History and Political Science Department

Silliman University
Dumaguete City

G.E. 9: THE LIFE AND WOKS OF JOSE RIZAL

Syllabus

Silliman University

Vision:
To be a leading Christian institution committed to total human development for the well-being of society and environment

Mission:
1. Infuse into the academic learning the Christian faith anchored on the gospel of Jesus Christ; provide an environment where Christian
fellowship and relationship can be nurtured and promoted.
2. Provide opportunities for growth and excellence in every dimension of University life in order to strengthen character, competence and
faith.
3. Instill in all members of the University community an enlightened social consciousness and a deep sense of justice and compassion.
4. Promote unity among peoples and contribute to national development.

Meetings:
Instructor: Regan P. Jomao-as
Office Phone number: 422-6002 local 355
Email address: [email protected]
 THE LIFE AND WOKS OF JOSE RIZAL

Course Title : The Life and Works of Jose Rizal

No. of Unite : 3 units

Course Description:

This course covers the life and works of the country’s national hero, Jose Rizal, as mandated by Republic Act 1425. Among the topics covered are
Rizal’s biography and his writings, particularly the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, some of his essays, and various
correspondences. It also looks into the role played by Rizal in the emergence of Filipino Nationalism and his influence on other heroes.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Discuss Jose Rizal’s life within the context of 19th century Philippines
2. Analyze Rizal’s various works, particularly the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
3. Organize Rizal’s ideas into various themes.
4. Demonstrate a critical reading of primary sources
5. Interpret the value that can be derived from studying Rizal’s life and works
6. Display an appreciation for education and love of the country

Number of Hours: 1 hour and 30 mins twice a week.

Course Outline

1. Introduction of the Course: Republic Act 1425

2. 19th century Philippines as Rizal’s context
3. Rizal’s Life: Family, Childhood and Early Education.
4. Rizal’s Life: Higher Education and Life Abroad
5. Rizal’s Life: Exile, Trial, and Death
6. Annotation OF Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.
7. Noli Me Tangere
8. El Filibusterismo
9. The Philippines: A Century Hence (Other possible topics: Letter to the Women of Malolos (The Indolence of the Filipinos)
10. Jose Rizal and Philippine Nationalism- National Symbol

THE LIFE AND WORK OF RIZAL: Learning Plan

Learning Outcome Topic Methodology Resources Assessment

Explain the history of Introduction to the Lecture: Historical Required 1. Reporting/Sharing of output
the Rizal Law and its course Background and context Text of the RA 1425 in class
important provisions of RA 1425 - Why study http://www.gov.ph/1956/06 2. Infographic/e-Poster making
Republic Act 1425 the life and works of /12/republic -act-no-1425/ activity
Critically assess the Rizal? 3. Creative output (webpage,
effectiveness of Rizal Constantino, Renato. The Vlog, Slideshow) of
Course Class Activity 1: Making of a Filipino: A story monuments, markers
Students will be made to of Philippine Colonial erected around the world in
read thoroughly the Politics. Q: R. Constantino, honor of Jose Rizal
provisions of R.A. 1425 1982, pp. 244-247.
also known as the Rizal
Law (see the attached Jose B. Laurel Jr. ”The Trials
resource) and answer of the Rizal Bill”, Historical
directly the following Bulletin vol. 4. No. 2 (1960):
questions: 130-139.
1. What are the
main objectives Schumacher, John, “The
 of the Rizal Law? Rizal Bill of 1956: Horacio de
2. What do you la Costa and the Bishops,”
think are some Philippine Studies 59 no.
of the challenges 4 (2011): 529-553.
in terms of the
implementation
of the law today
and how can
these be
addressed? How
can you make
the study of
Rizal's life more
relevant and
attractive to the
youth of today?
Cite specific
suggestions/exa
mples.

The output of the

activity will be
shared/discussed in class

Class Activity 2 – Poster

Making (asynchronous):
The class will be divided
into groups (of 4 or 5
students). Each group
will be made to create a
poster that would
promote the study of the
life and works of Jose
Rizal and motivate the
 youth to make him as
their inspiration
especially because it was
Rizal who proclaimed
that the youth is the
hope of the nation.

