Mathematics Study Notes
1. Algebra
Algebra is a branch of mathematics dealing with symbols and the rules for manipulating
these symbols.
Basic Rules
1. Like terms can be added or subtracted.
2. Multiplication is distributive over addition.
3. Variables represent numbers.
Examples
Simplify: 2x + 3x = 5x
Expand: (x + 2)(x + 3) = x² + 5x + 6
2. Trigonometry
Trigonometry deals with the relationship between the sides and angles of a triangle.
Important Ratios
sin θ = Opposite / Hypotenuse
cos θ = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
tan θ = Opposite / Adjacent
Identities
sin²θ + cos²θ = 1
tan²θ + 1 = sec²θ
1 + cot²θ = csc²θ
Example Problem
If sin θ = 3/5, find cos θ and tan θ.
Solution: cos θ = 4/5, tan θ = 3/4.
3. Geometry
Geometry deals with shapes, sizes, and properties of figures.
Important Theorems
1. Pythagoras Theorem: In a right triangle, Hypotenuse² = Base² + Perpendicular².
2. Sum of angles of a triangle = 180°.
Example
In a triangle, if two angles are 50° and 60°, find the third angle.
Solution: 180° - (50° + 60°) = 70°.
4. Mensuration
Mensuration is the branch of mathematics that deals with measurement of length, area, and
volume.
Formulas
Area of Rectangle = l × b
Area of Triangle = 1/2 × base × height
Volume of Cube = a³
Volume of Cylinder = πr²h
5. Statistics
Statistics deals with collection, organization, and interpretation of data.
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean = Sum of observations / Number of observations
Median = Middle value
Mode = Most frequent value
Example
Find the mean of: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10.
Solution: (2+4+6+8+10)/5 = 30/5 = 6.
6. Probability
Probability is the measure of the likelihood of an event occurring.
Formula
Probability (P) = Favourable Outcomes / Total Outcomes
Example
What is the probability of getting a 3 on a dice?
Solution: 1/6.
Exercises
1. Simplify: (x+2)(x+5)
2. Find tan θ if sin θ = 12/13.
3. In a triangle, angles are 40° and 80°. Find the third angle.
4. Find the volume of a sphere of radius 7 cm.
5. The marks of 10 students are: 5, 7, 8, 6, 9, 7, 10, 8, 6, 7. Find the mean.
6. A coin is tossed once. What is the probability of getting heads?
