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HTML Quick Guide

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6 views141 pages

HTML Quick Guide

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pkd20bit265

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HTML - Quick Guide

HTML - Overview
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to
write Web Pages.

Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked
together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.
As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML
to simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to
structure it to display.

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents
like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific
information between researchers.

Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags
available in HTML language.

Basic HTML Document

In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
Page 2 of 141
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the
content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags,
most of the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its
closing tag </html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.

Above example of HTML document uses the following tags −

Sr.No Tag & Description

<!DOCTYPE...>
1
This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

2 <html>
This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of
document header which is represented by <head>...</head> and document
Page 3 of 141
body which is represented by <body>...</body> tags.

<head>
3 This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags
like <title>, <link> etc.

<title>
4
The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title.

<body>
5 This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like
<h1>, <div>, <p> etc.

<h1>
6
This tag represents the heading.

<p>
7
This tag represents a paragraph.

To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand how they behave,
while formatting a textual document. Learning HTML is simple as users have to learn the
usage of different tags in order to format the text or images to make a beautiful
webpage.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase tags starting from
HTML 4.

HTML Document Structure

A typical HTML document will have the following structure −

<html>

<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related tags
</body>

</html>

We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters, but for now let's see
what is document declaration tag.
Page 4 of 141

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version
of the HTML used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the
following declaration −

<!DOCTYPE html>

There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML document depending
on what version of HTML is being used. We will see more details on this while discussing
<!DOCTYPE...> tag along with other HTML tags.

HTML - Basic Tags

Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML
also has six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>,
<h5>, and <h6>. While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one
line after that heading.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>
Page 5 of 141

</html>

Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each
paragraph of text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as
shown below in the example −

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>

</html>

Line Break Tag

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line.
This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing
tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.

The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit
this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss
the forward slash character and just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML.

Example
Page 6 of 141
Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment ontime.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>

</html>

Centering Content
You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>

<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>
Page 7 of 141

</html>

Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag
creates a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks
the line accordingly.

For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given
example below −

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>

</html>

Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening
and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them.

The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If
you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while
if you miss the forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML

Preserve Formatting
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Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the
HTML document. In these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>.

Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the
formatting of the source document.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>

</html>

Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags

Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a
browser to split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines −

An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."

In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a
nonbreaking space entity   instead of a normal space. For example, when coding
the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should use something similar to the following
code −
Page 9 of 141

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie
"12 Angry Men."</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Elements
An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it
ends with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as
shown below with few tags −

Start Tag Content End Tag

<p> This is paragraph content. </p>

<h1> This is heading content. </h1>

<div> This is division content. </div>

<br />

So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element.

There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr
/> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements.

HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML
documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an
HTML document.
Page 10 of 141

HTML Tag vs. Element

An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it
ends with a closing tag.

For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same
paragraph but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.

Nested HTML Elements

It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element −

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Nested Elements Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1>
<p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Attributes
We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph
tag <p> and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the
HTML tags can also have attributes, which are extra bits of information.

An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside
the element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts − a name and a
value
Page 11 of 141
The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p>
element in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can
use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page.

The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put
within quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align
attribute: left, center and right.

Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4
recommendation.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Align Attribute Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p align = "left">This is left aligned</p>
<p align = "center">This is center aligned</p>
<p align = "right">This is right aligned</p>
</body>

</html>

Core Attributes
The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although
not all) are −

Id
Title

Class
Style
Page 12 of 141

The Id Attribute

The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an
HTML page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on
an element −

If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify

just that element and its content.

If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet),
you can use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same
name.

We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to
distinguish between two paragraph elements as shown below.

Example

<p id = "html">This para explains what is HTML</p>

<p id = "css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p>

The title Attribute

The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title
attribute is similar as explained for id attribute −

The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is
often displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is
loading.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>The title Attribute Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<h3 title = "Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3>
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</body>

</html>

Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that
whatever title you used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor.

The class Attribute

The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the
class of element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will
learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it.

The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For
example −

class = "className1 className2 className3"

The style Attribute

The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the
element.

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>The style Attribute</title>
</head>

</html>

At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering
much about CSS. Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they
can be used while formatting content.
Page 14 of 141

Internationalization Attributes
There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not
all) XHTML elements.

dir

lang
xml:lang

The dir Attribute

The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in which the
text should flow. The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table
that follows −

Value Meaning

ltr Left to right (the default value)

Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to
rtl
left)

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir = "rtl">

<head>
<title>Display Directions</title>
</head>

<body>
This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text.
</body>

</html>

When dir attribute is used within the <html> tag, it determines how text will be
presented within the entire document. When used within another tag, it controls the
Page 15 of 141
text's direction for just the content of that tag.

The lang Attribute

The lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but this
attribute was kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of
HTML. This attribute has been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML
documents.

The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes.
Check HTML Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang = "en">

<head>
<title>English Language Page</title>
</head>

<body>
This page is using English Language
</body>

</html>

The xml:lang Attribute

The xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value of the
xml:lang attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section.

Generic Attributes
Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML
tags.

Attribute Options Function

align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags

Page 16 of 141

Vertically aligns tags within an HTML

valign top, middle, bottom
element.

numeric, hexidecimal, RGB Places a background color behind an

bgcolor
values element

Places a background image behind an

background URL
element

Names an element for use with Cascading

id User Defined
Style Sheets.

Classifies an element for use with

class User Defined
Cascading Style Sheets.

Specifies the width of tables, images, or

width Numeric Value
table cells.

Specifies the height of tables, images, or

height Numeric Value
table cells.

title User Defined "Pop-up" title of the elements.

We will see related examples as we will proceed to study other HTML tags. For a
complete list of HTML Tags and related attributes please check reference to HTML Tags
List.

HTML - Formatting
If you use a word processor, you must be familiar with the ability to make text bold,
italicized, or underlined; these are just three of the ten options available to indicate how
text can appear in HTML and XHTML.

Bold Text
Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element, is displayed in bold as shown below
−

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
Page 17 of 141

<head>
<title>Bold Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Italic Text
Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as shown
below −

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Italic Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Underlined Text
Anything that appears within <u>...</u> element, is displayed with underline as shown
below −

Example
Page 18 of 141
Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Underlined Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Strike Text
Anything that appears within <strike>...</strike> element is displayed with
strikethrough, which is a thin line through the text as shown below −

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Strike Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strike>strikethrough</strike>
typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Monospaced Font
Page 19 of 141
The content of a <tt>...</tt> element is written in monospaced font. Most of the fonts
are known as variable-width fonts because different letters are of different widths (for
example, the letter 'm' is wider than the letter 'i'). In a monospaced font, however, each
letter has the same width.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Monospaced Font Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <tt>monospaced</tt> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Superscript Text
The content of a <sup>...</sup> element is written in superscript; the font size used
is the same size as the characters surrounding it but is displayed half a character's height
above the other characters.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Superscript Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
Page 20 of 141
<p>The following word uses a <sup>superscript</sup> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Subscript Text
The content of a <sub>...</sub> element is written in subscript; the font size used is
the same as the characters surrounding it, but is displayed half a character's height
beneath the other characters.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Subscript Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <sub>subscript</sub> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Inserted Text
Anything that appears within <ins>...</ins> element is displayed as inserted text.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
Page 21 of 141
<head>
<title>Inserted Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>

</html>

Deleted Text
Anything that appears within <del>...</del> element, is displayed as deleted text.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Deleted Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>I want to drink <del>cola</del> <ins>wine</ins></p>
</body>

</html>

Larger Text
The content of the <big>...</big> element is displayed one font size larger than the
rest of the text surrounding it as shown below −

Example

Open Compiler
Page 22 of 141

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Larger Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Smaller Text
The content of the <small>...</small> element is displayed one font size smaller than
the rest of the text surrounding it as shown below −

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Smaller Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Grouping Content
The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to
create sections or subsections of a page.
Page 23 of 141
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div>
element to indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the
footnotes. You might then attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using
a special set of style rules.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Div Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<div id = "menu" align = "middle" >
<a href = "/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href = "/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href = "/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>

<div id = "content" align = "left" >

<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>

</html>

The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So,
if you have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you
could use the <span> element as follows.

Example

Open Compiler
Page 24 of 141

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style = "color:green">span
tag</span>
and the <span style = "color:red">div tag</span> alongwith
CSS</p>
</body>

</html>

These tags are commonly used with CSS to allow you to attach a style to a section of a
page.

HTML - Phrase Tags

The phrase tags have been desicolgned for specific purposes, though they are displayed
in a similar way as other basic tags like <b>, <i>, <pre>, and <tt>, you have seen in
previous chapter. This chapter will take you through all the important phrase tags, so
let's start seeing them one by one.

Emphasized Text
Anything that appears within <em>...</em> element is displayed as emphasized text.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Emphasized Text Example</title>
</head>
Page 25 of 141

<body>
<p>The following word uses an <em>emphasized</em> typeface.</p>
</body>

</html>

Marked Text
Anything that appears with-in <mark>...</mark> element, is displayed as marked
with yellow ink.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Marked Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word has been <mark>marked</mark> with
yellow</p>
</body>

</html>

Strong Text
Anything that appears within <strong>...</strong> element is displayed as important
text.

Example

Open Compiler
Page 26 of 141

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Strong Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word uses a <strong>strong</strong> typeface.
</p>
</body>

</html>

Text Abbreviation
You can abbreviate a text by putting it inside opening <abbr> and closing </abbr> tags.
If present, the title attribute must contain this full description and nothing else.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Abbreviation</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>My best friend's name is <abbr title =
"Abhishek">Abhy</abbr>.</p>
</body>

</html>

Acronym Element
Page 27 of 141
The <acronym> element allows you to indicate that the text between <acronym> and
</acronym> tags is an acronym.