Activity 3:
Make a compilation of as
many statues, busts, or
markers
built/constructed
outside the Philippines in
honor of Jose Rizal.
Briefly describe each
monument (where,
when, etc.).

Appraise the link The Philippines in the Lecture: Guerrero, Leon Ma. The First 1. Pop Quiz:
between the individual nineteenth century as Brief summary of Filipino: A Biography of Rizal 19th Century Philippine Society:
and society. Rizal’s context Spanish colonization of (Manila: Guerrero Publishing), Socio-Political and Religious
 Economic end the Philippines as a 3rd ed., 2010 accessible @ Malfeatures.
Analyze the various of the galleon background http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/fir
social, political, trade, opening stfilipinoocrpdf.pdf
economic and cultural of ports to Activity 1:
changes that occurred world trade, Students will be made C. Wright Mills. “The
in the nineteenth rise the export to read about 19th Promise,” The Sociological 2. Reflection paper about the
century crop century Philippine Imagination. Oxford: Oxford film Ganito Kami Noon…”
economy, and society (The Philippines University Press, 1959. Guide questions:
Understand Jose Rizal monopolies during Rizal's time). http://legacy.Iclark.edu/-  Describe the nineteenth
in the context of his  Social Focus on the socio- goldman/socimagination.html –century Philippines as
times education, political malfeatures of represented in the film
rise of the Philippine society during John Schumacher. “Rizal in the  Based on your reading
Chinese this period. Context of the 19th Century and class discussion,
mestizo, rise Philippines” in The Making of what can you say about
of the Activity 2: a Nation: Essays on the film’s representation
inquilino Students will be made Nineteenth –Century Filipino of the nineteenth
 Political: to read the prologue of Nationalism. Quezon City: century?
Liberalism, the book by Leon Ma. ADMU Press, 1991.  What is the main
impact of the Guerrero, The First question that the film
Bourbon Filipino and reflect on seeks to answer? What
reforms, Cadiz the following question: is your own reflection
constitution 1. Who was the based on the film and
Subtopic: seeing the friar in the Film: “Ganito Kami Noon, your understanding?
life of an individual in Philippines and Paano Kayo Ngayon?”
society and society in why was Rizal directed by Eddie Romero
the life of an an anti-friar? (1976) @
individual (Describe the https://drive.google.com/file/
friars in the d/1PMfm7mL8W9MkCoV8dw
Philippines VQs5I-n1O0NLKI/view
based on the
prologue of
Guerrero's
book, The First
Filipino)?

Class activity3
(optional):
Film viewing of
“Ganito Kami Noon,
Paano Kayo Ngayon?”
Analyze Rizal’s family, Rizal’s life: Lecture: Rizal’s Family, Guerrero, Leon Ma. The First 1. Video presentation
childhood, and early Family, Childhood and Childhood and Early Filipino: A Biography of Rizal 2. Slide show
education Early Education Education (Manila: Guerrero Publishing), 3. Web Page
3rd ed., 2010. 4. Timeline of Rizal’s Life
Evaluate the people Class Activity 1:
and events and their Students will be made Coates, Austin, Rizal: Filipino
influence on Rizal’s to create a timeline Nationalist and Martyr. Hong
early life which would include the Kong: Oxford University Press
following: Rizal’s family Quezon City: Malaya Books.
(background), early A969; or Filipino translation by
education in Binan, the Nilo S. Ocampo, Rizal:
three major influences Makabayan at Martir. Quezon
(events and people) that City; University of the
shaped his young mind Philippines Press, 2007.
and made him pursue a
patriotic life even at a Rizal, Jose. “Memoirs of a
very tender age, his Student in Manila,” Appendix
studies at the Ateneo Section of Gregorio Zaide’s
Municipal and the Jose Rizal:
University of Sto. Life , Works and Writings
Tomas, and his trip to
Spain through a slide or
video presentation or a
web page.
The group output will be
submitted in SOUL
Explain the principle of Rizal’s Life: Lecture: Schumacher, John. The 1. Comparative essay
assimilation advocated Higher Education and Rizal’s Education at the Propaganda Movement, 1880-
by the Propaganda Life Abroad Ateneo Municipal and at 1885: The creation of a Filipino
Movement the University of Santo Consciousness, The Making of a
Tomas; Rizal’s life Revolution Quezon City: Ateneo
Appraise Rizal’s abroad de Manila University Press
relationship with 1997.
other Propagandists Class Activity 1:
Students will be made Agoncillo, Teodoro. History of
to write an essay that the Filipino People, (Manila: C
would compare and & E Publishing Inc.), 8th ed.
contrast Rizals’ 2012.
academic performance
at the Ateneo Municipal
and the UST. The essay
should explain why Rizal
was performing below
his standard at UST.

