Philosophy of Engineering: Formatted

Q&A
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Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Question: What is the best definition of engineering?
A) The study of human culture and arts
B) The application of scientific and mathematical principles to solve real-world problems
C) The process of creative thinking and imagination
D) The use of physical forces to create natural phenomena
Answer: B) The application of scientific and mathematical principles to solve real-world
problems
Question: How did engineering during prehistory differ from present-day engineering?
A) Prehistoric engineering relied on complex technologies
B) Present-day engineering uses scientific and mathematical foundations, while prehistoric
engineering was based on trial and error
C) Present-day engineering lacks creativity compared to prehistoric times
D) Prehistoric engineers had formal education, unlike present engineers
Answer: B) Present-day engineering uses scientific and mathematical foundations, while
prehistoric engineering was based on trial and error
Question: Is the inclusion of arts necessary in the STEAM pyramid, and why?
A) Yes, because art fosters creativity and innovation in engineering
B) No, because art is unrelated to technical problem-solving
C) Yes, because arts make engineering aesthetically pleasing
D) No, because arts only involve entertainment
Answer: A) Yes, because art fosters creativity and innovation in engineering
Question: Engineering habits of mind include:
A) Superficial thinking and avoiding failure
B) Systemic thinking, creativity, and persistence in solving problems
C) Ignoring safety standards
D) Focusing solely on theoretical work without practical application
Answer: B) Systemic thinking, creativity, and persistence in solving problems
Question: What is an ontology in the context of information systems?
A) A set of physical laws governing engineering
B) A formal representation of knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain
C) A study of human behavior
D) A method for building infrastructure
Answer: B) A formal representation of knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain
Question: In the context of concept/mind mapping for ontologies, what is the purpose of using
a mind map?
A) To simplify complex relationships between concepts and entities
B) To create visual art
C) To replace mathematical models
D) To improve physical product design
Answer: A) To simplify complex relationships between concepts and entities
Question: Which of the following is NOT a function of ontology in engineering applications?
A) Facilitating interoperability between systems
B) Serving as a method to predict future market trends
C) Enabling knowledge sharing and reuse
D) Providing a standard framework for data integration
Answer: B) Serving as a method to predict future market trends
Question: Which of the following best describes the role of ontology in the Product Life Cycle
(PLC)?
A) Ontology helps in managing only the final stages of a product's life
B) Ontology models knowledge at every stage, from concept to disposal, ensuring data is
shared efficiently
C) Ontology replaces the need for physical testing
D) Ontology prevents products from reaching their end-of-life phase
Answer: B) Ontology models knowledge at every stage, from concept to disposal, ensuring
data is shared efficiently
Question: What is the primary relationship between science, technology, and engineering?
A) Science creates theoretical knowledge, technology applies it, and engineering solves
real-world problems using both
B) Science focuses on building machines, technology designs solutions, and engineering
theorizes ideas
C) Engineering creates theories, while science and technology develop products
D) Technology and science are independent, with no connection to engineering
Answer: A) Science creates theoretical knowledge, technology applies it, and engineering
solves real-world problems using both
Question: Which of the following are dimensions of engineering?
A) Design, management, creativity, and ethics
B) Rigour, creativity, practicality, and change
C) Business, marketing, finance, and law
D) None of the above
Answer: B) Rigour, creativity, practicality, and change
Question: What is the RIASEC model primarily used for?
A) Predicting technological trends
B) Understanding career choices and personality types
C) Designing engineering products
D) Building software applications
Answer: B) Understanding career choices and personality types
Question: Why is change considered a core feature in the epistemology of engineering
design?
A) Because engineering solutions are always permanent and unchanging
B) Because engineering is dynamic, adapting to new technologies, societal needs, and
environmental concerns
C) Change is irrelevant in the context of engineering
D) Engineering solutions never require modifications
Answer: B) Because engineering is dynamic, adapting to new technologies, societal needs,
and environmental concerns
Question: What does the ADDIE model in engineering design stand for?
A) Analyze, Develop, Design, Implement, Evaluate
B) Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate
C) Apply, Design, Develop, Integrate, Evaluate
D) Analyze, Discover, Develop, Implement, Evolve
Answer: B) Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, Evaluate
Question: What is the primary focus of the "Conceive" stage in the CDIO engineering
process?
A) Prototyping and testing
B) Identifying needs, conceptualizing solutions, and determining requirements
C) Implementing solutions in the real world
D) Maintenance of systems
Answer: B) Identifying needs, conceptualizing solutions, and determining requirements
Question: How does the ADDIE model differ from the CDIO framework in engineering
practice?
A) ADDIE is more focused on education and learning processes, while CDIO emphasizes the
entire lifecycle of engineering products and systems
B) CDIO is only applicable to software engineering
C) ADDIE is only used for mechanical engineering
D) CDIO focuses exclusively on testing, while ADDIE focuses on design
Answer: A) ADDIE is more focused on education and learning processes, while CDIO
emphasizes the entire lifecycle of engineering products and systems
Question: Which of the following is a key requirement for operational engineers?
A) Strong theoretical knowledge but no practical experience
B) Ability to manage system maintenance, reliability, and troubleshooting efficiently
C) Focus only on the design phase
D) Lack of concern for the environmental impact of systems
Answer: B) Ability to manage system maintenance, reliability, and troubleshooting efficiently
Question: Which Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) is most directly related to engineering
innovation?
A) Zero Hunger
B) Quality Education
C) Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
D) Gender Equality
Answer: C) Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
Question: Which of the following is an example of an engineering professional organization?
A) World Trade Organization
B) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
C) National Geographic Society
D) United Nations
Answer: B) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Question: What is a key responsibility outlined in the Engineer's Code of Ethics?
A) Prioritizing profits above all else
B) Ensuring the safety, health, and welfare of the public
C) Avoiding collaboration with other engineers
D) Keeping innovations secret from the public
Answer: B) Ensuring the safety, health, and welfare of the public
Question: How do professional engineering organizations contribute to sustainable
development?
A) By lobbying against environmental laws
B) By setting ethical standards, providing training, and promoting environmentally conscious
engineering practices
C) By ignoring environmental concerns and focusing on profits
D) By restricting innovation
Answer: B) By setting ethical standards, providing training, and promoting environmentally
conscious engineering practices
Question: The relationship between Science, Technology, and Engineering can best be
described as:
(A) Interdependent
(B) Separate
(C) Mutually exclusive
(D) Contradictory
Answer: (A) Interdependent
Question: Which of the following is not one of the four dimensions of engineering?
(A) Technical Knowledge
(B) Creativity
(C) Philosophical Analysis
(D) Change Management
Answer: (C) Philosophical Analysis
Question: Rigour in engineering design is essential to ensure:
(A) Aesthetic appeal
(B) High-quality standards
(C) Environmental compliance
(D) Ethical dilemmas
Answer: (B) High-quality standards
Question: Which epistemology focuses on the nature and complexity of the knowledge base
in engineering?
(A) Design Epistemology
(B) Technical Epistemology
(C) Analytical Epistemology
(D) Operational Epistemology
Answer: (A) Design Epistemology
Question: A division of epistemology which is crucial to develop scientific initiatives is called
(A) Design epistemology
(B) Planning epistemology
(C) Activity epistemology
(D) Timing Epistemology
Answer: (A) Design epistemology
Question: The development which meets the needs of current generations without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
(A) Sustainability
(B) Diversity
(C) Equity
(D) Integrity
Answer: (A) Sustainability
Question: ___________ theorized that personality and work environment are measurable and
that the two should be matched in order to find a satisfying career.
(A) Holland
(B) Harvard
(C) Archimedes
(D) Gregory
Answer: (A) Holland
Question: Design ___________ is distinct from analytic methodologies, which is crucial to
develop scientific initiatives.
(A) Epistemology
(B) Thinkers
(C) Testers
(D) Developers
Answer: (A) Epistemology
Question: People prefer to work with data particularly in the numerical, statistical and record
keeping realm are grouped under
(A) Organizers
(B) Persuaders
(C) Thinkers
(D) Helpers
Answer: (A) Organizers
Question: The main difference between Scientific Method and Engineering Design is:
(A) The involvement of hypotheses
(B) Focus on theoretical outcomes versus practical applications
(C) The process used to test ideas
(D) The absence of creativity in scientific methods
Answer: (B) Focus on theoretical outcomes versus practical applications
Question: The CDIO methodology emphasizes:
(A) Construction, Design, Implement, Operate
(B) Conceive, Design, Implement, Operate
(C) Create, Develop, Integrate, Optimize
(D) Conceive, Develop, Innovate, Operate
Answer: (B) Conceive, Design, Implement, Operate
Question: The Engineering Design Process is primarily concerned with:
(A) Implementing theories
(B) Solving practical problems
(C) Testing mathematical equations
(D) Innovating theoretical frameworks
Answer: (B) Solving practical problems
Question: Operational factors in system design include all the following except:
(A) Efficiency
(B) Scalability
(C) Aesthetic preferences
(D) Reliability
Answer: (C) Aesthetic preferences
Question: Both scientists and engineers contribute to the world of ___________ but in different
ways.