At present, the major browsers do not change the appearance of the content of the
<acronym> element.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Acronym Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This chapter covers marking up text in
<acronym>XHTML</acronym>.</p>
</body>

</html>

Text Direction
The <bdo>...</bdo> element stands for Bi-Directional Override and it is used to
override the current text direction.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Direction Example</title>
</head>
Page 28 of 141
<body>
<p>This text will go left to right.</p>
<p><bdo dir = "rtl">This text will go right to left.</bdo></p>
</body>

</html>

Special Terms
The <dfn>...</dfn> element (or HTML Definition Element) allows you to specify that
you are introducing a special term. It's usage is similar to italic words in the midst of a
paragraph.

Typically, you would use the <dfn> element the first time you introduce a key term. Most
recent browsers render the content of a <dfn> element in an italic font.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Special Terms Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following word is a <dfn>special</dfn> term.</p>
</body>

</html>

Quoting Text
When you want to quote a passage from another source, you should put it in between
<blockquote>...</blockquote> tags.

Text inside a <blockquote> element is usually indented from the left and right edges of
the surrounding text, and sometimes uses an italicized font.
Page 29 of 141

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Blockquote Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>The following description of XHTML is taken from the W3C Web
site:</p>

<blockquote>XHTML 1.0 is the W3C's first Recommendation for

XHTML,following on
from earlier work on HTML 4.01, HTML 4.0, HTML 3.2 and HTML
2.0.</blockquote>
</body>

</html>

Short Quotations
The <q>...</q> element is used when you want to add a double quote within a
sentence.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Double Quote Example</title>
</head>
Page 30 of 141
<body>
<p>Amit is in Spain, <q>I think I am wrong</q>.</p>
</body>

</html>

Text Citations
If you are quoting a text, you can indicate the source placing it between an opening
<cite> tag and closing </cite> tag

As you would expect in a print publication, the content of the <cite> element is rendered
in italicized text by default.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Citations Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This HTML tutorial is derived from <cite>W3 Standard for
HTML</cite>.</p>
</body>

</html>

Computer Code
Any programming code to appear on a Web page should be placed inside <code>...
</code> tags. Usually the content of the <code> element is presented in a
monospaced font, just like the code in most programming books.

Example
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Computer Code Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Regular text. <code>This is code.</code> Regular text.</p>
</body>

</html>

Keyboard Text
When you are talking about computers, if you want to tell a reader to enter some text,
you can use the <kbd>...</kbd> element to indicate what should be typed in, as in
this example.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Keyboard Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Regular text. <kbd>This is inside kbd element</kbd> Regular
text.</p>
</body>

</html>
Page 32 of 141

Programming Variables
This element is usually used in conjunction with the <pre> and <code> elements to
indicate that the content of that element is a variable.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Variable Text Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p><code>document.write("<var>user-name</var>")</code></p>
</body>

</html>

Program Output
The <samp>...</samp> element indicates sample output from a program, and script
etc. Again, it is mainly used when documenting programming or coding concepts.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Program Output Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Result produced by the program is <samp>Hello World!</samp>
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</p>
</body>

</html>

Address Text
The <address>...</address> element is used to contain any address.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Address Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<address>388A, Road No 22, Jubilee Hills - Hyderabad</address>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Meta Tags

HTML lets you specify metadata - additional important information about a document in a
variety of ways. The META elements can be used to include name/value pairs describing
properties of the HTML document, such as author, expiry date, a list of keywords,
document author etc.

The <meta> tag is used to provide such additional information. This tag is an empty
element and so does not have a closing tag but it carries information within its
attributes.

You can include one or more meta tags in your document based on what information you
want to keep in your document but in general, meta tags do not impact physical
appearance of the document so from appearance point of view, it does not matter if you
include them or not.
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Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents

You can add metadata to your web pages by placing <meta> tags inside the header of
the document which is represented by <head> and </head> tags. A meta tag can
have following attributes in addition to core attributes −

Sr.No Attribute & Description

Name
1 Name for the property. Can be anything. Examples include, keywords,
description, author, revised, generator etc.

content
2
Specifies the property's value.

scheme
3 Specifies a scheme to interpret the property's value (as declared in the
content attribute).

http-equiv
Used for http response message headers. For example, http-equiv can be
4
used to refresh the page or to set a cookie. Values include content-type,
expires, refresh and set-cookie.

Specifying Keywords
You can use <meta> tag to specify important keywords related to the document and
later these keywords are used by the search engines while indexing your webpage for
searching purpose.

Example

Following is an example, where we are adding HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata as important
keywords about the document.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
</head>
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<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Document Description
You can use <meta> tag to give a short description about the document. This again can
be used by various search engines while indexing your webpage for searching purpose.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags."
/>
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Document Revision Date

You can use <meta> tag to give information about when last time the document was
updated. This information can be used by various web browsers while refreshing your
webpage.

Example
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Document Refreshing
A <meta> tag can be used to specify a duration after which your web page will keep
refreshing automatically.

Example

If you want your page keep refreshing after every 5 seconds then use the following
syntax.

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags."
/>
<meta name = "revised" content = "Tutorialspoint, 3/7/2014" />
<meta http-equiv = "refresh" content = "5" />
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</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Page Redirection
You can use <meta> tag to redirect your page to any other webpage. You can also
specify a duration if you want to redirect the page after a certain number of seconds.

Example

Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If

you want to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Setting Cookies
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Cookies are data, stored in small text files on your computer and it is exchanged
between web browser and web server to keep track of various information based on your
web application need.

You can use <meta> tag to store cookies on client side and later this information can be
used by the Web Server to track a site visitor.

Example

Following is an example of redirecting current page to another page after 5 seconds. If

you want to redirect page immediately then do not specify content attribute.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta http-equiv = "cookie" content = "userid = xyz; expires =
Wednesday, 08-Aug-15 23:59:59 GMT;" />

</head>
<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>
</html>

If you do not include the expiration date and time, the cookie is considered a session
cookie and will be deleted when the user exits the browser.

Note − You can check PHP and Cookies tutorial for a complete detail on Cookies.

Setting Author Name

You can set an author name in a web page using meta tag. See an example below −

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
Page 39 of 141

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

Specify Character Set

You can use <meta> tag to specify character set used within the webpage.

Example

By default, Web servers and Web browsers use ISO-8859-1 (Latin1) encoding to process
Web pages. Following is an example to set UTF-8 encoding −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags."
/>
<meta name = "author" content = "Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset =
UTF-8" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
Page 40 of 141
</body>

</html>

To serve the static page with traditional Chinese characters, the webpage must contain a
<meta> tag to set Big5 encoding −

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Meta Tags Example</title>
<meta name = "keywords" content = "HTML, Meta Tags, Metadata" />
<meta name = "description" content = "Learning about Meta Tags."
/>
<meta name = "author" content = "Mahnaz Mohtashim" />
<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset =
Big5" />
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello HTML5!</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Comments
Comment is a piece of code which is ignored by any web browser. It is a good practice to
add comments into your HTML code, especially in complex documents, to indicate
sections of a document, and any other notes to anyone looking at the code. Comments
help you and others understand your code and increases code readability.

HTML comments are placed in between  tags. So, any content placed with-in
 tags will be treated as comment and will be completely ignored by the
browser.

Example
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>

<title>This is document title</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

Valid vs Invalid Comments

Comments do not nest which means a comment cannot be put inside another comment.
Second the double-dash sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part
of the closing --> tag. You must also make sure that there are no spaces in the start-of
comment string.

Example

Here, the given comment is a valid comment and will be wiped off by the browser.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Valid Comment Example</title>
</head>

<body>

<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
Page 42 of 141

</html>

But, following line is not a valid comment and will be displayed by the browser. This is
because there is a space between the left angle bracket and the exclamation mark.

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Invalid Comment Example</title>
</head>

<body>
< !-- This is not a valid comment -->
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>

Multiline Comments
So far we have seen single line comments, but HTML supports multi-line comments as
well.

You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag 
placed before the first line and end of the last line as shown in the given example below.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Multiline Comments</title>
</head>
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<p>Document content goes here.....</p>

</body>

</html>

Conditional Comments
Conditional comments only work in Internet Explorer (IE) on Windows but they are
ignored by other browsers. They are supported from Explorer 5 onwards, and you can
use them to give conditional instructions to different versions of IE.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Conditional Comments</title>

</head>

<body>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>

</html>
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You will come across a situation where you will need to apply a different style sheet
based on different versions of Internet Explorer, in such situation conditional comments
will be helpful.

Using Comment Tag

There are few browsers that support <comment> tag to comment a part of HTML code.

Note − The <comment> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Using Comment Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>This is <comment>not</comment> Internet Explorer.</p>
</body>

</html>

Commenting Script Code

Though you will learn JavaScript with HTML, in a separate tutorial, but here you must
make a note that if you are using Java Script or VB Script in your HTML code then it is
recommended to put that script code inside proper HTML comments so that old browsers
can work properly.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Commenting Script Code</title>

<body>
<p>Hello , World!</p>
</body>

</html>

Commenting Style Sheets

Though you will learn using style sheets with HTML in a separate tutorial, but here you
must make a note that if you are using Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in your HTML code
then it is recommended to put that style sheet code inside proper HTML comments so
that old browsers can work properly.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Commenting Style Sheets</title>

<body>
<div class = "example">Hello , World!</div>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Images
Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in
simple way on your web page. This tutorial will take you through simple steps to use
images in your web pages.

Insert Image
You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the simple
syntax to use this tag.

<img src = "Image URL" ... attributes-list/>

The <img> tag is an empty tag, which means that, it can contain only list of attributes
and it has no closing tag.

Example
To try following example, let's keep our HTML file test.htm and image file test.png in the
same directory −

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>
Page 47 of 141
<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>

</html>

You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make sure you
specify correct image file name in src attribute. Image name is always case sensitive.

The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text for an image,
if the image cannot be displayed.

Set Image Location

Usually we keep all the images in a separate directory. So let's keep HTML file test.htm in
our home directory and create a subdirectory images inside the home directory where
we will keep our image test.png.