Class activity 2:
Students will be made
to read about Rizal’s
involvement in the
Propaganda movement
and how it influenced
views.

Analyze the factors Rizal’s Life: Exile, Trial , Lecture: Rizal’s last Coates, Austin. Rizal: 1. Graphic Organizer for activity
that led to Rizal’s and Death year’s covering his exile, Filipino Nationalist and Martyr, on La Liga Filipina
execution trial and death Hong Kong: Oxford University
Press, Quezon City: Malaya 2. Reflection paper about the film
Books, 1969. Guide Questions:
Class Activity 1:  Describe the life of Jose
Read the Constitution of Guerrero, Leon Ma. The First Rizal as represented in the
Analyze the effects of La Liga Filipina and fill Filipino: A Biography of Rizal film
Rizal’s execution on out a table (graphic (Manila: Guerrero Publishing),  Based on your reading and
Spanish colonial rule organizer) with the aims 3rd ed., 2010. class discussion, what can
and the Philippine of La Liga Filipina in one you say about the film’s
Revolution column and examples of representation of Jose
 how these aims could Rizal?
be attained in another  What is the main question
column that the film seeks to
answer?
Activity 2 - Film Viewing:  What is your own
Option 1: Jose Rizal, reflection based on the
GMA Films, Directed by film and your
Marilou Diaz Abaya understanding?

Option 2: Rizal sa
Dapitan, directed by
Tikoy Aguiluz

First Long Examination

Analyze Rizal’s ideas Annotation of Antonio Lecture on Rizal’s view of Blumentritt, Ferdinand. 1. Group discussion and
on how to rewrite Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Philippine History and Prologue to Jose Rizal, oral presentation on
Philippine history Filipinas Historiography Annotated Copy of Antonio Rizal’s historiography
de Morga’s Sucesos de las 2. Comparative table
Compare and Class activity 1: Islas Filipinas (Manila
contrast Rizal and Read introduction and last National Centennial
Morga’s different chapter of Rizal’s Commission, 1962}
views about Filipinos Annotation of Antonio
and Philippine Morga’s Sucesos de las Ocampo, Ambeth. “Rizal’s
culture Islas Filipinas accessible Morga and views of
available @ Philippine History” in
file:///C:/Users/User.User- Philippne Studies vol 46 no. 2
PC/Downloads/toaz.info- (1998)
rizals-annotation-of- http.//
morgas-sucesos-de-las- www.philippinestudies.net/
islas-filipinaspdf- ojs/index.php/ps/article/
pr_c0a3986138b324ef3f92 viewFile/662/663
 101e943d78e5.pdf
Salazar, Zeus. “A legacy of
Class activity 2: Make a Propaganda: The Tripartite
table comparing and View of Philippine History” in
contrasting Rizal and Atoy Navarro and Flordeliza
Morga’s views on Filipino lagbao-Bolante, eds. Mga
culture babasahin sa Agham
Panlipunang Pilipino:
Sikolohiyang Pilipino,
Pilipinolohiya, at Pantayong
Pananaw . QC: C&E
Publishing, 2007
http://
www.bagongkasaysayan.org/
downloadable/zeus_005.pdf

Rizal. Jose. Historical events

of the Philippine Islands by
Dr. Antonio de Morga,
published in Mexico in 1609,
recently brought to light and
annotated by Jose Rizal,
preceded by a prologue by
Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt.
Manila: Jose Rizal Natinal
Centennial Commission, 1962

