By
Dr. Salem Anos
Mechanical Power Department
Faculty of Engineering
Zagazig University
RAMJET ENGINE
❑ INTRODUCTION
• Up to this point we have considered only continuous flows, flow
systems in which state changes occur continuously and thus whose
processes can easily be identified and plotted.
• Infinitesimal pressure disturbances are called sound waves and these
travel at a characteristic speed that is determined by the medium and
its thermodynamic state.
• In this chapter, we turn our attention to some finite pressure
disturbances which are frequently encountered. Although finite
pressure disturbances incorporate large changes in fluid properties,
their thickness is extremely small. Typical thicknesses are on the order
of a few molecular mean free paths, and thus macroscopically they
appear as discontinuities in the flow and they are called shock waves.
• Due to the complex interactions involved, microscopic analysis of the
changes within a shock wave is beyond the scope of this book. Thus, we
deal only with the properties that exist on each side of the
discontinuity.
• We first consider a standing normal shock, a stationary wavefront that is
perpendicular to the direction of flow.
Assumptions:
For M1 1 → M 2 1 ;
Compression Shock , i.e., p2 p1
For M1 1 → M 2 1 ;
Expansion ( Shock ), i.e., p2 p1
The entropy change (s2 −s1) across the shock is a function of M1 only
Second Law
* ( s2 − s1 / R ) o only for ( M 1 ) 1 ; possible shock
( s2 − s1 / R ) o for ( M 1 ) 1 ; impossible shock
M1 = 2.0 Isentropic Table ▪Clearly show that every shock
phenomenon is a one-way process
(i.e., irreversible).
▪It is always a compression shock, and
for a normal shock the flow is always
M1 = 2.0 Normal-Shock Table
supersonic before the shock and
subsonic after the shock.
▪One can note from the shock tables
that as M1 increases, the pressure,
temperature, and density ratios
increase, indicating a stronger shock
(or compression).
▪One can also note that as M1
increases, pt2/pt1 decreases, which
means that the entropy change
increases. Thus, as the strength of the
shock increases, the fluid losses also
The Entropy Change: increase.
➢ Not violates the second law of thermodynamics for an adiabatic no-work system
Oxygen enters the converging section shown in Figure and
a normal shock occurs at the exit. The entering Mach
number is 2.8 and the area ratio A1/A2 = 1.7. Compute the
overall static temperature ratio T3/T1. Neglect all
frictional losses.
➢ The isentropic operations of a converging-diverging nozzle:
▪ Specific Area Ratio: The ratio of the exit area to the throat area.
▪ Flow Conditions are determined by the operating pressure ratio:
The ratio of the receiver pressure to the inlet stagnation pressure.
▪ Two significant critical pressure ratios:
o For any pressure ratio above the first critical point, the nozzle is not
choked and has subsonic flow throughout (typical Venturi operation) and
the exit pressure must equal the receiver pressure (back).
o The First Critical Point: represents flow that is subsonic in both the
convergent and divergent sections but is choked with a Mach number of
1.0 at the throat.
o The Third Critical Point: represents operation at the design condition with
subsonic flow in the converging section and supersonic flow in the entire
diverging section. It is also choked with Mach 1.0 in the throat.
o The First and Third Critical Points are the only operating points that have
all of the following:
(1) isentropic flow throughout,
(2) a Mach number of 1.0 at the throat, and
(3) exit pressure equal to receiver pressure.
o As the pressure ratio is lowered below the first critical point, a normal
shock forms just downstream of the throat. The remainder of the nozzle
is now acting as a diffuser since after the shock the flow is subsonic and
the area is increasing.
o The shock will locate itself in a position such that the pressure changes
that occur ahead of the shock, across the shock, and downstream of the
shock will produce a pressure that exactly matches the outlet pressure.
In other words, the operating pressure ratio determines the nozzle
location and the strength of the shock.
o An example of this mode of operation is shown in Figure 6.3. As the
pressure ratio is lowered further, the shock continues to move toward
the exit. When the shock is located at the exit plane, this condition is
referred to as The Second Critical Point.
o If the operating pressure ratio is between the second and third critical
points, compression takes place outside the nozzle. This condition is
called Overexpansion (i.e., the flow has been expanded too far within
the nozzle).
o If the receiver pressure is below the third critical point, expansion takes
place outside the nozzle. This condition is called Underexpansion.
▪ The nozzle has an area ratio of 2.494 and is
fed by air at 100 psia and 600R from a large
tank. Thus, the inlet conditions are essentially
stagnation.
▪ A receiver pressure of 96.07 psia (an
operating pressure ratio of 0.9607) identifies
the first critical point.
▪ A receiver pressure of 6.426 psia (an
operating pressure ratio of 0.06426) exists at
the third critical point.
▪ Thus, for our converging-diverging nozzle
with an area ratio of 2.494, any
operating pressure ratio between 0.9607
and 0.436 will cause a normal shock to
be located someplace inside the
diverging portion of the nozzle.
➢Suppose that the operating pressure ratio of 0.60.
From Table
The position and strength of the
normal shock in the diverging section.
PROBLEM
Thank you