(A) Practical Knowledge
(B) Future Scope
(C) Human knowledge
(D) Technology
Answer: (C) Human knowledge
Question: Scientists perform Experiments using ___________; whereas engineers follow
engineering design process.
A. Scientific method and creativity based
B. Creativity based and scientific based
C. Trails and Error
D. Assumptions and Theoretical
Answer: A. Scientific method and creativity based
Question: Build a prototype is one of the steps in
(A) Scientific method
(B) The Engineering Design Process
(C) Ontology
(D) Epistemology
Answer: (B) The Engineering Design Process
Question: ___________ is a series of steps that engineers follow to find a solution to a problem.
The steps include problem solving processes such as, for example, determining your
objectives and constraints, prototyping, testing and evaluation.
A. Scientific Method
B. The Engineering Design Process
C. In Scientific and Engineering Design
D. Epistemology
Answer: B. The Engineering Design Process
Question: Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment.
(A) Scientific method
(B) ADDIE model
(C) Holland code
(D) Engineering method
Answer: (A) Scientific method
Question: ___________ follow the creativity-based engineering design process.
(A) Scientists
(B) Engineers
(C) Team leader
(D) Project manager
Answer: (B) Engineers
Question: The ___________ test your hypothesis by doing an experiment.
(A) Scientific method
(B) Addie model
(C) Holland code
(D) Engineering method
Answer: (A) Scientific method
Question: The course of action that is carried out for checking the stability of individual
components and its design is called
(A) Integration testing
(B) Derived testing
(C) Unit testing
(D) Recovery testing
Answer: (C) Unit testing
Question: ___________ model is the generic process traditionally used by instructional
designers and training developers.
(A) Scientific
(B) ADDIE
(C) RIASEC
(D) CDIO
Answer: (B) ADDIE
Question: The Engineer's Code of Ethics primarily deals with:
(A) Aesthetic principles
(B) Ethical decision-making in engineering practices
(C) Operational efficiency
(D) Sustainability practices
Answer: (B) Ethical decision-making in engineering practices
Question: Sustainable development is best described as development that:
(A) Focuses only on technological advancements
(B) Balances present needs without compromising future needs
(C) Encourages diversity in engineering professions
(D) Prioritizes profit over social welfare
Answer: (B) Balances present needs without compromising future needs
Question: The Socio-politics of Technology examines:
(A) How politics influences engineering design
(B) The societal impact of engineering innovations
(C) The role of engineers in political systems
(D) The influence of cultural preferences on technology
Answer: (B) The societal impact of engineering innovations
Question: Professional engineering organizations aim to:
(A) Regulate the salaries of engineers
(B) Develop guidelines for ethical practices
(C) Lobby for political interests of engineers
(D) Restrict innovation in engineering
Answer: (B) Develop guidelines for ethical practices
Question: Case studies on sustainable development typically highlight:
(A) Failures of engineering projects
(B) Innovative solutions for global challenges
(C) The historical evolution of engineering design
(D) Financial benefits of engineering systems
Answer: (B) Innovative solutions for global challenges
Question: The final stage of engineering design process is
(A) Define problem
(B) Research ideas
(C) Communicate results
(D) Establish Constraints
Answer: (C) Communicate results
Question: In the ADDIE model, each step ha an outcome that feeds into the
(A) Subsequent step
(B) Precedent Step
(C) Constant Step
(D) Final step
Answer: (A) Subsequent step
Question: ___________ number of parts are involved in evaluation phase.
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 8
Answer: (A) 2
Question: Engineering has helped society in health, technology, communication, development
and
(A) Space
(B) Science
(C) Mathematics
(D) Architecture
Answer: (A) Space
Question: Ethics is a factor used in measuring the concept of
(A) Social license
(B) Social impacts
(C) Cultural collaborations
(D) Organization communication
Answer: (A) Social license
Question: What is the primary focus of engineering?
A) Creating art
B) Solving practical problems
C) Historical documentation
D) Conducting scientific experiments
Answer: B) Solving practical problems
Question: Which engineering development is characteristic of the medieval period?
A) The invention of the internet
B) The construction of Gothic cathedrals
C) The development of modern machinery
D) The creation of mobile technology
Answer: B) The construction of Gothic cathedrals
Question: In the STEAM pyramid, which element serves as the foundation?
A) Technology
B) Arts
C) Science
D) Mathematics
Answer: C) Science
Question: Which attribute is most critical for effective teamwork in engineering?
A) Technical expertise
B) Communication skills
C) Analytical thinking
D) Creativity
Answer: B) Communication skills
Question: Why is art considered important in engineering?
A) It complicates design processes.
B) It enhances functionality.
C) It fosters creativity and improves aesthetics.
D) It reduces costs significantly.
Answer: C) It fosters creativity and improves aesthetics.
Question: Which of the following describes a habit of mind that encourages resilience in
problem-solving?
A) Curiosity
B) Persistence
C) Reflection
D) Collaboration
Answer: B) Persistence
Question: What is one of the desired attributes of an engineer?
A) Indifference
B) Creativity
C) Passivity
D) Isolation
Answer: B) Creativity
Question: Which of the following is NOT a component of the STEAM pyramid?
A) Science
B) Engineering
C) Philosophy
D) Arts
Answer: C) Philosophy
Question: What role does mathematics play in engineering?
A) To create art
B) To provide quantitative analysis and solutions
C) To eliminate creativity
D) To complicate processes
Answer: B) To provide quantitative analysis and solutions
Question: Which engineering habit of mind emphasizes learning from experiences?
A) Collaboration
B) Curiosity
C) Reflection
D) Persistence
Answer: C) Reflection
Question: What is the main purpose of engineering design?
A) To create aesthetically pleasing objects
B) To optimize functionality and efficiency
C) To explore historical artifacts
D) To entertain
Answer: B) To optimize functionality and efficiency
Question: Which engineering discipline focuses on constructing buildings and structures?
A) Mechanical Engineering
B) Civil Engineering
C) Electrical Engineering
D) Chemical Engineering
Answer: B) Civil Engineering
Question: What is a key feature of Prehistoric engineering?
A) Advanced machinery
B) Complex architecture
C) Basic tools and shelters
D) Computer technology
Answer: C) Basic tools and shelters
Question: Which of the following is essential for ethical engineering practice?
A) Profit maximization
B) Environmental sustainability
C) Competition
D) Innovation
Answer: B) Environmental sustainability
Question: Which concept emphasizes the integration of arts into STEM fields?
A) STEM
B) STEAM
C) SMET
D) TEAM
Answer: B) STEAM
Question: What is an important skill for engineers when presenting their ideas?
A) Technical jargon
B) Public speaking
C) Drawing
D) Writing poetry
Answer: B) Public speaking
Question: Which phase follows the analysis in the engineering design process?
A) Testing
B) Ideation
C) Implementation
D) Evaluation
Answer: B) Ideation
Question: What does persistence in engineering often lead to?
A) Avoiding challenges
B) Innovative solutions
C) Increased frustration
D) Indifference
Answer: B) Innovative solutions
Question: Which of the following is a characteristic of modern engineering?
A) Exclusively manual labor
B) Use of advanced technology
C) Focus on historical methods
D) Lack of collaboration
Answer: B) Use of advanced technology
Question: In engineering, what does the term "sustainability" refer to?
A) Short-term solutions
B) Environmental and social responsibility
C) Maximizing profits
D) Exclusively technical innovations
Answer: B) Environmental and social responsibility
Question: Which habit of mind involves questioning and seeking knowledge?
A) Reflection
B) Curiosity
C) Persistence
D) Collaboration
Answer: B) Curiosity
Question: Which attribute is crucial for addressing global engineering challenges?
A) Isolation
B) Teamwork
C) Rigid thinking
D) Indifference
Answer: B) Teamwork
Question: ___________ were defined to include "essential skills for citizens in the 21st century"
including creativity, systems thinking, collaboration, communication and attention to ethical
considerations.