Appraise important Noli Me Tangere Lecture on Rizal’s Costantino, Renato. “ Our 1. Skit/Dramatization
characters in the representation of the task : to make Rizal obsolete” 2. Quiz/Essay
novel and what they conditions and problems of in This Week, Manila
represent Philippine society in the Chronicle ( 14 June 1959)
nineteenth century
Examine the present through the Noli Me
Philippine situation Tangere.
through the Almario, Virgilio. Si Rizal:
examples Class Activity 1 (optional): Nobelista. Quezon city:
mentioned in the Present a skit showcasing a University of the Philippines
Noli theme presented in the Press, 2008 (subject to
Noli (some examples: availability online)
comparison of women in
the nineteenth century and Rizal, Jose. Noli Me Tangere,
in the present; church Trans. Virgilio Almario or
ministers; social hierarchy; Soledad Maximo Locsin
patriotism; social reform)
Anderson, Benedict. Why
Class Activity 2: Counting Counts: A Study of
Write an essay with the Forms of Consciousness and
aim of answering the Problems in Noli Me Tangere
following: (a) What is and El Filibusterismo. Quezon
freedom? (b) How is the City: Ateneo de Manila
lack of freedom portrayed University Press, 2008
in the novel? (c) How is the (subject to availability online)
situation in the novel
different from today?

Class Activity 3 (optional):

Divide class into groups
and have each group draw
the family tree of
Crisostomo Ibarra. Have
each group present in class
and discuss: (1) What were
the changes from one
generation to the next, and
(2) What do these changes
suggest about the Creoles
in the Philippines?
Compare and El Filibusterismo Lecture on the background of Guerrero, Leon Ma. The Graphic organizer:
contrast the the publication of the El First Filipino: A Biography Compare and contrast, and
characters, plot, Filibusterismo of Rizal (Manila: Guerrero show continuities and/or
and theme of the Publishing), 3rd ed., 2010. changes in Rizal’s ideas
Noli and El Fili Lecture on the major themes, expressed in the Noli and El
plot, characters and ideas in Almario, Virgilio. Si Rizal: Fili
Value the role of the novel Nobelista. QC: UP Press,
the youth in the 2008 1. Reflection paper about
development and Class activity: Group select chapters
future of society Discussion on the differences Anderson, Benedict. Why discussing the role of
between the Noli and El Counting Counts: A Study the youth in society
Filibusterismo of Forms of Consciousness (e.g., Ch. 24, Ch. 39)
and Problems of Language
in Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo. Quezon
City: Ateneo de Manila
University Press, 2008
(subject to availability
online)

Reyes, Miguel Paclo. “El

Filibustrismo and Jose Rizal
as “Science Fictionist” in
 Humanities Diliman vol. 10
no.2 (2013).
http,//journals.upd.edu.ph
/indwx.php/humanitiesdili
man/article/view/
4168/3774

Rizal, Jose. El
Filibusterismo. Trans.
Virgilio Almario or Soledad
Maximo Locsin
Assess Rizal’s The Philippines: A Century Online Lecture on “The Rizal, Jose. “The Philippines 1. Essay writing: Write a
writings Hence Philippines a Century Hence” a Century Hence “Can be response to Jose Rizal
accessed through: with the students
httrp://www.archive.org/st situating themselves a
Appraise the value Other possible topics: Letter Class activity: group discussion ram/philippinescentu00riza century after Rizal’s
of understanding to the Women of Malolos/ on Rizal’s essay and the /philippinescentu00riza_dj time.
the past On the Indolence of the arguments he presented vu.txt Or
Filipinos As an alternative,
Frame arguments student will be made
based on evidence to give a speech that
will serve as a
response to Rizal
(synchronous)
Examine the values Jose Rizal and Philippine Lecture: Joaquin, Nick A. question of 1. Present a photo exhibit
highlighted by the National Symbol Criteria for national heroes as heroes, Pasig: Anvil, 2005. of different Rizal
various determined by the National (Chapters on Rizal, monuments in the
representation of Heroes Committee created by Bonifacio, and Aguinaldo; Philippines and abroad.
Rizal as a national Executive Order No. 75, 1993. subject to availability Write short descriptions
symbol online) about their background
Class activity 1: and interpretations on
create a cluster diagram on De Ocampo, Esteban. their imagery and
Advocate the the values highlighted by “Who Made Rizal our representations.
values Rizal’s life Rizal’s life. Foremost National Hero, 2. Essay writing or speech
encapsulates and Why?” in Jose Rizal: about a particular value
Life, Works and Writings of Rizal advocated
a Genius, Writer, Scientist 3. Students choose a key
and National Hero, edited issue (e.g., heroism and
by Gregorio Zaide. 1984 the notion of sacrifice;
available @ literature and national
https://drive.google.com/fi consciousness; ethics
le/d/1aZdlnLzmbBS31Sn7qt and our concept of
lcDoElz0bhGJ4q/view leadership; ethnicity
and national belonging)
Lahiri, Smitha. “Writer, to be tacked in an
hero, myth, and spirit: the integrating project
changing image of Jose assigned by the teacher
Rizal.” Cornell University (e.g., a newspaper, an
papers on Southeast Asia. audio-visual project;
http.//www.seasit.niu.edu/ composition of lyrics
Tagalog/Modules/Modules with musical
/PhilippinesReligions/ arrangement; or a
article_rizal.htm painting/mural)
Second Long Examination