Example
Assuming our image location is "image/test.png", try the following example −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Using Image in Webpage</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Simple Image Insert</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" />
</body>

</html>

Set Image Width/Height

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You can set image width and height based on your requirement using width and height
attributes. You can specify width and height of the image in terms of either pixels or
percentage of its actual size.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Width and Height</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Setting image width and height</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" width =
"150" height = "100"/>
</body>

</html>

Set Image Border

By default, image will have a border around it, you can specify border thickness in terms
of pixels using border attribute. A thickness of 0 means, no border around the picture.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Border</title>
</head>

<body>
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<p>Setting image Border</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border =
"3"/>
</body>

</html>

Set Image Alignment

By default, image will align at the left side of the page, but you can use align attribute
to set it in the center or right.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Set Image Alignment</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Setting image Alignment</p>
<img src = "/html/images/test.png" alt = "Test Image" border =
"3" align = "right"/>
</body>

</html>

Free Web Graphics

For Free Web Graphics including patterns you can look into Free Web Graphics

HTML - Tables
The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other tables,
etc. into rows and columns of cells.
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The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to
create table rows and <td> tag is used to create data cells. The elements under <td>
are regular and left aligned by default

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Tables</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>

</body>
</html>

Here, the border is an attribute of <table> tag and it is used to put a border across all
the cells. If you do not need a border, then you can use border = "0".

Table Heading
Table heading can be defined using <th> tag. This tag will be put to replace <td> tag,
which is used to represent actual data cell. Normally you will put your top row as table
heading as shown below, otherwise you can use <th> element in any row. Headings,
which are defined in <th> tag are centered and bold by default.
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Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Header</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes

There are two attributes called cellpadding and cellspacing which you will use to adjust
the white space in your table cells. The cellspacing attribute defines space between table
cells, while cellpadding represents the distance between cell borders and the content
within a cell.

Example
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Cellpadding</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" cellpadding = "5" cellspacing = "5">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Colspan and Rowspan Attributes

You will use colspan attribute if you want to merge two or more columns into a single
column. Similar way you will use rowspan if you want to merge two or more rows.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
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<title>HTML Table Colspan/Rowspan</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Tables Backgrounds
You can set table background using one of the following two ways −

bgcolor attribute − You can set background color for whole table or just for one
cell.

background attribute − You can set background image for whole table or just for
one cell.

You can also set border color also using bordercolor attribute.

Note − The bgcolor, background, and bordercolor attributes deprecated in

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HTML5. Do not use these attributes.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" bgcolor = "yellow">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Here is an example of using background attribute. Here we will use an image available
in /images directory.
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Background</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" bordercolor = "green" background =
"/images/test.png">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan = "2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td>Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Row 2 Cell 2</td>
<td>Row 2 Cell 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan = "3">Row 3 Cell 1</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Table Height and Width

You can set a table width and height using width and height attributes. You can specify
table width or height in terms of pixels or in terms of percentage of available screen
area.

Example
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Width/Height</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "400" height = "150">
<tr>
<td>Row 1, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 1, Column 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>Row 2, Column 1</td>
<td>Row 2, Column 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Table Caption
The caption tag will serve as a title or explanation for the table and it shows up at the
top of the table. This tag is deprecated in newer version of HTML/XHTML.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table Caption</title>
</head>
Page 57 of 141

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<caption>This is the caption</caption>

<tr>
<td>row 1, column 1</td><td>row 1, columnn 2</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>row 2, column 1</td><td>row 2, columnn 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Table Header, Body, and Footer

Tables can be divided into three portions − a header, a body, and a foot. The head and
foot are rather similar to headers and footers in a word-processed document that remain
the same for every page, while the body is the main content holder of the table.

The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table are −

<thead> − to create a separate table header.

<tbody> − to indicate the main body of the table.

<tfoot> − to create a separate table footer.

A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different pages or groups of
data. But it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before <tbody>

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
Page 58 of 141
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<body>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<thead>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the head of the table</td>
</tr>
</thead>

<tfoot>
<tr>
<td colspan = "4">This is the foot of the table</td>
</tr>
</tfoot>

</table>
</body>

</html>

Nested Tables
You can use one table inside another table. Not only tables you can use almost all the
tags inside table data tag <td>.

Example
Following is the example of using another table and other tags inside a table cell.

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Page 59 of 141

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Table</title>
</head>

<tr>
<td>
<table border = "1" width = "100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ramesh Raman</td>
<td>5000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shabbir Hussein</td>
<td>7000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>

</table>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Lists
HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must
contain one or more list elements. Lists may contain −

<ul> − An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.
Page 60 of 141
<ol> − An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your
items.

<dl> − A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are
arranged in a dictionary.

HTML Unordered Lists

An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence.
This list is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.

Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default,
it is a disc. Following are the possible options −

<ul type = "square">

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "square">

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "square">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "disc"> −

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
Page 62 of 141
<ul type = "disc">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

Example
Following is an example where we used <ul type = "circle"> −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Unordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ul type = "circle">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</body>

</html>

HTML Ordered Lists

If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted, then HTML
ordered list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag. The numbering starts at
one and is incremented by one for each successive ordered list element tagged with
<li>.
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Example

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By
default, it is a number. Following are the possible options −

<ol type = "1"> - Default-Case Numerals.

<ol type = "I"> - Upper-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "i"> - Lower-Case Numerals.
<ol type = "A"> - Upper-Case Letters.
<ol type = "a"> - Lower-Case Letters.

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "1">

Open Compiler
Page 64 of 141

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "1">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

Example
Following is an example where we used <ol type = "I">

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "I">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>
Page 65 of 141

</html>

Example

Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i">

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "i">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

Example

Following is an example where we used <ol type = "A" >

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>
Page 66 of 141

<body>
<ol type = "A">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

Example

Following is an example where we used <ol type = "a">

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "a">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

The start Attribute

You can use start attribute for <ol> tag to specify the starting point of numbering you
need. Following are the possible options −
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<ol type = "1" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with 4.

<ol type = "I" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with IV.
<ol type = "i" start = "4"> - Numerals starts with iv.
<ol type = "a" start = "4"> - Letters starts with d.
<ol type = "A" start = "4"> - Letters starts with D.

Example

Following is an example where we used <ol type = "i" start = "4" >

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Ordered List</title>
</head>

<body>
<ol type = "i" start = "4">
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ol>
</body>

</html>

HTML Definition Lists

HTML and XHTML supports a list style which is called definition lists where entries are
listed like in a dictionary or encyclopedia. The definition list is the ideal way to present a
glossary, list of terms, or other name/value list.

Definition List makes use of following three tags.

<dl> − Defines the start of the list

<dt> − A term
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<dd> − Term definition

</dl> − Defines the end of the list

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Definition List</title>
</head>

<body>
<dl>
<dt><b>HTML</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</dd>
<dt><b>HTTP</b></dt>
<dd>This stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol</dd>
</dl>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Text Links

A webpage can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even
specific parts of a given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.

Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases,
and images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on a
webpage.

Note − I recommend you to go through a short tutorial on Understanding URL

Linking Documents
A link is specified using HTML tag <a>. This tag is called anchor tag and anything
between the opening <a> tag and the closing </a> tag becomes part of the link and a
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user can click that part to reach to the linked document. Following is the simple syntax to
use <a> tag.

<a href = "Document URL" ... attributes-list>Link Text</a>

Example
Let's try following example which links https://www.tutorialspoint.com at your page −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com" target =
"_self">Tutorials Point</a>
</body>

</html>

The target Attribute

We have used target attribute in our previous example. This attribute is used to specify
the location where linked document is opened. Following are the possible options −

Sr.No Option & Description

_blank
1
Opens the linked document in a new window or tab.

_self
2
Opens the linked document in the same frame.

_parent
3
Opens the linked document in the parent frame.
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_top
4
Opens the linked document in the full body of the window.

targetframe
5
Opens the linked document in a named targetframe.

Example
Try following example to understand basic difference in few options given for target
attribute.

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>

<body>
<p>Click any of the following links</p>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank">Opens in New</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_self">Opens in Self</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_parent">Opens in
Parent</a> |
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_top">Opens in Body</a>
</body>

</html>

Use of Base Path

When you link HTML documents related to the same website, it is not required to give a
complete URL for every link. You can get rid of it if you use <base> tag in your HTML
document header. This tag is used to give a base path for all the links. So your browser
will concatenate given relative path to this base path and will make a complete URL.

Example
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Following example makes use of <base> tag to specify base URL and later we can use
relative path to all the links instead of giving complete URL for every link.

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/">
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" target = "_blank">HTML Tutorial</a>
</body>

</html>

Linking to a Page Section

You can create a link to a particular section of a given webpage by using name attribute.
This is a two-step process.

Note − The name attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute.
Use id and title attribute instead.

First create a link to the place where you want to reach with-in a webpage and name it
using <a...> tag as follows −

<h1>HTML Text Links <a name = "top"></a></h1>

Second step is to create a hyperlink to link the document and place where you want to
reach −

<a href = "/html/html_text_links.htm#top">Go to the Top</a>

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Download Links
You can create text link to make your PDF, or DOC or ZIP files downloadable. This is very
simple; you just need to give complete URL of the downloadable file as follows −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/page.pdf">Download PDF
File</a>
</body>

</html>

File Download Dialog Box

Sometimes it is desired that you want to give an option where a user will click a link and
it will pop up a "File Download" box to the user instead of displaying actual content. This
is very easy and can be achieved using an HTTP header in your HTTP response.

For example, if you want make a Filename file downloadable from a given link then its
syntax will be as follows.

#!/usr/bin/perl

# Additional HTTP Header

print "Content-Type:application/octet-stream; name = \"FileName\"\r\n";
print "Content-Disposition:attachment; filename = \"FileName\"\r\n\n";

# Open the target file and list down its content as follows
open( FILE, "<FileName" );

while(read(FILE, $buffer, 100)){

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print("$buffer");
}

Note − For more detail on PERL CGI programs, go through tutorial PERL and CGI.