(A) Engineering habits of mind
(B) Learning habits of mind
(C) System Thinking
(D) Philosophy of engineering
Answer: (A) Engineering habits of mind
Question: ___________ is the discipline and profession of applying technical and scientific
knowledge and utilizing natural laws and physical resources in order to design and implement
materials.
(A) Arts
(B) Mathematics
(C) Engineering
(D) Science
Answer: (C) Engineering
Question: Engineers apply the sciences of physics and mathematics to find suitable solutions
to problems using ___________
(A) Philosophy
(B) Methodology
(C) Marketability
(D) Flexibility
Answer: (B) Methodology
Question: Engineering is considered a branch of applied ___________
(A) Mathematics and science
(B) Physics and mathematics
(C) Imaginative and creative
(D) Art and technology
Answer: (A) Mathematics and science
Question: The ___________ mechanism is the earliest known model of a mechanical computer
in history.
(A) Antikythera
(B) Pneumatic
(C) Phaistos
(D) Cosmos
Answer: (A) Antikythera
Question: Mathematics and science were applied in all the fields in ___________ era.
(A) Ancient
(B) Middle
(C) Renaissance
D) Modern
Answer: D) Modern
Question: What is the function of engineering ethics?
A) To dictate personal beliefs
B) To guide decision-making in professional practice
C) To limit creativity
D) To promote competition
Answer: B) To guide decision-making in professional practice
Question: Which engineering discipline involves the design of electronic systems?
A) Civil Engineering
B) Electrical Engineering
C) Mechanical Engineering
D) Aerospace Engineering
Answer: B) Electrical Engineering
Question: What is a common outcome of integrating arts into engineering?
A) Decreased creativity
B) Increased user engagement
C) Higher costs
D) Reduced functionality
Answer: B) Increased user engagement
Question: STEAM stands for
(A) Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Maths
(B) Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Management
(C) Science, Trigonometry, Engineering, Arts and Maths
(D) Science, Technology, Engineering, Algebra and Maths
Answer: (A) Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Maths
Question: The four main divisions of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and
(A) Bioethics
(B) Logic
(C) Aesthetics
(D) Categorical logic
Answer: (B) Logic
Question: Philosophy is concerned with
(A) The irrational
(B) The ideal
(C) The Positive science
(D) The Descriptive science
Answer: (B) The ideal
Question: Ontology is sometimes referred to as
(A) Reference
(B) Science of being
(C) Philosophy
(D) Metaphysics
Answer: (B) Science of being
Question: Choose a relevant ontology which suits for a specific domain independent criteria.
(A) Functional ontology
(B) Reference ontology
(C) Foundational ontology
(D) Domain ontology
Answer: (C) Foundational ontology
Question: What happens in the first stage of product life cycle?
(A) Product development
(B) Product growth
(C) Product maturity
(D) Product decline
Answer: (A) Product development
Question: What does ontology primarily study?
A) The structure of society
B) The nature of being
C) The history of philosophy
D) The analysis of texts
Answer: B) The nature of being
Question: What is a reference ontology?
A) An ontology specific to a particular application
B) A generic ontology that provides a shared vocabulary
C) An ontology that focuses on historical data
D) An ontology limited to one industry
Answer: B) A generic ontology that provides a shared vocabulary
Question: Application ontology is best described as:
A) A theoretical framework
B) An ontology tailored for specific use cases
C) A historical account of concepts
D) A philosophical argument
Answer: B) An ontology tailored for specific use cases
Question: Which of the following is NOT a function of ontology?
A) Knowledge representation
B) Data analysis
C) Semantic interoperability
D) Historical documentation
Answer: D) Historical documentation
Question: Suites of ontology modules refer to:
A) Individual concepts
B) A collection of related ontologies
C) Historical records
D) Textual analysis tools
Answer: B) A collection of related ontologies
Question: Which of the following best describes the Product Life Cycle?
A) The stages of product development and sales
B) The history of a company
C) The financial analysis of a product
D) The marketing strategy for new products
Answer: (A) The stages of product development and sales
Question: In ontology, what does the term "commodities" refer to?
A) Services offered by companies
B) Basic goods that can be bought and sold
C) Digital products
D) Financial instruments
Answer: B) Basic goods that can be bought and sold
Question: What is the primary focus of services in ontology?
A) Physical products
B) Activities provided for the benefit of others
C) Infrastructure development
D) Marketing strategies
Answer: B) Activities provided for the benefit of others
Question: Infrastructure in the context of ontology refers to:
A) Software applications
B) Physical structures and systems needed for operation
C) Historical buildings
D) Marketing frameworks
Answer: B) Physical structures and systems needed for operation
Question: Which stage is NOT part of the Product Life Cycle?
A) Introduction
B) Growth
C) Decline
D) Analysis
Answer: D) Analysis
Question: What does the term "capabilities" refer to in ontology?
A) The limitations of a system
B) The functions a system can perform
C) Historical context
D) The financial resources available
Answer: B) The functions a system can perform
Question: Which of the following is an example of application ontology?
A) A generic ontology for all industries
B) An ontology specific to healthcare
C) A historical ontology
D) A philosophical framework
Answer: B) An ontology specific to healthcare
Question: What is the primary goal of using reference ontology?
A) To develop new products
B) To provide a common framework for understanding
C) To analyze financial data
D) To conduct scientific experiments
Answer: B) To provide a common framework for understanding
Question: Which tool is often used for creating concept maps in ontology?
A) Spreadsheets
B) Word processors
C) Mind mapping software
D) Programming languages
Answer: C) Mind mapping software
Question: In a product life cycle, the "decline" stage typically involves:
A) Increased sales and market share
B) Decreased sales and market saturation
C) Product innovation
D) Market introduction
Answer: B) Decreased sales and market saturation
Question: Which of the following describes a "module" in ontology?
A) A complete ontology
B) A component of a larger ontology
C) A historical document
D) A marketing strategy
Answer: B) A component of a larger ontology
Question: The application of ontology in engineering primarily focuses on:
A) Aesthetic design
B) Systems integration and interoperability
C) Historical analysis
D) Marketing strategies
Answer: B) Systems integration and interoperability
Question: What does the term "semantic interoperability" mean?
A) Compatibility of hardware systems
B) Understanding the meaning of information across systems
C) Historical documentation
D) Marketing effectiveness
Answer: B) Understanding the meaning of information across systems
Question: Which aspect of ontology helps in product development?
A) Historical analysis
B) Knowledge representation
C) Financial forecasting
D) Aesthetic design
Answer: B) Knowledge representation
Question: The primary purpose of creating an application ontology is to:
A) Document historical events
B) Provide domain-specific vocabulary
C) Analyze financial data
D) Enhance aesthetic appeal
Answer: B) Provide domain-specific vocabulary
Question: What is the significance of the "introduction" stage in the Product Life Cycle?
A) Product decline begins
B) Market saturation occurs
C) Product launch and initial marketing efforts
D) Product innovation
Answer: C) Product launch and initial marketing efforts
Question: In the context of ontology, which is considered a commodity?
A) A consulting service
B) A smartphone
C) A software application
D) A marketing campaign
Answer: B) A smartphone
Question: Which of the following is a characteristic of services?
A) They are tangible products.
B) They can be stored and inventoried.
C) They involve a customer interaction.
D) They are always free.
Answer: C) They involve a customer interaction.
Question: What is one of the main benefits of using ontologies in engineering?
A) Increased complexity
B) Enhanced clarity and communication
C) Reduced innovation
D) Historical accuracy
Answer: B) Enhanced clarity and communication
Question: In which of the following stages of product life cycle does a company reduce sales
promotion to take advantage of heavy consumer demand?
(A) Introduction
(B) Growth
(C) Maturity
(D) Decline
Answer: (B) Growth
Question: Epistemology is
(A) Knowing about existence
(B) Knowing about what exists
(C) Philosophy
(D) Systematic thinking
Answer: (B) Knowing about what exists
Question: ___________ as an activity is related to the conceptualization stages of making new
products.
(A) Design
(B) Implementation
(C) Creation
(D) Thinking
Answer: (A) Design
Question: Research and development in a product life cycle occurs at:
(A) Introduction
(B) Growth
(C) Maturity
(D) Decline
Answer: (A) Introduction
Question: ___________ describe concepts depending both on a particular domain and task.
(A) Application ontology
(B) Reference ontology
(C) Domain ontology
(D) Foundational ontology
Answer: (A) Application ontology
Question: ___________ is a natural extension of PLM, and creates a truly full life cycle that
takes your obsolete or used products back into raw materials.