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL Course Map

G.E. Learning Outcomes The Life and Work of

Jose Rizal
A. INTELLECTUAL COMPETENCIES (Knowledge)
1. Analyze “texts” (written, visual, oral, etc. ) critically P
2. Demonstrate proficient and effective communication (writing, speaking and use of new technologies) P
3. Demonstrate concepts across the domains of knowledge O
4. Demonstrate critical, analytical and creative thinking L
 5. Apply different analytical modes in problem solving P

B. Personal and Civic Responsibilities ( Values)

1. Appreciate the complexity of the Human condition O
2. Interpret the human experience from various perspectives L
3. Examine the contemporary world from both Philippines and global perspectives O
4. Take responsibility for knowing and being Filipino L
5. Reflect critically on shared concerns L
6. Generate innovative practices and solutions guided by ethical standards L

Legend:
L= Learned
P= Practiced
O= Opportunity to learn

G.E. Learning Outcomes The Life and Works of Rizal

7. Make decisions based on moral and imperatives P
8. Appreciate various art forms O
9. Advocate respect for human rights P
10. Contribute personally and meaningfully to the country’s development P
C. PRACTICAL SKILLS (Skills)
1. Work effectively in a group P
2. Apply computing tools to process information effectively O
3. Use current technology to assist and facilitate learning and research O
4. Negotiate the world of technology responsibly O
5. Create solutions to problems in various fields P
6. Manage one’s knowledge, skills, and values for responsible and productive living P
7. Organize one’s self for lifelong learning L
Legend:
L= Learned
P= Practiced
O= Opportunity to Learn

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL Required Readings and Other Materials

Coates Austin. Rizal: Filipino Nationalist and Martyr. Hongkong: Oxford University Press, Quezon City: Malaya Books, 1969.
Rizal. Jose. El Filibusterismo (Translation by Virgilio Almario or Soledad Lacson-Locsin)
Rizal, Jose. Noli Me Tangere (Translation by Virgilio Almario or Soledad Lacson-Locsin)
Rizal, Jose. Historical events of the Philippines Islands by Dr. Antonio de Morga, published in Mexico in 1609, recently brought to light and
annotated by Jose Rizal, preceded by a prologue by D. Ferdinand Blumentritt. Manila: Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission, 1962.
Rizal, Jose “The Philippines a Century Hence” In La Soledaridad

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL Suggested Readings and References