HTML - Image Links

We have seen how to create hypertext link using text and we also learnt how to use
images in our webpages. Now, we will learn how to use images to create hyperlinks.

Example

It's simple to use an image as hyperlink. We just need to use an image inside hyperlink
at the place of text as shown below −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Image Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
<a href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com" target = "_self">
<img src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Tutorials Point" border =
"0"/>
</a>
</body>

</html>

This was the simplest way of creating hyperlinks using images. Next we will see how we
can create Mouse-Sensitive Image Links.

Mouse-Sensitive Images
The HTML and XHTML standards provides a feature that lets you embed many different
links inside a single image. You can create different links on the single image based on
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different coordinates available on the image. Once different links are attached to
different coordinates, we can click different parts of the image to open target documents.
Such mouse-sensitive images are known as image maps.

There are two ways to create image maps −

Server-side image maps − This is enabled by the ismap attribute of the

<img> tag and requires access to a server and related image-map processing
applications.

Client-side image maps − This is created with the usemap attribute of the
<img> tag, along with corresponding <map> and <area> tags.

Server-Side Image Maps

Here you simply put your image inside a hyper link and use ismap attribute which
makes it special image and when the user clicks some place within the image, the
browser passes the coordinates of the mouse pointer along with the URL specified in the
<a> tag to the web server. The server uses the mouse-pointer coordinates to determine
which document to deliver back to the browser.

When ismap is used, the href attribute of the containing <a> tag must contain the URL
of a server application like a cgi or PHP script etc. to process the incoming request based
on the passed coordinates.

The coordinates of the mouse position are screen pixels counted from the upper-left
corner of the image, beginning with (0,0). The coordinates, preceded by a question
mark, are added to the end of the URL.

For example, if a user clicks 20 pixels over and 30 pixels down from the upper-left corner
of the following image −

Which has been generated by the following code snippet −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>ISMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Click following link</p>
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<a href = "/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi" target = "_self">

</html>

Then the browser sends the following search parameters to the web server which can be
processed by ismap.cgi script or map file and you can link whatever documents you
like to these coordinates −

/cgi-bin/ismap.cgi?20,30

This way you can assign different links to different coordinates of the image and when
those coordinates are clicked, you can open corresponding linked document. To learn
more about ismap attribute, you can check HTML ismap Attribute

Note − You will learn CGI programming when you will study Perl
programming. You can write your script to process these passed coordinates
using PHP or any other script as well. For now, let's concentrate on learning
HTML and later you can revisit this section.

Client-Side Image Maps

Client side image maps are enabled by the usemap attribute of the <img /> tag and
defined by special <map> and <area> extension tags.

The image that is going to form the map is inserted into the page using the <img /> tag
as a normal image, except it carries an extra attribute called usemap. The value of the
usemap attribute is the value which will be used in a <map> tag to link map and image
tags. The <map> along with <area> tags define all the image coordinates and
corresponding links.

The <area> tag inside the map tag, specifies the shape and the coordinates to define the
boundaries of each clickable hotspot available on the image. Here's an example from the
image map −

Open Compiler
Page 76 of 141

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>USEMAP Hyperlink Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Search and click the hotspot</p>
<img src = /images/html.gif alt = "HTML Map" border = "0" usemap
= "#html"/>

<map name = "html">

<area shape = "rect" coords = "5,5,40,40" alt = "jQuery Link"

href = "/jquery/index.htm" target = "_self" />
</map>
</body>

</html>

Coordinate System
The actual value of coords is totally dependent on the shape in question. Here is a
summary, to be followed by detailed examples −

rect = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2
x1 and y1 are the coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle; x2 and y2
are the coordinates of the lower right corner.
circle = xc , yc , radius
xc and yc are the coordinates of the center of the circle, and radius is the circle's
radius. A circle centered at 200,50 with a radius of 25 would have the attribute
coords = "200,50,25"
poly = x1 , y1 , x2 , y2 , x3 , y3 , ... xn , yn
The various x-y pairs define vertices (points) of the polygon, with a "line" being
drawn from one point to the next point. A diamond-shaped polygon with its top
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point at 20,20 and 40 pixels across at its widest points would have the attribute
coords = "20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40".

All coordinates are relative to the upper-left corner of the image (0,0). Each shape has a
related URL. You can use any image software to know the coordinates of different
positions.

HTML - Email Links

It is not difficult to put an HTML email link on your webpage but it can cause unnecessary
spamming problem for your email account. There are people, who can run programs to
harvest these types of emails and later use them for spamming in various ways.

You can have another option to facilitate people to send you emails. One option could be
to use HTML forms to collect user data and then use PHP or CGI script to send an email.

A simple example, check our Contact Us Form. We take user feedback using this form
and then we are using one CGI program which is collecting this information and sending
us email to the one given email ID.

Note − You will learn about HTML Forms in HTML Forms and you will learn about CGI in
our another tutorial Perl CGI Programming.

HTML Email Tag

HTML <a> tag provides you option to specify an email address to send an email. While
using <a> tag as an email tag, you will use mailto: email address along with href
attribute. Following is the syntax of using mailto instead of using http.

<a href = "mailto: [email protected]">Send Email</a>

This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.

Send Email

Now, if a user clicks this link, it launches one Email Client (like Lotus Notes, Outlook
Express etc. ) installed on your user's computer. There is another risk to use this option
to send email because if user do not have email client installed on their computer then it
would not be possible to send email.

Default Settings
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You can specify a default email subject and email body along with your email address.
Following is the example to use default subject and body.

<a href = "mailto:[email protected]?subject = Feedback&body = Message">

Send Feedback
</a>

This code will generate the following link which you can use to send email.

Send Feedback

HTML - Frames
HTML frames are used to divide your browser window into multiple sections where each
section can load a separate HTML document. A collection of frames in the browser
window is known as a frameset. The window is divided into frames in a similar way the
tables are organized: into rows and columns.

Disadvantages of Frames
There are few drawbacks with using frames, so it's never recommended to use frames in
your webpages −

Some smaller devices cannot cope with frames often because their screen is not
big enough to be divided up.
Sometimes your page will be displayed differently on different computers due to
different screen resolution.

The browser's back button might not work as the user hopes.

There are still few browsers that do not support frame technology.

Creating Frames
To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The
<frameset> tag defines, how to divide the window into frames. The rows attribute of
<frameset> tag defines horizontal frames and cols attribute defines vertical frames.
Each frame is indicated by <frame> tag and it defines which HTML document shall open
into the frame.
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Note − The <frame> tag deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this element.

Example
Following is the example to create three horizontal frames −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>

<frameset rows = "10%,80%,10%">

<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
</noframes>

</frameset>

</html>

Example

Let's put the above example as follows, here we replaced rows attribute by cols and
changed their width. This will create all the three frames vertically −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
Page 80 of 141
<head>
<title>HTML Frames</title>
</head>

<frameset cols = "25%,50%,25%">

<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>

</html>

The <frameset> Tag Attributes

Following are important attributes of the <frameset> tag −

Sr.No Attribute & Description

cols
Specifies how many columns are contained in the frameset and the size of
each column. You can specify the width of each column in one of the four ways
−
Absolute values in pixels. For example, to create three vertical frames, use
cols = "100, 500, 100".
A percentage of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical
1 frames, use cols = "10%, 80%, 10%".
Using a wildcard symbol. For example, to create three vertical frames, use
cols = "10%, *, 10%". In this case wildcard takes remainder of the window.
As relative widths of the browser window. For example, to create three vertical
frames, use cols = "3*, 2*, 1*". This is an alternative to percentages. You can
use relative widths of the browser window. Here the window is divided into
sixths: the first column takes up half of the window, the second takes one
third, and the third takes one sixth.

rows
This attribute works just like the cols attribute and takes the same values, but
2 it is used to specify the rows in the frameset. For example, to create two
horizontal frames, use rows = "10%, 90%". You can specify the height of each
row in the same way as explained above for columns.
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border
3 This attribute specifies the width of the border of each frame in pixels. For
example, border = "5". A value of zero means no border.

frameborder
This attribute specifies whether a three-dimensional border should be
4
displayed between frames. This attribute takes value either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).
For example frameborder = "0" specifies no border.

framespacing
This attribute specifies the amount of space between frames in a frameset.
5
This can take any integer value. For example framespacing = "10" means
there should be 10 pixels spacing between each frames.

The <frame> Tag Attributes

Following are the important attributes of <frame> tag −

Sr.No Attribute & Description

src
This attribute is used to give the file name that should be loaded in the frame.
1
Its value can be any URL. For example, src = "/html/top_frame.htm" will load
an HTML file available in html directory.

name
This attribute allows you to give a name to a frame. It is used to indicate
which frame a document should be loaded into. This is especially important
2
when you want to create links in one frame that load pages into an another
frame, in which case the second frame needs a name to identify itself as the
target of the link.

frameborder
This attribute specifies whether or not the borders of that frame are shown; it
3
overrides the value given in the frameborder attribute on the <frameset> tag
if one is given, and this can take values either 1 (yes) or 0 (no).

marginwidth
This attribute allows you to specify the width of the space between the left
4
and right of the frame's borders and the frame's content. The value is given in
pixels. For example marginwidth = "10".

marginheight
This attribute allows you to specify the height of the space between the top
5
and bottom of the frame's borders and its contents. The value is given in
pixels. For example marginheight = "10".
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noresize
By default, you can resize any frame by clicking and dragging on the borders
6
of a frame. The noresize attribute prevents a user from being able to resize
the frame. For example noresize = "noresize".

scrolling
This attribute controls the appearance of the scrollbars that appear on the
7
frame. This takes values either "yes", "no" or "auto". For example scrolling =
"no" means it should not have scroll bars.

longdesc
This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long
8
description of the contents of the frame. For example longdesc =
"framedescription.htm"

Browser Support for Frames

If a user is using any old browser or any browser, which does not support frames then
<noframes> element should be displayed to the user.

