenges of farmers in Lahore.

The study also emphasizes the critical role of financial resources in supporting climate
adaptation. The lack of access to formal financial services is a significant barrier for many
farmers, preventing them from investing in climate-smart technologies and practices. Addressing
this gap through tailored financial products and improving financial literacy among farmers is
essential for building resilience in the agricultural sector.

Government support programs play a vital role in facilitating climate adaptation, but the study
finds that there is room for improvement in their effectiveness. Streamlining implementation
processes, reducing bureaucratic inefficiencies, and enhancing transparency in resource
allocation are necessary steps to ensure that government initiatives reach the farmers who need
them most. Additionally, fostering community-based adaptation initiatives and encouraging
public-private partnerships can further enhance the effectiveness of these programs.

The study also highlights the importance of infrastructure development, technological

innovation, and institutional capacity-building in supporting climate adaptation. Investing in
climate-resilient infrastructure, promoting the use of precision agriculture technologies, and
strengthening the capacity of institutions involved in climate change management are all critical
components of a comprehensive adaptation strategy. Furthermore, facilitating access to accurate
and timely climate information is essential for enabling farmers to make informed decisions and
effectively manage the risks associated with climate variability.

The study provides a roadmap for enhancing the resilience of farmers in Lahore to climate
change. By addressing the identified gaps in awareness, financial access, government support,
and infrastructure, policymakers can create a more enabling environment for farmers to adapt to
the changing climate. The recommendations presented in this discussion offer a multi-faceted
approach to climate adaptation that involves collaboration between government agencies, the
private sector, NGOs, and the farming community. By implementing these recommendations,
Lahore's agricultural sector can better withstand the challenges posed by climate change,
ensuring food security and sustainable livelihoods for future generations.

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