(D) Closed loop cycle
(A) Half loop cycle
(B) Semi loop cycle
(C) Open loop cycle
Answer: (D) Closed loop cycle
Question: The earliest Civil Engineer is known by name
(A) Imhotep
(B) Babylon
(C) Teotihulan
(D) Saqqara
Answer: (A) Imhotep
Question: The term engine is derived from
(A) Greek
(B) Latin
(C) English
(D) Arabic
Answer: (B) Latin
Question: Modern ERA is between
(A) 1114 and 1200
(B) 1104 and 1200
(C) 1174 and 1200
(D) 1074 and 1200
Answer: (C) 1174 and 1200
Question: The first steam engine was built in
(A) 1947
(B) 1698
(C) 1998
(D) 1647
Answer: (B) 1698
Question: ___________ belongs to the major branch of metaphysics.
(A) Physiology
(B) Biology
(C) Ontology
(D) Sociology
Answer: (C) Ontology
Question: When a product is in its decline stage of its product life cycle, the average selling
price will be
(A) Higher
(B) Average
(C) As decided by manufacturer
(D) Lower
Answer: (D) Lower
Question: ___________ is the study of the natural world as it is
(A) Engineering
(B) Social
(C) Technology
(D) Science
Answer: (D) Science
Question: Design as ___________ is related to the conceptualization stages of making new
products
(A) Activity
(B) Planning
(C) Execution
(D) Epistemology
Answer: (A) Activity
Question: Holland's theory describes ___________ number of basic personality types.
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 8
Answer: (C) 6
Question: ___________ focus on ideas
(A) Creators
(B) Helpers
(C) Thinkers
(D) Doers
Answer: (C) Thinkers
Question: The prototype creation is involved in ___________ phase of addie model.
(A) Evaluation phase
(B) Implementation phase
(C) Development phase
(D) Design phase
Answer: (D) Design phase
Question: ___________ is the most discussed aspect of sustainability.
(A) Environment
(B) Economic
(C) Ethical
(D) Equity
Answer: (A) Environment
Question: The American Association of Engineering Societies was established in
(A) 1997
(B) 1979
(C) 1897
(D) 1889
Answer: (B) 1979
Question: ___________ are involved in planning and managing projects
(A) Actors
(B) Teachers
(C) Doctors
(D) Engineers
Answer: (D) Engineers
Question: ___________ the science of structure, order and relation that has evolved from
elemental practices of counting, measuring and describing the shapes of objects.
(A) Science and technology
(B) Arts
(C) Arts and science
(D) Mathematics
Answer: (D) Mathematics
Question: ___________ refers to the elements of art that are independent of its interpretation
or significance.
(A) Art form
(B) Arts and science
(C) Philosophy
(D) Engineering
Answer: (A) Art form
Question: ___________ has at its basis the development of the internet and the computer.
(A) Cyber chain
(B) Networking
(C) Cyber culture
(D) Cyber security
Answer: (C) Cyber culture
Question: Researchers assert that the introduction stage where design takes place
determines between ___________ and ___________ percent of the life cycle costs.
(A) 40,60
(B) 50, 50
(C) 70,60
(D) 70,90
Answer: (D) 70,90
Question: ___________ contains all the definitions that are needed to model the knowledge
required for a particular application.
(A) Reference ontology
(B) Application ontology
(C) Ontology
(D) Steam
Answer: (B) Application ontology
Question: The sum of all the tools, devices and processes available are said to
(A) Engineering
(B) Science
(C) Scientific knowledge
(D) Technology
Answer: (D) Technology
Question: Hypothesis testing ___________ method.
(A) Engineering
(B) Scientific
(C) Addie
(D) CDIO
Answer: (B) Scientific
Question: The ___________ of the data the system operates on is of the highest consideration
when designing a reliable and fault tolerant architecture
(A) Security
(B) Integrity
(C) Consistency
(D) Reliability
Answer: (B) Integrity
Question: ___________ leaders possess higher cultural intelligence
(A) Exclusive
(B) Ethical
(C) Inclusive
(D) Diverse
Answer: (C) Inclusive
Question: When was the international engineering consortium established?
(A) 1945
(B) 1937
(C) 1942
(D) 1944
Answer: (D) 1944
Question: The first Electrical Engineer is
(A) De Magnete
(B) James Maxwell
(C) Thomas Savery
(D) William Gilbert
Answer: (D) William Gilbert
Question: ___________ is creating new tools and devices.
(A) Engineering
(B) Science
(C) Physics
(D) Chemistry
Answer: (A) Engineering
Question: In this dimension of engineering, the completed job, which stands before the world,
leads to higher recognition
(A) Basic sciences
(B) Social sciences
(C) Design
(D) Practical accomplishment
Answer: (D) Practical accomplishment
Question: Popper's concept of 'Critical Discussion' is related to
(A) Design as activity
(B) Design as planning
(C) Design as epistemology
(D) Design as enterprising
Answer: (C) Design as epistemology
Question: ___________ performs experiments using the scientific method
(A) Engineers
(B) Doctors
(C) Scientists
(D) Students
Answer: (C) Scientists
Question: ___________ spin-offs or the variations of the "Addie Model"
(A) Addie model
(B) Scientific model
(C) Engineers model
(D) Dick and Carey
Answer: (D) Dick and Carey
Question: ___________ are the reason for the phenomenal growth in technology of every
generation.
(A) Scientists
(B) Engineers
(C) Actors
(D) Doctors
Answer: (B) Engineers
Question: The ___________ is noted for being the worlds largest technical professional
organization
(A) National Society of Professional Engineers
(B) American association of Engineering Societies
(C) IEEE
(D) Society of Women Engineers
Answer: (C) IEEE
Question: Sustainability is concerned about our
(A) Environment
(B) Companies
(C) Resources
(D) Society
Answer: (C) Resources
Question: Engineers apply sciences of physics and mathematics to find suitable solutions
problems using
(A) Philosophy
(B) Methodology
(C) Flexibility
(D) Marketability
Answer: (B) Methodology
Question: ___________ engineering was developed during the industrial revolution.
(A) Mechanical
(B) Chemical
(C) Electrical
(D) Aeronautical
Answer: (A) Mechanical
Question: ___________ of a project drives the successful completion
(A) Team work
(B) Continuous learning
(C) Logical thinking
(D) Creativity
Answer: (A) Team work
Question: ___________ is the branch of philosophy that studies concept such as existence,
being and becoming reality.
(A) Engineering
(B) Philosophy
(C) Ontology
(D) Axiology
Answer: (C) Ontology
Question: Choose a relevant ontology which suits for a domain independent criteria
(A) Refence ontology
(B) Fundamental ontology
(C) Foundational ontology
D) Functional ontology
Answer: (C) Foundational ontology
Question: ___________ is an assumption that every product goes through that involves the
same pattern of introduction in to the market, growth, maturity and decline.
(A) Product life management
(B) Product life growth
(C) Product life decline
(D) Product life cycle
Answer: (D) Product life cycle
Question: ___________ is organized under "Art versus technique" or "Form versus function"
(A) Design as product
(B) Design as activity
(C) Design as planning
(D) Design as epistemology
Answer: (B) Design as activity
Question: In which quadrants, basic sciences fall-engineer as
(A) Doer
(B) Sociologist
(C) Scientist
(D) Designer
Answer: (C) Scientist
Question: Identify the odd element from RIASEC model
(A) Realistic
(B) Investigation
(C) Element
(D) Social
Answer: (C) Element
Question: Engineers follow the ___________ engineering design process.
(A) Creativity-based
(B) Scientific based
(C) ADDIE based
(D) CDIO based
Answer: (A) Creativity-based
Question: In ADDIE model, I refers to
(A) Invoice
(B) Implementation
(C) Investment
(D) Interest
Answer: (B) Implementation
Question: ___________ consist of formative and summative.
(A) Implementation phase
(B) Development phase
(C) Evaluation phase
(D) Design phase
Answer: (C) Evaluation phase
Question: ___________ allows you to see where any improvements are needed.
(A) Refine the design
(B) Communicate the results
(C) Create the solution
(D) Testing and evaluation
Answer: (D) Testing and evaluation
Question: The core concept of 3Es stand for
(A) Environmental, economic and ethical
(B) Evaporation, economic and ethical
(C) Economic, easy and ethical
(D) Epic, economic and ethical
Answer: (A) Environmental, economic and ethical
Question: The National society of professional engineers was established in
(A) 1940
(B) 1934
(C) 1945
(D) 1950
Answer: (B) 1934
Question: What is the fundamental principal of the engineers code of ethics?