So you must place a <body> element inside the <noframes> element because the
<frameset> element is supposed to replace the <body> element, but if a browser does
not understand <frameset> element then it should understand what is inside the
<body> element which is contained in a <noframes> element.

You can put some nice message for your user having old browsers. For example, Sorry!!
your browser does not support frames. as shown in the above example.

Frame's name and target attributes

One of the most popular uses of frames is to place navigation bars in one frame and then
load main pages into a separate frame.

Let's see following example where a test.htm file has following code −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Target Frames</title>
</head>
Page 83 of 141
<frameset cols = "200, *">
<frame src = "/html/menu.htm" name = "menu_page" />
<frame src = "/html/main.htm" name = "main_page" />

<noframes>
<body>Your browser does not support frames.</body>
</noframes>
</frameset>

</html>

Here, we have created two columns to fill with two frames. The first frame is 200 pixels
wide and will contain the navigation menu bar implemented by menu.htm file. The
second column fills in remaining space and will contain the main part of the page and it
is implemented by main.htm file. For all the three links available in menu bar, we have
mentioned target frame as main_page, so whenever you click any of the links in menu
bar, available link will open in main page.

Following is the content of menu.htm file

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body bgcolor = "#4a7d49">

<a href = "https://www.google.com" target =
"main_page">Google</a>
<br />
<br />

<a href = "https://www.microsoft.com" target =

"main_page">Microsoft</a>
<br />
<br />

<a href = "http://news.bbc.co.uk" target = "main_page">BBC

News</a>
</body>

</html>
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Following is the content of main.htm file −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body bgcolor = "#b5dcb3">

<h3>This is main page and content from any link will be displayed
here.</h3>
<p>So now click any link and see the result.</p>
</body>

</html>

Now you can try to click links available in the left panel and see the result. The
targetattribute can also take one of the following values −

Sr.No Option & Description

_self
1
Loads the page into the current frame.

_blank
2
Loads a page into a new browser window. Opening a new window.

_parent
3 Loads the page into the parent window, which in the case of a single frameset
is the main browser window.

_top
4
Loads the page into the browser window, replacing any current frames.

targetframe
5
Loads the page into a named targetframe.

HTML - Iframes
You can define an inline frame with HTML tag <iframe>. The <iframe> tag is not
somehow related to <frameset> tag, instead, it can appear anywhere in your document.
The <iframe> tag defines a rectangular region within the document in which the browser
can display a separate document, including scrollbars and borders. An inline frame is
used to embed another document within the current HTML document.
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The src attribute is used to specify the URL of the document that occupies the inline
frame.

Example
Following is the example to show how to use the <iframe> −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Iframes</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Document content goes here...</p>

<iframe src = "/html/menu.htm" width = "555" height = "200">

Sorry your browser does not support inline frames.
</iframe>

<p>Document content also go here...</p>

</body>

</html>

The <Iframe> Tag Attributes

Most of the attributes of the <iframe> tag, including name, class, frameborder, id,
longdesc, marginheight, marginwidth, name, scrolling, style, and title behave exactly like
the corresponding attributes for the <frame> tag.

Note − The frameborder, marginwidth, longdesc, scrolling, marginheight

attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do not use these attributes.

Sr.No Attribute & Description

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height
6
This attribute specifies the height of <iframe>.

longdesc
This attribute allows you to provide a link to another page containing a long
8
description of the contents of the frame. For example longdesc =
"framedescription.htm"

width
9
This attribute specifies the width of <iframe>.

HTML - Blocks
Page 87 of 141
All the HTML elements can be categorized into two categories (a) Block Level Elements
(b)Inline Elements.

Block Elements
Block elements appear on the screen as if they have a line break before and after them.
For example, the <p>, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <ul>, <ol>, <dl>,
<pre>, <hr />, <blockquote>, and <address> elements are all block level elements.
They all start on their own new line, and anything that follows them appears on its own
new line.

Inline Elements
Inline elements, on the other hand, can appear within sentences and do not have to
appear on a new line of their own. The <b>, <i>, <u>, <em>, <strong>, <sup>,
<sub>, <big>, <small>, <li>, <ins>, <del>, <code>, <cite>, <dfn>, <kbd>, and
<var> elements are all inline elements.

Grouping HTML Elements

There are two important tags which we use very frequently to group various other HTML
tags (i) <div> tag and (ii) <span> tag

The <div> tag

This is the very important block level tag which plays a big role in grouping various other
HTML tags and applying CSS on group of elements. Even now <div> tag can be used to
create webpage layout where we define different parts (Left, Right, Top etc.) of the page
using <div> tag. This tag does not provide any visual change on the block but this has
more meaning when it is used with CSS.

Example
Following is a simple example of <div> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) in
a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <div> tag −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>

<div style = "color:red">
<h4>This is first group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of vegetables</p>

<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</div>

<div style = "color:green">
<h4>This is second group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of fruits</p>

<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Mango</li>
<li>Strawberry</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>

</html>

The <span> tag

The HTML <span> is an inline element and it can be used to group inline-elements in an
HTML document. This tag also does not provide any visual change on the block but has
more meaning when it is used with CSS.

The difference between the <span> tag and the <div> tag is that the <span> tag is
used with inline elements whereas the <div> tag is used with block-level elements.

Example
Page 89 of 141
Following is a simple example of <span> tag. We will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
in a separate chapter but we used it here to show the usage of <span> tag −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p>This is <span style = "color:red">red</span> and this is
<span style = "color:green">green</span></p>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Backgrounds
By default, your webpage background is white in color. You may not like it, but no
worries. HTML provides you following two good ways to decorate your webpage
background.

HTML Background with Colors

HTML Background with Images

Now let's see both the approaches one by one using appropriate examples.

Html Background with Colors

The bgcolor attribute is used to control the background of an HTML element, specifically
page body and table backgrounds.

Note − The bgcolor attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this attribute.

Following is the syntax to use bgcolor attribute with any HTML tag.
Page 90 of 141

<tagname bgcolor = "color_value"...>

This color_value can be given in any of the following formats −

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Background Colors</title>
</head>

<body>

<table bgcolor = "yellow" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
This background is yellow
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table bgcolor = "#6666FF" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
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This background is sky blue
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table bgcolor = "rgb(255,0,255)" width = "100%">
<tr>
<td>
This background is green
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Html Background with Images

The background attribute can also be used to control the background of an HTML
element, specifically page body and table backgrounds. You can specify an image to set
background of your HTML page or table.

Note − The background attribute deprecated in HTML5. Do not use this

attribute.

Following is the syntax to use background attribute with any HTML tag.

Note − The background attribute is deprecated and it is recommended to use

Style Sheet for background setting.

<tagname background = "Image URL"...>

The most frequently used image formats are JPEG, GIF and PNG images.

Example
Here are the examples to set background images of a table.
Page 92 of 141

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>

<body>

<table background = "/images/html.gif" width = "100%" height =
"100">
<tr><td>
This background is filled up with HTML image.
</td></tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds

You might have seen many pattern or transparent backgrounds on various websites. This
simply can be achieved by using patterned image or transparent image in the
background.

It is suggested that while creating patterns or transparent GIF or PNG images, use the
smallest dimensions possible even as small as 1x1 to avoid slow loading.

Example
Here are the examples to set background pattern of a table −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
Page 93 of 141
<title>HTML Background Images</title>
</head>

<body>

<table background = "/images/pattern1.gif" width = "100%" height
= "100">
<tr>
<td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td>
</tr>
</table>

<table background = "/images/pattern2.gif" width = "100%" height
= "100">
<tr>
<td>
This background is filled up with a pattern image.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Colors
Colors are very important to give a good look and feel to your website. You can specify
colors on page level using <body> tag or you can set colors for individual tags using
bgcolor attribute.

The <body> tag has following attributes which can be used to set different colors −

bgcolor − sets a color for the background of the page.

text − sets a color for the body text.

alink − sets a color for active links or selected links.

link − sets a color for linked text.

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vlink − sets a color for visited links − that is, for linked text that you have
already clicked on.

HTML Color Coding Methods

There are following three different methods to set colors in your web page −

Color names − You can specify color names directly like green, blue or red.
Hex codes − A six-digit code representing the amount of red, green, and blue
that makes up the color.
Color decimal or percentage values − This value is specified using the rgb( )
property.

Now we will see these coloring schemes one by one.

HTML Colors - Color Names

You can specify direct a color name to set text or background color. W3C has listed 16
basic color names that will validate with an HTML validator but there are over 200
different color names supported by major browsers.

Note − Check a complete list of HTML Color Name.

W3C Standard 16 Colors

Here is the list of W3C Standard 16 Colors names and it is recommended to use them.

Black Gray Silver White

Yellow Lime Aqua Fuchsia

Red Green Blue Purple

Maroon Olive Navy Teal

Example

Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color name −

Open Compiler
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Name</title>
</head>

<body text = "blue" bgcolor = "green">

<p>Use different color names for for body and table and see the
result.</p>

<table bgcolor = "black">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "white">This text will appear white on
black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

HTML Colors - Hex Codes

A hexadecimal is a 6 digit representation of a color. The first two digits(RR) represent a
red value, the next two are a green value(GG), and the last are the blue value(BB).

A hexadecimal value can be taken from any graphics software like Adobe Photoshop,
Paintshop Pro or MS Paint.

Each hexadecimal code will be preceded by a pound or hash sign #. Following is a list of
few colors using hexadecimal notation.

Color Color HEX

#000000

#FF0000

#00FF00

#0000FF
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#FFFF00

#00FFFF

#FF00FF

#C0C0C0

#FFFFFF

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code in hexadecimal −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Colors by Hex</title>
</head>

<body text = "#0000FF" bgcolor = "#00FF00">

<p>Use different color hexa for for body and table and see the
result.</p>

<table bgcolor = "#000000">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "#FFFFFF">This text will appear white on
black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

HTML Colors - RGB Values

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This color value is specified using the rgb( ) property. This property takes three values,
one each for red, green, and blue. The value can be an integer between 0 and 255 or a
percentage.