Agoncillo, Toedoro. History of the Filipino People. C & E Publishing, Inc., 8 th ed. 2012
Almario, Virgilio. Si Rizal: Nobelista, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. 2008.
Anderson, Benedict. Why Counting Counts: A Study of Forms of Consciousness and Problems of Language in Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2008.
Chua, Apolinario Bayani and Patricia Melendrez Cruz. Himalay ni Rizal. Manila: Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas, 1991.
Constantino, Renato. The Making of a Filipino: A Story of Philippine Colonial Politics. Quezon City: R. Costantino, 1982.
Constantino, Renato. “Our task: to make Rizal obsolete” in This Week, Manila Chronicle, ( June 14, 1959)
Eugenio, Damiana. Philippine folk Literature: The Epics, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2001.
Daroy, Petronilo at Colores Feria. Contrary Essays. Quezon City: Guro Books, 1968.
Diestro, Dwight David et al. Talambuhay at Lipunan: Si Heneral Paciano Rizal sa Kasaysayang Pilipino. University of the Philippines Los Baños
Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, 2006.
Fast, Jonathan at Jim Richardson. Roots of Dependency: Political and Economic Revolution in the 19th Century Philippines.
Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1979.
Guerero, Leon Ma. The First Filipino: A Biography of Rizal. Manila: Guerrero Publishing, 3rd ed. 2010.
Guillermo, Ramon G. “Si Rizal at and Kanyang Konsepto ng Kabayanihan sa Kanyang Liham sa mga Kababaihan ng Malolos” sa Diliman Review
Tomo 45, Bilang 2-3, 1997, pp. 26-29
Hau, Caroline S. Necessary Fictions: Philippine Literature and the Nation, 1946-1980. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2000.

Ileto, Reynaldo. “Rizal and the Underside of Philippine History” in Filipinos and their Revolution: Event, Discourse, and Historiography.
Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1998.
Ileto, Reynaldo, Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910. Quezon City: Ateneo de? Manila University Press,
1979.
Joaquin, Nick. A Question of Heroes, Pasig: Anvil, 2005.
Lahiri, Smitha. “Writer, hero, myth, and spirit: The changing image of Jose Rizal. “Cornell University papers on Southeast Asia.
Laurel, JoseB. Jr. “The Trials of the Bill,” Historical Bulletin vol. 4, no. 2 (1960).
Nolasco, Ricardo Ma. D. “Pinagmulan ng Salitang Bayani” sa Diliman Review, Tomo 45, Bilang 2-3, 1997, pp. 14-18.
Ocampo Ambeth. “Rizal’s Morga and views of Philippine History” in Philippine Studies vol 46 no. 2 (1998).
Ocampo, Ambeth. Rizal Without the Overcoat. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing Inc. 1990
Quibuyen, Floro C. A Nation Aborted: Rizal, American Hegemony and Philippine Nationalism. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University
Press, 1990.
Revel, Nicole Ed. Literature of voice: Epics in the Philippines. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2005.
Reyes, Miguel Paolo. “El Filibusterismo and Jose Rizal as “Science Fictionist” in Humanities Diliman vol. 10 no. 2 (2013)
Rizal, Jose. The Indolence of the Filipinos
Rizal, Jose. Letter to the Young Women of Malolos
Salazar, Zeus A. Bayani Bilang Isang Sakripisyo. 1997.
Salazar, Zeus A. A Legacy of the Propaganda: The Tripartite View of Philippine History. Nasa Kaysayan at Kamalayan. Lunsod Quezon:
Limbagang Pangkasaysayan. 1899.
Salazar, Zeus A. “Si Andres Bonifacio at ang Kabayanihan Pilipino.” Bagong Kasaysayan. Mga Pag-aaral sa Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Lunsod
Quezon: Palimbagang Kalawakan, 1999.
Schumacher, John. “Rizal in the Context of the 19th Century Philippines” in The Making of a Nation: Essays on Nineteenth-Century Filipino
Nationalism. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1991.
Schumacher, John. The Propaganda Movement, 1880-1885: The Creation of a Filipino Consciousness, The Making of a Revolution. Quezon City:
Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1997.
Schumacher, John. “The Rizal Bill of 1956: Horacio de la Costa and the Bishops,”Philippine Studies 59 no. 4 (2011).
Sztompka, Piotr. “Great Individuals as Agencies of Change” in The Sociology of Social Change. United States: Wiley, 1993.
Wickberg, edgar. The Chinese in Philippine Life, 1850-1898. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1965.
Yabes, Leopoldo. Jose Rizal on his Centenary. Quezon City: University of the Philippines. 1963.
Zaide, Gregorio at Sonia Zaide.Jose Rizal: Buhay, Mga Ginawa at mga Sinulat ng Isang Henyo, Manunulat, Siyentipiko at Pambansang
Bayani. Quezon City: All Nations Publishing Co. Inc. 1997.