(A) Maximize profits at any cost
(B) Prioritize personal interests over public safety
(C) Hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public
(D) Follow ethical guidelines only when convenient
Answer: (C) Hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public
Question: Identify the factor which does not fulfill the desired attributes of an engineer
(A) Leadership
(B) Earnings
(C) Problem solving
(D) Creativity
Answer: (B) Earnings
Question: An element of realism dealing with world exists objectively in itself is referred as
(A) Philosophy
(B) Epistemology
(C) Extreme
(D) Metaphysical
Answer: (D) Metaphysical
Question: When a product has many competitors, then its average selling price will be
(A) Extreme
(B) Lower
(C) Average
(D) Zero level
Answer: (B) Lower
Question: A basic good used in commerce which is interchangeable with other goods of the
same type is called
(A) Profit
(B) Business tactics
(C) Modern technology
(D) Commodity
Answer: (D) Commodity
Question: The sum of all engineered tools, devices and process available is defined as
(A) Products
(B) Technology
(C) Science
(D) Epistemology
Answer: (B) Technology
Question: Identify the odd element from RIASEC model.
(A) Realistic
(B) Social
(C) Conventional
(D) Integrity
Answer: (D) Integrity
Question: The process of specifying requirements are done using
(A) Scientific methods
(B) Engineering methods
(C) Classical business methods
(D) Profitable methods
Answer: (B) Engineering methods
Question: ___________ model is practiced by instructional designers and training developers
(A) ADDIE model
(B) RIASEC model
(C) SPIRAL model
(D) DISERT model
Answer: (A) ADDIE model
Question: The person who works to develop products by means of integrating technologies is
refereed as
(A) Testers
(B) Programmers
(C) Facilitators
(D) Managers
Answer: (B) Programmers
Question: The core concept of 3Es focusses on
(A) Technology
(B) Assets
(C) Work
(D) Equity
Answer: (D) Equity
Question: The overall employee performance and their satisfaction level can be improved by
increasing
(A) Team performance
(B) Machine performance
(C) Investments
(D) Requirements
Answer: (A) Team performance
Question: Point out the professional duty which is not listed in fundamental canons.
(A) Hold paramount the safety and health
(B) Perform services in all areas of their competence
(C) Issue public statement only in an objectives
(D) Act for each employee
Answer: (D) Act for each employee
Short Answer Questions
Question: How did engineering practices evolve from medieval times to the present day?
Answer: Engineering practices have evolved significantly from medieval times to the present
day:
●​ Medieval Era: Saw the development of military machines like the trebuchet and
influential figures like al-Jazari, who developed the double-acting reciprocating piston
pump.
●​ Renaissance Era: Marked by figures like William Gilbert (first electrical engineer) and
 Thomas Savery (first steam engine), leading to the Industrial Revolution and the
formalization of engineering as a profession applying mathematics and science.
●​ Modern Era: Witnessed the formal development of various engineering disciplines
including Electrical, Electronics, Mechanical, Chemical, Aeronautical, and Aerospace
Engineering, characterized by systematic application of physics and mathematics,
continuous learning, and evaluation of design choices.
Question: Describe the relationship between arts, mathematics, science, technology, and
engineering.
Answer: These disciplines are distinct yet deeply interrelated:
●​ Science: Studies the natural world to build knowledge and make testable explanations.
●​ Mathematics: The science of structure, order, and relation; an indispensable tool for
science and technology, used by engineers to model problems.
●​ Engineering: Applies scientific and mathematical knowledge to design, implement, and
operate solutions to real-world problems, creating "the world that has never been."
●​ Technology: The sum of all engineered tools, devices, and processes; often a
consequence of science and engineering, representing practical applications.
●​ Arts: Involve creative imagination and expression. The STEAM framework integrates
Arts, recognizing that art fosters creativity and provides creative models for science and
engineering, while science can offer methodological tools for art.
Question: How does concept/mind mapping help in understanding and visualizing ontology
structures in engineering applications?
Answer: While not explicitly detailed for "mind mapping" in the document, based on the visual
example of an ontology, concept/mind mapping helps in:
●​ Visualizing Relationships: Clearly showing interconnections between concepts (e.g.,
equipment to process).
●​ Simplifying Complexity: Breaking down complex systems into understandable
components.
●​ Facilitating Understanding: Providing a shared visual representation to improve
communication and reduce ambiguity among teams.
●​ Organizing Knowledge: Intuitively organizing and formally representing knowledge
within a domain.
Question: Describe the product life cycle in engineering. How do commodities, services, and
infrastructure fit into this cycle?
Answer: The Product Life Cycle (PLC) is the period from a product's introduction to its
removal from the market, typically in four stages:
1.​ Product Development (Introduction): R&D, manufacturing, marketing, and release.
Sales are low, costs high.
2.​ Product Growth: Rapid sales increase, expanding distribution, rising competition.
3.​ Product Maturity: Sales peak and stabilize, wide availability, intense competition,
advertising impact may lessen.
4.​ Product Decline: Sales decrease, product loses market share or becomes obsolete.
●​ Commodities: Raw materials or basic components used during development, growth,
and maturity. In a closed-loop system, end-of-life products become raw materials
 (commodities).
●​ Services: Engineering services (design, testing) are crucial in development;
maintenance and support services are vital in maturity and decline.
●​ Infrastructure: Manufacturing and distribution infrastructure are essential during
growth and maturity. For some products (e.g., communication systems), the product
itself might be part of a larger infrastructure.
Question: What are the four dimensions of engineering, and how do they contribute to the
profession?
Answer: Engineering comprises four major dimensions:
1.​ Dimension of Basic Sciences (Engineer as Scientist): Applies natural and exact
sciences, stressing logic and rigor, valuing research and discovery of first principles.
2.​ Dimension of Social Sciences (Engineer as Sociologist): Recognizes the social
nature of the world and teams, valuing creation of social/economic value and end-user
satisfaction.
3.​ Dimension of Design (Engineer as Designer): Views engineering as the art of design,
valuing systems thinking, holistic views, exploring alternatives, and often relying on
intuition/experience.
4.​ Dimension of Practical Accomplishment (Engineer as Doer): Focuses on "getting
things done," valuing the ability to change the world, overcome complexity, and achieve
tangible results.
Question: Explain how engineering knowledge is distinct from that of science and technology.
Answer:
●​ Science vs. Engineering Knowledge: Science aims to understand "the world as it is"
through testable explanations. Engineering knowledge focuses on creating "the world
that has never been," applying scientific principles to design and build practical
solutions, often involving synthesis, constraints, and trade-offs.
●​ Technology vs. Engineering Knowledge: Technology is the outcome (tools, devices,
processes) of applied knowledge. Engineering knowledge is the expertise and process
required to develop that technology, bridging scientific understanding with practical
needs.
Question: What role do creativity and rigor play in the engineering design process?
Answer:
●​ Creativity: Essential for generating novel solutions, thinking "outside the box,"
exploring alternatives, and adapting to practical needs. It drives innovation in
problem-solving.
●​ Rigor: Ensures scientific and mathematical principles are applied correctly, designs
meet requirements and constraints (safety, cost), and products are reliable. It involves
systematic analysis, testing, and verification.
Question: How do the "Conceive" and "Design" stages in the CDIO framework correspond to
the ADDIE model?
Answer:
●​ CDIO "Conceive" Stage corresponds to ADDIE "Analysis" Phase: Both involve
defining needs (customer needs in CDIO, instructional problem in ADDIE), establishing
 goals, and considering constraints.
●​ CDIO "Design" Stage corresponds to ADDIE "Design" Phase: Both involve detailing
the solution. CDIO focuses on technical plans (drawings, algorithms), while ADDIE
focuses on instructional plans (objectives, content, UI/UX design, prototype creation).
Question: What are some key operational factors engineers must consider during the
"Implement and Operate" phases of a system design?
Answer: Key operational factors include:
●​ Integrity and Consistency: Ensuring data reliability.
●​ Performance and Scalability: Designing for efficient operation and growth.
●​ Deployment Strategy: Streamlined installation and updates.
●​ Security: Protecting sensitive information and data.
●​ User Experience and Inclusivity: Designing for usability and accessibility.
●​ Recovery and Planning: Mechanisms for data recovery and business continuity.
●​ Unit Testing: Ensuring code resilience and consistency.
●​ Automation: Integrating automation where possible.
●​ Application Performance Monitoring (APM): Providing insights into system issues.
Question: What is the engineer's role in promoting sustainability within the context of the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
Answer: Engineers promote sustainability by:
●​ Adopting a broad context (social, ethical, environmental, economic challenges).
●​ Meeting societal needs responsibly, considering long-term impacts.
●​ Understanding social and cultural structures.