Note − All the browsers does not support rgb() property of color so it is
recommended not to use it.

Following is a list to show few colors using RGB values.

Color Color RGB

rgb(0,0,0)

rgb(255,0,0)

rgb(0,255,0)

rgb(0,0,255)

rgb(255,255,0)

rgb(0,255,255)

rgb(255,0,255)

rgb(192,192,192)

rgb(255,255,255)

Example
Here are the examples to set background of an HTML tag by color code using rgb()
values −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Colors by RGB code</title>
</head>
Page 98 of 141
<body text = "rgb(0,0,255)" bgcolor = "rgb(0,255,0)">
<p>Use different color code for for body and table and see the
result.</p>

<table bgcolor = "rgb(0,0,0)">

<tr>
<td>
<font color = "rgb(255,255,255)">This text will appear
white on black background.</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>

</html>

Browser Safe Colors

Here is the list of 216 colors which are supposed to be safest and computer independent
colors. These colors very from hexa code 000000 to FFFFFF and they will be supported
by all the computers having 256 color palette.

000000 000033 000066 000099 0000CC 0000FF

003300 003333 003366 003399 0033CC 0033FF

006600 006633 006666 006699 0066CC 0066FF

009900 009933 009966 009999 0099CC 0099FF

00CC00 00CC33 00CC66 00CC99 00CCCC 00CCFF

00FF00 00FF33 00FF66 00FF99 00FFCC 00FFFF

330000 330033 330066 330099 3300CC 3300FF

333300 333333 333366 333399 3333CC 3333FF

336600 336633 336666 336699 3366CC 3366FF

339900 339933 339966 339999 3399CC 3399FF

33CC00 33CC33 33CC66 33CC99 33CCCC 33CCFF

33FF00 33FF33 33FF66 33FF99 33FFCC 33FFFF

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660000 660033 660066 660099 6600CC 6600FF

663300 663333 663366 663399 6633CC 6633FF

666600 666633 666666 666699 6666CC 6666FF

669900 669933 669966 669999 6699CC 6699FF

66CC00 66CC33 66CC66 66CC99 66CCCC 66CCFF

66FF00 66FF33 66FF66 66FF99 66FFCC 66FFFF

990000 990033 990066 990099 9900CC 9900FF

993300 993333 993366 993399 9933CC 9933FF

996600 996633 996666 996699 9966CC 9966FF

999900 999933 999966 999999 9999CC 9999FF

99CC00 99CC33 99CC66 99CC99 99CCCC 99CCFF

99FF00 99FF33 99FF66 99FF99 99FFCC 99FFFF

CC0000 CC0033 CC0066 CC0099 CC00CC CC00FF

CC3300 CC3333 CC3366 CC3399 CC33CC CC33FF

CC6600 CC6633 CC6666 CC6699 CC66CC CC66FF

CC9900 CC9933 CC9966 CC9999 CC99CC CC99FF

CCCC00 CCCC33 CCCC66 CCCC99 CCCCCC CCCCFF

CCFF00 CCFF33 CCFF66 CCFF99 CCFFCC CCFFFF

FF0000 FF0033 FF0066 FF0099 FF00CC FF00FF

FF3300 FF3333 FF3366 FF3399 FF33CC FF33FF

FF6600 FF6633 FF6666 FF6699 FF66CC FF66FF

FF9900 FF9933 FF9966 FF9999 FF99CC FF99FF

FFCC00 FFCC33 FFCC66 FFCC99 FFCCCC FFCCFF

FFFF00 FFFF33 FFFF66 FFFF99 FFFFCC FFFFFF

HTML - Fonts
Page 100 of 141
Fonts play a very important role in making a website more user friendly and increasing
content readability. Font face and color depends entirely on the computer and browser
that is being used to view your page but you can use HTML <font> tag to add style,
size, and color to the text on your website. You can use a <basefont> tag to set all of
your text to the same size, face, and color.

The font tag is having three attributes called size, color, and face to customize your
fonts. To change any of the font attributes at any time within your webpage, simply use
the <font> tag. The text that follows will remain changed until you close with the
</font> tag. You can change one or all of the font attributes within one <font> tag.

Note −The font and basefont tags are deprecated and it is supposed to be
removed in a future version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's
suggested to use CSS styles to manipulate your fonts. But still for learning
purpose, this chapter will explain font and basefont tags in detail.

Set Font Size

You can set content font size using size attribute. The range of accepted values is from
1(smallest) to 7(largest). The default size of a font is 3.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Setting Font Size</title>
</head>

<body>
<font size = "1">Font size = "1"</font><br />
<font size = "2">Font size = "2"</font><br />
<font size = "3">Font size = "3"</font><br />
<font size = "4">Font size = "4"</font><br />
<font size = "5">Font size = "5"</font><br />
<font size = "6">Font size = "6"</font><br />
<font size = "7">Font size = "7"</font>
</body>
Page 101 of 141

</html>

Relative Font Size

You can specify how many sizes larger or how many sizes smaller than the preset font
size should be. You can specify it like <font size = "+n"> or <font size = "−n">

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Relative Font Size</title>
</head>

</html>

Setting Font Face

You can set font face using face attribute but be aware that if the user viewing the page
doesn't have the font installed, they will not be able to see it. Instead user will see the
default font face applicable to the user's computer.

Example

Open Compiler
Page 102 of 141

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<font face = "Times New Roman" size = "5">Times New Roman</font>
<br />
<font face = "Verdana" size = "5">Verdana</font><br />
<font face = "Comic sans MS" size =" 5">Comic Sans MS</font><br
/>
<font face = "WildWest" size = "5">WildWest</font><br />
<font face = "Bedrock" size = "5">Bedrock</font><br />
</body>

</html>

Specify alternate font faces

A visitor will only be able to see your font if they have that font installed on their
computer. So, it is possible to specify two or more font face alternatives by listing the
font face names, separated by a comma.

<font face = "arial,helvetica">

When your page is loaded, their browser will display the first font face available. If none
of the given fonts are installed, then it will display the default font face Times New
Roman.

Note − Check a complete list of HTML Standard Fonts.

Setting Font Color

You can set any font color you like using color attribute. You can specify the color that
you want by either the color name or hexadecimal code for that color.

Note − You can check a complete list of HTML Color Name with Codes.
Page 103 of 141

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Setting Font Color</title>
</head>

</html>

The <basefont> Element

The <basefont> element is supposed to set a default font size, color, and typeface for
any parts of the document that are not otherwise contained within a <font> tag. You can
use the <font> elements to override the <basefont> settings.

The <basefont> tag also takes color, size and face attributes and it will support relative
font setting by giving size a value of +1 for a size larger or −2 for two sizes smaller.

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Setting Basefont Color</title>
</head>

<body>
<basefont face = "arial, verdana, sans-serif" size = "2" color =
Page 104 of 141
"#ff0000">
<p>This is the page's default font.</p>
<h2>Example of the <basefont> Element</h2>

<p><font size = "+2" color = "darkgray">

This is darkgray text with two sizes larger
</font>
</p>

<p><font face = "courier" size = "-1" color = "#000000">

It is a courier font, a size smaller and black in color.
</font>
</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Forms
HTML Forms are required, when you want to collect some data from the site visitor. For
example, during user registration you would like to collect information such as name,
email address, credit card, etc.

A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post it to a back-end application
such as CGI, ASP Script or PHP script etc. The back-end application will perform required
processing on the passed data based on defined business logic inside the application.

There are various form elements available like text fields, textarea fields, drop-down
menus, radio buttons, checkboxes, etc.

The HTML <form> tag is used to create an HTML form and it has following syntax −

<form action = "Script URL" method = "GET|POST">

form elements like input, textarea etc.
</form>

Form Attributes
Apart from common attributes, following is a list of the most frequently used form
attributes −

Sr.No Attribute & Description

Page 105 of 141

action
1
Backend script ready to process your passed data.

method
2 Method to be used to upload data. The most frequently used are GET and
POST methods.

target
3 Specify the target window or frame where the result of the script will be
displayed. It takes values like _blank, _self, _parent etc.

enctype
You can use the enctype attribute to specify how the browser encodes the
data before it sends it to the server. Possible values are −
4 application/x-www-form-urlencoded − This is the standard method most
forms use in simple scenarios.
mutlipart/form-data − This is used when you want to upload binary data in
the form of files like image, word file etc.

Note − You can refer to Perl & CGI for a detail on how form data upload works.

HTML Form Controls

There are different types of form controls that you can use to collect data using HTML
form −

Text Input Controls

Checkboxes Controls

Radio Box Controls

Select Box Controls

File Select boxes

Hidden Controls

Clickable Buttons

Submit and Reset Button

Text Input Controls

There are three types of text input used on forms −

Single-line text input controls − This control is used for items that require
only one line of user input, such as search boxes or names. They are created
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using HTML <input> tag.

Password input controls − This is also a single-line text input but it masks the
character as soon as a user enters it. They are also created using HTMl <input>
tag.
Multi-line text input controls − This is used when the user is required to give
details that may be longer than a single sentence. Multi-line input controls are
created using HTML <textarea> tag.

Single-line text input controls

This control is used for items that require only one line of user input, such as search
boxes or names. They are created using HTML <input> tag.

Example
Here is a basic example of a single-line text input used to take first name and last name
−

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Text Input Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form >
First name: <input type = "text" name = "first_name" />
<br>
Last name: <input type = "text" name = "last_name" />
</form>
</body>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating text field.
Page 107 of 141

Sr.No Attribute & Description

type
1 Indicates the type of input control and for text input control it will be set to
text.

name
2 Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

value
3
This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.

size
4
Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.

maxlength
5 Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the
text box.