●​ Applying professional judgment and leadership.
●​ Providing solutions to global challenges (poverty, environmental degradation).
●​ Promoting resource efficiency (reducing consumption and waste).
●​ Exceeding compliance and driving new legislation.
●​ Undertaking comprehensive risk assessments.
●​ Collaborating with stakeholders and utilizing cross-disciplinary knowledge.
Question: Explain the importance of the engineer's code of ethics. How do ethical
considerations impact engineering practice, particularly about social responsibilities?
Answer: The engineer's code of ethics is important for:
●​ Public Safety, Health, and Welfare: Paramount principle ensuring projects prioritize
human well-being.
●​ Professional Integrity and Reputation: Guides honorable and responsible conduct.
●​ Guidance in Decision-Making: Helps navigate complex situations and conflicting
interests.
●​ Trust and Accountability: Builds trust with clients, employers, and the public.
●​ Competence: Mandates performing services only in areas of qualification.​
Ethical considerations impact social responsibilities by:
●​ Protecting the Public: Requiring engineers to report dangers and approve only
conforming documents.
●​ Truthfulness and Objectivity: Ensuring accurate public statements.
●​ Faithful Agency: Acting in the best interest of employers/clients, avoiding conflicts of
 interest.
●​ Avoiding Deceptive Acts: Prohibiting misrepresentation and undue influence.
●​ Reporting Unethical Conduct: Safeguarding public interest through self-regulation.
●​ Sustainable Development: Integrating environmental stewardship and sustainable
practices for long-term public welfare.
Question: Explain briefly on non-motivated functions.
Answer: Non-motivated functions of art are integral to being human and do not serve a
specific external purpose. They include:
●​ Basic human instinct for harmony, balance, rhythm: An inherent appreciation of
beauty.
●​ Experience of the mysterious: Connecting with the universe through art.
●​ Expression of the imagination: Non-grammatic expression of ideas with malleable
meanings.
●​ Ritualistic and symbolic functions: Art used in cultural rituals and as symbols beyond
utilitarian purpose.
Question: Explain reference ontology with regard to application ontology.
Answer:
●​ Reference Ontology (RO): Theoretical focus on representation, aiming for rich,
axiomatic theories clarifying domain terms. Inclined towards philosophical realism,
emphasizing truth and maximal coverage for large communities. Uses full first-order
logic.
●​ Application Ontology (AO): Theoretical focus on reasoning, designed for specific
applications, often referencing ROs. Inclined towards pragmatism, emphasizing fidelity
to domain experts' concepts for specific community needs. Uses computationally
tractable sub-logic.​
ROs provide foundational, truth-oriented descriptions, while AOs adapt this knowledge
for practical, task-specific purposes.
Question: Differentiate between scientific method and engineering design.
Answer:
●​ Scientific Method:
○​ Objective: To understand how nature works, discover new knowledge, and make
testable explanations.
○​ Process: Ask a question, research, hypothesize, experiment, analyze, conclude,
communicate.
○​ Outcome: Knowledge of general truths and laws.
●​ Engineering Design Process:
○​ Objective: To create new things and solutions to problems.
○​ Process: Define problem, research, specify requirements, brainstorm solutions,
build prototype, test/redesign, communicate.
○​ Outcome: Creation of something new based on scientific knowledge.
Question: What do you mean by CDIO engineers in industry? Explain in detail.
Answer: CDIO (Conceive – Design – Implement – Operate) engineers in industry are those
educated or operating within this framework, possessing skills relevant to the entire lifecycle
of real-world systems and products. They have a holistic understanding of:
●​ Conceive: Defining needs, developing concepts, and business plans.
●​ Design: Creating detailed plans and algorithms.
●​ Implement: Transforming design into actual products (manufacturing, coding, testing).
●​ Operate: Using, maintaining, evolving, and retiring the product.​
This framework prepares them for real-world roles with strong systems thinking and
practical problem-solving abilities.
Question: Mention the professional organizations available for engineers with a detailed note.
Answer:
●​ National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE): Established 1934,
multidisciplinary, focuses on non-technical concerns of licensed engineers, provides
continuing education and networking.
●​ IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): World's largest technical
professional organization (420,000+ members), advances technology, known for
publications and conferences.
●​ American Association of Engineering Societies (AAES): Established 1979,
multidisciplinary, collective voice for U.S. engineering community, works with
international societies.
●​ Society of Women Engineers (SWE): Focuses on women in engineering, provides
education, networking, leadership workshops, and promotes diversity.
●​ International Engineering Consortium (IEC): Established 1944, non-profit, brings
together universities and engineering societies for continuing education.
Question: Discuss about the motivated functions which refer to intentional, conscious actions
on the part of the artist or creator.
Answer: Motivated functions of art are intentional actions to achieve a specific goal or convey
a message:
●​ Communication: Art as a form of communication (e.g., scientific illustrations,
expressing emotions).
●​ Art as entertainment: Evoking emotion for relaxation or enjoyment.
●​ The Avant-Garde (Art for political change): Using art to bring about political change
(e.g., Dadaism).
●​ Art as a "free zone": Contemporary art for social inquiry, activism, subversion, and
experimentation.
●​ Art for social causes: Raising awareness for various issues (e.g., Trashion for
pollution).
●​ Art for psychological and healing purposes: Used in art therapy to determine
personality or emotional functioning.
●​ Art for propaganda, or commercialism: Subtly influencing mood or popular
conceptions to sell products or ideas.
●​ Art as a fitness indicator: Evolutionary purpose to attract mates through artistic
ability.
Question: Explain in detail on the desired attributes of an engineer.
Answer: Desired attributes of an engineer include:
 ●​ Teamwork: Essential for successful project completion, requiring communication and
understanding.
●​ Continuous learning: Staying updated with changing technology and methodologies.
●​ Creativity: Innate ability to "think outside the box" for innovative solutions.
●​ Problem solving: Meticulously studying and methodically addressing problems.
●​ Analytical ability: Thinking analytically to create solutions and understand project
scopes.
●​ Communication skills: Translating technical complexities into layman's terms
effectively.
●​ Logical thinking: Comprehending complex systems and evaluating elements.
●​ Attention to detail: Preventing failures and ensuring success by focusing on small
elements.
●​ Mathematical ability: Proficiency in trigonometry and calculus for calculations and
interpretations.
●​ Leadership: Inspiring and motivating teams, requiring interpersonal skills and charisma.
Question: Illustrate and explain about PLC in detail.
Answer: The Product Life Cycle (PLC) is the duration from a product's introduction to its
market removal, typically comprising four stages:
1.​ Product Development (Introduction): R&D, manufacturing, marketing, release. Low
sales, high costs.
2.​ Product Growth: Rapid sales increase, expanding distribution, rising competition.
3.​ Product Maturity: Sales peak, wide availability, intense competition, advertising impact
may lessen.
4.​ Product Decline: Sales decrease, product loses market share or becomes obsolete.​
The document also mentions a Closed-Loop Manufacturing Cycle as a sustainable
extension, where obsolete products are recycled back into raw materials. The PLC
affects the Average Selling Price (ASP), which tends to be lower with more competitors
or in decline.
Question: Describe in detail on John Holland's theory.
Answer: John Holland's theory (RIASEC model) states that personality and work environment
should be matched for career satisfaction. It describes six personality types:
●​ Realistic (R) - Doers: Hands-on, practical, prefer concrete problems.
●​ Investigative (I) - Thinkers: Focus on ideas, collect/analyze data, curious, analytical.
●​ Artistic (A) - Creators: Creative, self-expressive, unconventional, intuitive.
●​ Social (S) - Helpers: People-oriented, strong communication, empathetic, cooperative.
●​ Enterprising (E) - Persuaders: Leaders, goal-oriented, persuasive, energetic.
●​ Conventional (C) - Organizers: Detail-oriented, organized, prefer data, follow rules.​
Individuals have a dominant type and a Holland Code (top three types) to match with
careers.
Question: Explain in detail on how Addie model is useful for building training support tools.
Answer: The ADDIE model is a structured, flexible guideline for building training support tools:
●​ Analysis Phase: Clarifies problem, establishes goals, identifies audience/environment.
Ensures relevance.
 ●​ Design Phase: Plans objectives, assessments, content, media. Involves systematic
planning, storyboarding, UI/UX design, and prototype creation.
●​ Development Phase: Creates and assembles content, integrates technology, performs
debugging, and reviews/revises based on feedback (e.g., rapid prototyping).
●​ Implementation Phase: Develops procedures for facilitators and learners, ensures
resources are in place, and the tool is functional.