Password input controls

This is also a single-line text input but it masks the character as soon as a user enters it.
They are also created using HTML <input>tag but type attribute is set to password.

Example

Here is a basic example of a single-line password input used to take user password −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Password Input Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form >
User ID : <input type = "text" name = "user_id" />
<br>
Password: <input type = "password" name = "password" />
</form>
Page 108 of 141
</body>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <input> tag for creating password field.

Sr.No Attribute & Description

type
1 Indicates the type of input control and for password input control it will be set
to password.

name
2 Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

value
3
This can be used to provide an initial value inside the control.

size
4
Allows to specify the width of the text-input control in terms of characters.

maxlength
5 Allows to specify the maximum number of characters a user can enter into the
text box.

Multiple-Line Text Input Controls

This is used when the user is required to give details that may be longer than a single
sentence. Multi-line input controls are created using HTML <textarea> tag.

Example
Here is a basic example of a multi-line text input used to take item description −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
Page 109 of 141
<title>Multiple-Line Input Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
Description : <br />
<textarea rows = "5" cols = "50" name = "description">
Enter description here...
</textarea>
</form>
</body>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <textarea> tag.

Sr.No Attribute & Description

name
1 Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

rows
2
Indicates the number of rows of text area box.

cols
3
Indicates the number of columns of text area box

Checkbox Control
Checkboxes are used when more than one option is required to be selected. They are
also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to checkbox..

Example

Here is an example HTML code for a form with two checkboxes −

Open Compiler
Page 110 of 141

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Checkbox Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type = "checkbox" name = "maths" value = "on"> Maths
<input type = "checkbox" name = "physics" value = "on">
Physics
</form>
</body>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for <checkbox> tag.

Sr.No Attribute & Description

type
1 Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set
to checkbox..

name
2 Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

value
3
The value that will be used if the checkbox is selected.

checked
4
Set to checked if you want to select it by default.

Radio Button Control

Radio buttons are used when out of many options, just one option is required to be
selected. They are also created using HTML <input> tag but type attribute is set to
radio.
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Example

Here is example HTML code for a form with two radio buttons −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Radio Box Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type = "radio" name = "subject" value = "maths"> Maths
<input type = "radio" name = "subject" value = "physics">
Physics
</form>
</body>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of attributes for radio button.

Sr.No Attribute & Description

type
1 Indicates the type of input control and for checkbox input control it will be set
to radio.

name
2 Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

value
3
The value that will be used if the radio box is selected.

checked
4
Set to checked if you want to select it by default.
Page 112 of 141

Select Box Control

A select box, also called drop down box which provides option to list down various
options in the form of drop down list, from where a user can select one or more options.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one drop down box

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Select Box Control</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<select name = "dropdown">
<option value = "Maths" selected>Maths</option>
<option value = "Physics">Physics</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of <select> tag −

Sr.No Attribute & Description

name
1 Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

size
2
This can be used to present a scrolling list box.
Page 113 of 141

multiple
3
If set to "multiple" then allows a user to select multiple items from the menu.

Following is the list of important attributes of <option> tag −

Sr.No Attribute & Description

value
1
The value that will be used if an option in the select box box is selected.

selected
2 Specifies that this option should be the initially selected value when the page
loads.

label
3
An alternative way of labeling options

File Upload Box

If you want to allow a user to upload a file to your web site, you will need to use a file
upload box, also known as a file select box. This is also created using the <input>
element but type attribute is set to file.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with one file upload box −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>

<body>
<form>
<input type = "file" name = "fileupload" accept = "image/*" />
</form>
</body>
Page 114 of 141

</html>

Attributes
Following is the list of important attributes of file upload box −

Sr.No Attribute & Description

name
1 Used to give a name to the control which is sent to the server to be
recognized and get the value.

accept
2
Specifies the types of files that the server accepts.

Button Controls
There are various ways in HTML to create clickable buttons. You can also create a
clickable button using <input>tag by setting its type attribute to button. The type
attribute can take the following values −

Sr.No Type & Description

submit
1
This creates a button that automatically submits a form.

reset
2 This creates a button that automatically resets form controls to their initial
values.

button
3 This creates a button that is used to trigger a client-side script when the user
clicks that button.

image
4 This creates a clickable button but we can use an image as background of the
button.

Example
Here is example HTML code for a form with three types of buttons −

Open Compiler
Page 115 of 141

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>

</html>

Hidden Form Controls

Hidden form controls are used to hide data inside the page which later on can be pushed
to the server. This control hides inside the code and does not appear on the actual page.
For example, following hidden form is being used to keep current page number. When a
user will click next page then the value of hidden control will be sent to the web server
and there it will decide which page will be displayed next based on the passed current
page.

Example
Here is example HTML code to show the usage of hidden control −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>File Upload Box</title>
</head>
Page 116 of 141

</html>

HTML - Embed Multimedia

Sometimes you need to add music or video into your web page. The easiest way to add
video or sound to your web site is to include the special HTML tag called <embed>. This
tag causes the browser itself to include controls for the multimedia automatically
provided browser supports <embed> tag and given media type.

You can also include a <noembed> tag for the browsers which don't recognize the
<embed> tag. You could, for example, use <embed> to display a movie of your choice,
and <noembed> to display a single JPG image if browser does not support <embed>
tag.

Example
Here is a simple example to play an embedded midi file −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<embed src = "/html/yourfile.mid" width = "100%" height = "60" >
<noembed><img src = "yourimage.gif" alt = "Alternative Media"
></noembed>
</embed>
</body>
Page 117 of 141

</html>

The <embed> Tag Attributes

Following is the list of important attributes which can be used with <embed> tag.

Note −The align and autostart attributes deprecated in HTML5. Do not use
these attributes.

Sr.No Attribute & Description

align
1
Determines how to align the object. It can be set to either center, left or right.

autostart
2 This boolean attribute indicates if the media should start automatically. You
can set it either true or false.

loop
3 Specifies if the sound should be played continuously (set loop to true), a
certain number of times (a positive value) or not at all (false)

playcount
4 Specifies the number of times to play the sound. This is alternate option for
loop if you are usiong IE.

hidden
5 Specifies if the multimedia object should be shown on the page. A false value
means no and true values means yes.

width
6
Width of the object in pixels

height
7
Height of the object in pixels

name
8
A name used to reference the object.

src
9
URL of the object to be embedded.

10 volume
Page 118 of 141
Controls volume of the sound. Can be from 0 (off) to 100 (full volume).

Supported Video Types

You can use various media types like Flash movies (.swf), AVI's (.avi), and MOV's (.mov)
file types inside embed tag.

.swf files − are the file types created by Macromedia's Flash program.
.wmv files − are Microsoft's Window's Media Video file types.

.mov files − are Apple's Quick Time Movie format.

.mpeg files − are movie files created by the Moving Pictures Expert Group.

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>

</html>

Background Audio
You can use HTML <bgsound> tag to play a soundtrack in the background of your
webpage. This tag is supported by Internet Explorer only and most of the other browsers
ignore this tag. It downloads and plays an audio file when the host document is first
downloaded by the user and displayed. The background sound file also will replay
whenever the user refreshes the browser.

Note − The bgsound tag is deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future

version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use HTML5 tag
Page 119 of 141
audio for adding sound. But still for learning purpose, this chapter will explain bgsound
tag in detail.

This tag is having only two attributes loop and src. Both these attributes have same
meaning as explained above.

Here is a simple example to play a small midi file −

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML embed Tag</title>
</head>

</html>

Examples - 2

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<marquee width = "50%">This example will take only 50%
width</marquee>
</body>

</html>
Page 120 of 141

Examples - 3

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<marquee direction = "right">This text will scroll from left to
right</marquee>
</body>

</html>

Examples - 4

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML marquee Tag</title>
</head>

<body>
<marquee direction = "up">This text will scroll from bottom to
up</marquee>
</body>

</html>

HTML - Header
Page 121 of 141
We have learnt that a typical HTML document will have following structure −

Document declaration tag

<html>

<head>
Document header related tags
</head>

<body>
Document body related tags
</body>

</html>

This chapter will give a little more detail about header part which is represented by HTML
<head> tag. The <head> tag is a container of various important tags like <title>,
<meta>, <link>, <base>, <style>, <script>, and <noscript> tags.

The HTML <title> Tag

The HTML <title> tag is used for specifying the title of the HTML document. Following is
an example to give a title to an HTML document −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Title Tag Example</title>
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

The HTML <meta> Tag

Page 122 of 141
The HTML <meta> tag is used to provide metadata about the HTML document which
includes information about page expiry, page author, list of keywords, page description
etc.

Following are few of the important usages of <meta> tag inside an HTML document −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Meta Tag Example</title>

<meta name = "robots" content = "noindex, nofollow">

</head>

<body>
Page 123 of 141
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

The HTML <base> Tag

The HTML <base> tag is used for specifying the base URL for all relative URLs in a page,
which means all the other URLs will be concatenated into base URL while locating for the
given item.

For example, all the given pages and images will be searched after prefixing the given
URLs with base URL https://www.tutorialspoint.com/ directory −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Base Tag Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
</head>

<body>
<img src = "/images/logo.png" alt = "Logo Image"/>
<a href = "/html/index.htm" title = "HTML Tutorial"/>HTML
Tutorial</a>
</body>

</html>

But if you change base URL to something else, for example, if base URL is
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/home then image and other given links will become like
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/home/images/logo.png and
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/index.htm

The HTML <link> Tag

The HTML <link> tag is used to specify relationships between the current document and
external resource. Following is an example to link an external style sheet file available in
Page 124 of 141
css sub-directory within web root −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML link Tag Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href =
"/css/style.css">
</head>

<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

The HTML <style> Tag

The HTML <style> tag is used to specify style sheet for the current HTML document.
Following is an example to define few style sheet rules inside <style> tag −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML style Tag Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<style type = "text/css">

.myclass {
background-color: #aaa;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
Page 125 of 141
</head>

<body>
<p class = "myclass">Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

Note − To learn about how Cascading Style Sheet works, kindly check a separate tutorial
available at css

The HTML <script> Tag

The HTML <script> tag is used to include either external script file or to define internal
script for the HTML document. Following is an example where we are using JavaScript to
define a simple JavaScript function −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML script Tag Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<script type = "text/JavaScript">

function Hello() {
alert("Hello, World");
}
</script>
</head>

</html>
Page 126 of 141
Note − To learn about how JavaScript works, kindly check a separate tutorial available at
javascript

HTML - Style Sheet

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) describe how documents are presented on screens, in
print, or perhaps how they are pronounced. W3C has actively promoted the use of style
sheets on the Web since the consortium was founded in 1994.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) provide easy and effective alternatives to specify various
attributes for the HTML tags. Using CSS, you can specify a number of style properties for
a given HTML element. Each property has a name and a value, separated by a colon (:).
Each property declaration is separated by a semi-colon (;).

Example
First let's consider an example of HTML document which makes use of <font> tag and
associated attributes to specify text color and font size −

Note − The font tag deprecated and it is supposed to be removed in a future

version of HTML. So they should not be used rather, it's suggested to use CSS
styles to manipulate your fonts. But still for learning purpose, this chapter will
work with an example using the font tag.

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p><font color = "green" size = "5">Hello, World!</font></p>
</body>

</html>

We can re-write above example with the help of Style Sheet as follows −
Page 127 of 141

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<body>
<p style = "color:green; font-size:24px;" >Hello, World!</p>
</body>

</html>

You can use CSS in three ways in your HTML document −

External Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules in a separate .css file and then
include that file in your HTML document using HTML <link> tag.
Internal Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules in header section of the HTML
document using <style> tag.
Inline Style Sheet − Define style sheet rules directly along-with the HTML
elements using style attribute.

Let's see all the three cases one by one with the help of suitable examples.

External Style Sheet

If you need to use your style sheet to various pages, then its always recommended to
define a common style sheet in a separate file. A cascading style sheet file will have
extension as .css and it will be included in HTML files using <link> tag.

Example
Consider we define a style sheet file style.css which has following rules −

.red {
color: red;
}
.thick {
Page 128 of 141
font-size:20px;
}
.green {
color:green;
}

Here we defined three CSS rules which will be applicable to three different classes
defined for the HTML tags. I suggest you should not bother about how these rules are
being defined because you will learn them while studying CSS. Now let's make use of the
above external CSS file in our following HTML document −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML External CSS</title>
<link rel = "stylesheet" type = "text/css" href =
"/html/style.css">
</head>

<body>
<p class = "red">This is red</p>
<p class = "thick">This is thick</p>
<p class = "green">This is green</p>
<p class = "thick green">This is thick and green</p>
</body>

</html>

Internal Style Sheet

If you want to apply Style Sheet rules to a single document only, then you can include
those rules in header section of the HTML document using <style> tag.

Rules defined in internal style sheet overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file.

Example
Page 129 of 141
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules in the
same HTML document using <style> tag −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Internal CSS</title>

<style type = "text/css">

.red {
color: red;
}
.thick{
font-size:20px;
}
.green {
color:green;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<p class = "red">This is red</p>
<p class = "thick">This is thick</p>
<p class = "green">This is green</p>
<p class = "thick green">This is thick and green</p>
</body>

</html>

Inline Style Sheet

You can apply style sheet rules directly to any HTML element using style attribute of the
relevant tag. This should be done only when you are interested to make a particular
change in any HTML element only.

Rules defined inline with the element overrides the rules defined in an external CSS file
as well as the rules defined in <style> element.
Page 130 of 141

Example
Let's re-write above example once again, but here we will write style sheet rules along
with the HTML elements using style attribute of those elements.

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Inline CSS</title>
</head>

<body>
<p style = "color:red;">This is red</p>
<p style = "font-size:20px;">This is thick</p>
<p style = "color:green;">This is green</p>
<p style = "color:green;font-size:20px;">This is thick and
green</p>
</body>

</html>

HTML - JavaScript
A script is a small piece of program that can add interactivity to your website. For
example, a script could generate a pop-up alert box message, or provide a dropdown
menu. This script could be written using JavaScript or VBScript.

You can write various small functions, called event handlers using any of the scripting
language and then you can trigger those functions using HTML attributes.

Now-a-days, only JavaScript and associated frameworks are being used by most of the
web developers, VBScript is not even supported by various major browsers.

You can keep JavaScript code in a separate file and then include it wherever it's needed,
or you can define functionality inside HTML document itself. Let's see both the cases one
by one with suitable examples.

External JavaScript
Page 131 of 141
If you are going to define a functionality which will be used in various HTML documents
then it's better to keep that functionality in a separate JavaScript file and then include
that file in your HTML documents. A JavaScript file will have extension as .js and it will
be included in HTML files using <script> tag.

Example

Consider we define a small function using JavaScript in script.js which has following
code −

function Hello() {
alert("Hello, World");
}

Now let's make use of the above external JavaScript file in our following HTML document
−

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Javascript External Script</title>
<script src = "/html/script.js" type = "text/javascript"/>
</script>
</head>

</html>

Internal Script
You can write your script code directly into your HTML document. Usually we keep script
code in header of the document using <script> tag, otherwise there is no restriction and
you can put your source code anywhere in the document but inside <script> tag.
Page 132 of 141

Example

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>JavaScript Internal Script</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<script type = "text/JavaScript">

function Hello() {
alert("Hello, World");
}
</script>
</head>

</html>

Event Handlers
Event handlers are nothing but simply defined functions which can be called against any
mouse or keyboard event. You can define your business logic inside your event handler
which can vary from a single to 1000s of line code.

Following example explains how to write an event handler. Let's write one simple function
EventHandler() in the header of the document. We will call this function when any user
brings mouse over a paragraph.

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
Page 133 of 141
<head>
<title>Event Handlers Example</title>
<base href = "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/" />

<script type = "text/JavaScript">

function EventHandler() {
alert("I'm event handler!!");
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<p onmouseover = "EventHandler();">Bring your mouse here to see
an alert</p>
</body>

</html>

Hide Scripts from Older Browsers

Although most (if not all) browsers these days support JavaScript, but still some older
browsers don't. If a browser doesn't support JavaScript, instead of running your script, it
would display the code to the user. To prevent this, you can simply place HTML
comments around the script as shown below.

JavaScript Example:
<script type = "text/JavaScript">

</script>

VBScript Example:
<script type = "text/vbscript">

</script>

The <noscript> Element

Page 134 of 141
You can also provide alternative info to the users whose browsers don't support scripts
and for those users who have disabled script option their browsers. You can do this using
the <noscript> tag.

JavaScript Example:
<script type = "text/JavaScript">

</script>

<noscript>Your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>

VBScript Example:
<script type = "text/vbscript">

</script>

<noscript>Your browser does not support VBScript!</noscript>

Default Scripting Language

There may be a situation when you will include multiple script files and ultimately using
multiple <script> tags. You can specify a default scripting language for all your script
tags. This saves you from specifying the language every time you use a script tag within
the page. Below is the example −

<meta http-equiv = "Content-Script-Type" content = "text/JavaScript" />

Note that you can still override the default by specifying a language within the script tag.

HTML - Layouts
A webpage layout is very important to give better look to your website. It takes
considerable time to design a website's layout with great look and feel.

Now-a-days, all modern websites are using CSS and JavaScript based framework to
come up with responsive and dynamic websites but you can create a good layout using
simple HTML tables or division tags in combination with other formatting tags. This
Page 135 of 141
chapter will give you few examples on how to create a simple but working layout for your
webpage using pure HTML and its attributes.

HTML Layout - Using Tables

The simplest and most popular way of creating layouts is using HTML <table> tag. These
tables are arranged in columns and rows, so you can utilize these rows and columns in
whatever way you like.

Example

For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a table with 3 rows
and 2 columns but the header and footer column spans both columns using the colspan
attribute −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Layout using Tables</title>
</head>

<tr>
<td colspan = "2" bgcolor = "#b5dcb3">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign = "top">
<td bgcolor = "#aaa" width = "50">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>

<td bgcolor = "#eee" width = "100" height = "200">

</table>
</body>

</html>

Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables

You can design your webpage to put your web content in multiple pages. You can keep
your content in middle column and you can use left column to use menu and right
column can be used to put advertisement or some other stuff. This layout will be very
similar to what we have at our website tutorialspoint.com.

Example
Here is an example to create three column layout −

Open Compiler

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>Three Column HTML Layout</title>
</head>

<tr valign = "top">

<td bgcolor = "#b5dcb3" height = "200" width = "60%">

Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>

<td bgcolor = "#aaa" width = "20%">

<b>Right Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
</tr>

</html>

HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN

The <div> element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. While the
<div> tag is a block-level element, the HTML <span> element is used for grouping
elements at an inline level.

Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, but tables weren't really
designed as a layout tool. Tables are more suited to presenting tabular data.

Note − This example makes use of Cascading Style Sheet (CSS), so before
understanding this example you need to have a better understanding on how CSS works.

Example

Here we will try to achieve same result using <div> tag along with CSS, whatever you
have achieved using <table> tag in previous example.

Open Compiler
Page 138 of 141

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>HTML Layouts using DIV, SPAN</title>
</head>

<div style = "background-color:#b5dcb3; width:100%">

<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</div>

<div style = "background-color:#aaa; height:200px;

width:100px; float:left;">
<div><b>Main Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>

<div style = "background-color:#eee; height:200px;

width:350px; float:left;" >
<p>Technical and Managerial Tutorials</p>
</div>

<div style = "background-color:#aaa; height:200px;

width:100px; float:right;">
<div><b>Right Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>

<div style = "background-color:#b5dcb3; clear:both">

</div>
Page 139 of 141
</body>

</html>

You can create better layout using DIV, SPAN along with CSS. For more information on
CSS, please refer to CSS Tutorial.

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