●​ Evaluation Phase: Includes formative (ongoing feedback) and summative (final tests,
user feedback) evaluations to assess effectiveness and identify improvements.​
This systematic approach ensures comprehensive and effective tool development.
Question: Discuss in detail on engineers code of ethics.
Answer: The engineer's code of ethics ensures honesty, integrity, and impartiality, guiding
professional conduct due to engineering's direct impact on public welfare. Key aspects
include:
●​ Fundamental Canons: Broad principles like holding paramount public
safety/health/welfare, performing only in areas of competence, being objective/truthful,
acting as faithful agents, avoiding deceptive acts, and conducting honorably.
●​ Rules of Practice: Specific guidelines on public safety (reporting dangers, approving
conforming documents), competence (only qualified assignments), objectivity (truthful
public statements), faithful agency (disclosing conflicts, avoiding dual compensation),
and avoiding deceptive acts (no falsifying qualifications, no influencing contract
awards).​
The code ensures engineers prioritize public good, act with integrity, and maintain trust.
Question: Write short notes on steam pyramid with a neat sketch.
Answer: The STEAM Pyramid is an educational framework (not a traditional stacked pyramid)
that integrates Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics to foster creative
human resources.
●​ Core Subjects: Science, Technology, Engineering, Math, and Arts are presented as
distinct but interconnected domains.
●​ Learning Approaches/Levels: Progress from Content Specific to Discipline Specific,
Interdisciplinary, Universal, and Holistic understanding.
●​ Purpose: Helps educators plan activities, students identify interests, and makes
learning engaging (e.g., through experiments, collaboration). Art's inclusion fosters
creativity, improves relevance, and strengthens STEM foundations.
Question: Briefly explain about sustainability and diversity.
Answer:
●​ Sustainability: Development meeting present needs without compromising future
generations' ability to meet theirs. It balances 3Es: Environmental (reducing footprint),
Economic (profitability, good governance), and Ethical/Social (fair treatment, community
investment, social license).
●​ Diversity: In the context of a workplace, diversity (along with equity and inclusion)
improves environmental impact by:
○​ Fostering equitable processes (involving all stakeholders).
○​ Developing inclusive leaders (effective communication, managing diverse teams).
 ○​ Leveraging diverse perspectives for better environmental strategies.
○​ Utilizing diverse teams for innovation and bold actions in environmental efforts.​
DEI is crucial for achieving comprehensive sustainability goals.
Question: What is the important Point of view of STEAM?
Answer: The important point of view of STEAM is to foster creative human resources by
integrating STEM fields with Art. Key perspectives include:
●​ Increasing Relevance: Making education more relevant to real life and student
interests.
●​ Fostering Creativity: Art provides creative models for science and engineering
development.
●​ Mutual Benefits: Science provides methodological tools for art, and art provides
visualization principles for science.
●​ Holistic Skill Development: Cultivating a multi-skilled workforce through collaboration
and problem-solving.
●​ Strengthening Science Foundation: Improving STEM achievement by connecting
science concepts with artistic expression.
●​ Making Learning Engaging: Making science learning more interesting, fun, and
memorable.
Question: Brief explanation about the issues, challenges and opportunities for engineering
development.
Answer:
●​ Issues & Challenges: Constraints (resources, cost, safety), keeping pace with
changing technology, ethical dilemmas, demanding sustainability goals, financial
rigidities, and managing project complexity.
●​ Opportunities: Solving societal problems (health, communication, environment),
continuous innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, integration of arts (STEAM),
leveraging new technological advancements, and making a global impact.
Question: Why is an engineering mindset important?
Answer: An engineering mindset, characterized by "Engineering Habits of Mind" (EHOM), is
important because it fosters:
●​ Effective Problem Solving and Innovation: Drives continuous improvement and
challenges the 'norm'.
●​ Essential 21st Century Skills: Includes creativity, systems thinking, collaboration,
communication, and ethical considerations.
●​ Ability to Make Things Work Better: The core drive to improve products and
processes.
●​ Adaptability and Resilience: Navigating challenges and adjusting to new information.
●​ Holistic and Systemic Thinking: Understanding complex system interactions.
●​ Creative Problem-Solving: Devising novel solutions.
Question: What are the 6 engineering habits of mind?
Answer: The six Engineering Habits of Mind (EHOM) are:
1.​ Systems thinking: Understanding how components of a system interact.
2.​ Problem-finding: Identifying and defining problems.
 3.​ Visualising: Communicating abstract ideas into concrete forms.
4.​ Improving: Relentless drive to enhance products and processes.
5.​ Creative problem-solving: Devising novel solutions.
6.​ Adapting: Adjusting to similar situations with slight differences.
Question: Briefly explain the Suites of Ontology Modules and its parameters.
Answer: The document describes "Ontological Layers" which function as interconnected
modules:
●​ Foundational Ontology: Domain-independent, provides basic concepts applicable
across many domains.
●​ Reference Ontology: Specific-domain independent, aims to clarify term meanings and
establish consensus, emphasizing truth and maximal coverage.
●​ Domain Ontology: Models knowledge specific to a particular field.
●​ Application Ontology: Contains definitions for a specific application, focusing on
reasoning and computational tractability, emphasizing fidelity to domain experts.
Question: Explain the functions and Capabilities of Ontology.
Answer: Ontology functions to formally represent knowledge, clarify meaning, structure
knowledge, and enable knowledge sharing and interoperability.
●​ General Capabilities: Knowledge representation, clarifying meaning, structuring
knowledge, enabling knowledge sharing and reuse, facilitating interoperability.
●​ Specific Capabilities (by type):
○​ Reference Ontologies: Representing reality accurately and comprehensively,
establishing consensus about term meanings.
○​ Application Ontologies: Modeling knowledge for specific applications, offering
terminological services, and checking constraints.
Question: What are various factors in operating system design and implementation
considerations?
Answer: While the document discusses "Operational Factors in System Design" generally,
these are relevant to operating system design:
●​ Integrity and Consistency
●​ Performance and Scalability
●​ Deployment Strategy
●​ Security
●​ User Experience and Inclusivity
●​ Recovery and Planning
●​ Unit Testing
●​ Automation
●​ Application Performance Monitoring (APM)
Question: Explain engineers & society.
Answer: Engineers have a profound relationship with society, transforming the world through
innovations in:
●​ Health: Advances in medical technology.
●​ Technology: Driving growth in modern tools and systems.
●​ Communication: Enabling global connectivity.
 ●​ Development: Accelerating business and travel.
●​ Space Exploration: Making space visitation a reality.​
They bear significant ethical responsibilities to protect public safety, health, and
welfare, and play a crucial role in sustainable development by providing solutions to
societal problems.
Question: What are the important constraints of Socio-Politics in Technology & Engineering.
Answer: Important socio-political constraints include:
●​ Social Needs and Values: Engineering solutions must align with societal acceptance.
●​ Ethical Considerations and Public Welfare: Prioritizing public safety and well-being.
●​ Regulations: Compliance with laws derived from socio-political processes.
●​ Sustainability Demands: Balancing environmental, economic, and social needs.
●​ Community Concerns: Incorporating public views and acceptance.
●​ Economic Factors: Financial limitations influencing project scope.
●​ Social License: Requiring support from employees, stakeholders, and the community.
Question: What do you think is the best organization for engineering society?
Answer: The document does not name a single "best" organization, as suitability depends on
individual needs (discipline, technical vs. non-technical focus). However, it highlights:
●​ NSPE: For non-technical concerns of licensed engineers.
●​ IEEE: World's largest technical professional organization.
●​ AAES: Multidisciplinary, collective voice for U.S. engineering.
●​ SWE: Supports women in engineering.
●​ IEC: Focuses on continuing education.
Question: What is the main purpose of the professional engineering organization?
Answer: The main purpose is to provide crucial support to engineers and the profession
through:
●​ Advocacy: Representing engineers' interests.
●​ Professional Development: Offering continuing education and training.
●​ Knowledge Dissemination: Publishing updates and advancements.
●​ Networking and Connection: Connecting engineers to the community.
●​ Setting Standards and Ethics: Establishing and upholding codes of conduct.
●​ Supporting Specific Groups: Addressing needs of particular demographics.
Question: Explain about epistemology of engineering design of product.
Answer: The epistemology of engineering design concerns the nature and acquisition of
knowledge in product conceptualization and pre-execution. It focuses on synthetic
methodologies, accepting non-traditional paths like abductive reasoning and creative leaps,
while still aiming for verifiable rigor (e.g., through 'critical discussion'). Design as an activity is
organized under "art versus technique" or "form versus function," emphasizing
resourcefulness under constraints.
Question: Define Engineering. Explain about the development of engineering from early
stages to the modern times.
Answer:
●​ Definition: Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles to design,
develop, construct, or operate structures, machines, and processes to safely realize
 desired objectives and meet specified criteria.
●​ Development:
○​ Ancient Times: Fundamental inventions (pulley, lever, wheel), monuments
(pyramids, aqueducts), early civil/military engineers (Imhotep, Archimedes).
○​ Middle Era: Military machines (trebuchet), al-Jazari's mechanical innovations
(double-acting pump).
○​ Renaissance Era: William Gilbert (first electrical engineer), Thomas Savery (first
steam engine), formalization of engineering as a profession applying
science/math.
○​ Modern Era: Emergence of Electrical, Mechanical, Chemical,
Aeronautical/Aerospace Engineering disciplines, characterized by systematic
application of physics/math, continuous learning, and rigorous design.
Question: Write short notes on communication.
Answer: Communication is a critical attribute for engineers, involving more than basic skills. It
means:
●​ Translating Technical Complexities: Converting jargon into understandable terms for
non-technical audiences.
●​ Interacting with Diverse Audiences: Communicating effectively with people at all
levels.
●​ Clarity and Conciseness: Ensuring messages are clear, respectful, and effective.
●​ Teamwork and Presentations: Vital for informing team members and presenting
project details to stakeholders.
Question: Write short notes on commodities
Answer: Commodities are basic, interchangeable goods used in commerce (e.g., grains, gold,
oil). They are typically sorted into metal, energy, livestock/meat, and agricultural categories.
They can be investment tools for portfolio diversification. Their market is risky due to
unpredictable factors like weather or epidemics.
Question: How does technology differ from science?
Answer:
●​ Science: Systematic enterprise building knowledge and testable explanations about
"the world as it is." Primary goal is understanding.
●​ Technology: Application of knowledge for practical purposes to solve problems or fulfill
needs. It's the "sum total of all engineered tools, devices, and processes available,"
creating "the world that has never been."​
Science produces knowledge; technology produces tools and systems.
Question: Explain about the epistemology of engineering
Answer: The epistemology of engineering concerns the nature, scope, and acquisition of
engineering knowledge. It addresses:
●​ Ontological Question: What reality can engineering know?
●​ Epistemological Question: What is engineering knowledge?
●​ Methodological Question: How is engineering knowledge built?
●​ Axiological Question: What is the worth/value of engineering knowledge?​
Key aspects include synthetic methodologies, abductive reasoning, acceptance of
 creative leaps, and deriving verifiable rigor from less traditional steps, shaped by the
four dimensions of engineering knowledge.
Question: Explain the various steps involved in Engineering Design Process.
Answer: The iterative engineering design process steps include:
1.​ Define the problem: Understand the problem, audience, importance, and constraints.
2.​ Brainstorm Possible Solutions: Generate many ideas without judgment.
3.​ Research Ideas / Explore Possibilities: Learn from past projects and diverse
perspectives.
4.​ Establish Criteria and Constraints: Define success metrics and limitations.
5.​ Consider Alternative Solutions: Evaluate options against criteria.
6.​ Select an Approach: Choose the best solution.
7.​ Develop a Design Proposal: Refine the chosen solution.
8.​ Make a Model or Prototype: Create a tangible version for testing.
9.​ Test and Evaluate: Rigorously test and identify flaws.
10.​Refine the Design: Revise and improve based on testing (iterative).
11.​Create the Solution: Finalize and produce the finished product.
12.​Communicate the Results: Document and present findings.
Question: How does engineering influence technology?
Answer: Engineering fundamentally influences technology by:
●​ Creating Technology: Engineering is defined as creating new tools, devices, and
processes. Technology is the sum of these engineered outputs.
●​ Applying Knowledge: Engineers apply scientific and technical knowledge to design
and implement various forms of technology.
●​ Driving Innovation: Engineers solve problems and innovate, leading to new or improved
technologies that meet needs.​
Engineering is the primary discipline that conceives, designs, develops, and brings new
technologies into existence.
Question: Explain in detail the four dimensions of Engineering in detail.
Answer: (This question is a duplicate of an earlier one, but here's the detailed answer again
for completeness):
Engineering comprises four major dimensions, portraying the engineer as a professional
combining qualities of a scientist, sociologist, designer, and doer:
1.​ Dimension of Basic Sciences (Engineer as Scientist): Focuses on applying
natural/exact sciences, emphasizing logic, rigor, analysis, experimentation, and
discovery of first principles.
2.​ Dimension of Social Sciences (Engineer as Sociologist): Recognizes the social
nature of the world and teams, valuing social/economic value creation and end-user
satisfaction.
3.​ Dimension of Design (Engineer as Designer): Views engineering as the art of design,
valuing systems thinking, holistic views, exploring alternatives, and using
intuition/experience with incomplete knowledge.
4.​ Dimension of Practical Accomplishment/Realization (Engineer as Doer): Focuses
on "getting things done," valuing the ability to change the world, overcome complexity,
 and achieve tangible, recognized results.
Question: Highlights the difference between scientific method and engineering design
process with a neat sketch.
Answer: (This question is a duplicate of an earlier one, but here's the detailed answer again
for completeness. Note: I cannot provide a sketch.)
The scientific method and engineering design process differ primarily in their objectives and
processes:
●​ Scientific Method: Aims to understand the natural world ("what is") by asking
questions, hypothesizing, experimenting, analyzing, and concluding. Outcome is new
knowledge.
●​ Engineering Design Process: Aims to create solutions to practical problems ("what can
be") by defining problems, brainstorming, prototyping, testing, and refining. Outcome is
a working solution.​
Both involve research and iteration, but for different purposes.
Question: Deduce the layers of STEAM pyramid and express your views on including art into
the STEAM pyramid. Also determine the relation between arts, mathematics, science,
technology and engineering.
Answer: (This question is a duplicate of an earlier one, but here's the detailed answer again
for completeness.)
●​ Layers of STEAM Pyramid: Not a strict hierarchy of subjects, but a framework of
learning approaches and educational stages. It includes core subject categories
(Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Math) and learning approach layers (Content
Specific, Discipline Specific, Interdisciplinary, Universal, Holistic) across educational
stages (Primary, Secondary, Life-long).
●​ Views on Including Art: The document strongly supports Art's inclusion as essential
for:
○​ Fostering creativity and innovation.
○​ Increasing relevance and engagement for students.
○​ Promoting mutual enhancement between art and STEM (e.g., visualization from
art aiding science).
○​ Developing holistic skills like collaboration.
○​ Strengthening STEM foundations through artistic expression.
●​ Relation between Arts, Math, Science, Tech, Eng: These fields are distinct but
deeply interconnected. Engineering applies scientific and mathematical principles.
Technology is the output of engineering and applied science. Arts provide creative
models and visualization for STEM, while STEM provides tools and discoveries for art.
STEAM emphasizes their mutual benefits for holistic development and problem-solving.
Question: Priya is a senior software engineer in a multinational company who works in a U.S
military project. She has chosen ADDIE model for her software development. Explain the
ADDIE model with its phases and suggest your views of modifying the phases of the same
model with reasons.
Answer: (This question is a duplicate of an earlier one, but here's the detailed answer again
for completeness.)
ADDIE Model Phases:
1.​ Analysis: Clarify problem, establish goals, identify audience/environment.
2.​ Design: Plan objectives, assessments, content, media; document strategy, create
storyboards, design UI/UX, prototype.
3.​ Development: Create/assemble content/code, integrate technologies, debug,
review/revise.
4.​ Implementation: Develop procedures for training/deployment, prepare users/support
staff, ensure resources.
5.​ Evaluation: Formative (ongoing feedback) and Summative (final testing, user feedback)
to assess effectiveness.​
Suggestions for Modifying for Priya's Project:​
The document suggests ADDIE is a "flexible guideline" and can be improved:
●​ Emphasize Iteration and Rapid Prototyping: Crucial for military projects where early
feedback is critical. Build in design-develop-evaluate cycles for components.
●​ Formalize Formative Evaluation: Make ongoing feedback robust, similar to agile
review cycles, to guide development.
●​ Adapt Terminology and Focus: Map ADDIE phases explicitly to software development
activities (requirements engineering, architectural design, coding, testing, deployment).
●​ Integrate Specialized Methodologies: Incorporate military standards (e.g., DO-178C for
avionics) or secure development lifecycles within the ADDIE framework for critical
systems.​
These modifications would mitigate ADDIE's linearity, making it more suitable for
dynamic software development.