Class 9 SST - First Term Detailed Questions &
Answers
History: The French Revolution
Q1. Causes of the French Revolution:
The French Revolution (1789) was caused by social inequality, economic hardship, political conflict,
and the influence of new ideas. The First and Second Estates enjoyed privileges while the Third
Estate bore the burden of taxes. Economic crisis from war debts and poor harvests led to rising
bread prices. King Louis XVI’s weak leadership, along with ideas of Rousseau, Montesquieu, and
Voltaire, inspired the common people to demand change. The success of the American Revolution
also encouraged them.
Q2. Significance of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen:
This 1789 document proclaimed natural rights like liberty, equality, and property. It ended
aristocratic privileges, emphasized people’s sovereignty, and inspired democratic constitutions
globally. However, it initially excluded women and slaves, highlighting limitations that led to later
struggles.
Q3. Who were Jacobins?
Jacobins were radical revolutionaries led by Robespierre. They included small shopkeepers,
artisans, and peasants. They abolished monarchy in 1792 and declared France a republic. They
ruled during the Reign of Terror, when thousands were executed for opposing the revolution.
History: Socialism in Europe & the Russian Revolution
Q1. Who were the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks?
The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, wanted a small, disciplined party and immediate revolution. The
Mensheviks were moderates who preferred gradual reforms and a broad-based party. In 1917, the
Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution.
Q2. Impact of the Russian Revolution:
It ended centuries of Tsarist autocracy and established the first socialist state. Land was
redistributed, industries nationalised, and Soviets gained power. It inspired communist movements
globally, shaped 20th-century geopolitics, and laid the foundation of the USSR.
Q3. April Theses of Lenin:
Lenin called for “Peace, Land, and Bread.” He demanded Russia’s withdrawal from World War I,
land redistribution to peasants, transfer of power to Soviets, and nationalisation of banks and
industries. This programme won popular support for the Bolsheviks.
Geography: India - Size and Location
Q1. India’s latitudinal and longitudinal extent:
- Latitude: 8°4′ N to 37°6′ N
- Longitude: 68°7′ E to 97°25′ E
Importance: It explains climatic diversity (tropical to temperate zones), agriculture patterns, and
nearly 2 hours’ time difference east to west (though IST is uniform).
Q2. Why is the Indian Ocean named after India?
India’s central position and longest coastline in the region gave it dominance. For centuries, India
was the hub of maritime trade and cultural exchange with Asia, Africa, and Europe. This centrality
explains why the ocean was named after India.
Geography: Physical Features of India
Q1. Major Physiographic Divisions:
1. Himalayas – young fold mountains with glaciers and high peaks.
2. Northern Plains – fertile alluvial lands, agriculture hub.
3. Peninsular Plateau – ancient landmass, mineral-rich.
4. Indian Desert – arid, sandy Thar region.
5. Coastal Plains – fertile deltas and trade centres.
6. Islands – Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep.
Q2. Himalayas vs Peninsular Plateau:
Himalayas are young, high fold mountains prone to earthquakes, while the Plateau is old, stable,
and rich in minerals. Himalayas affect climate and river systems, while the Plateau supports mining,
agriculture, and industry.
Political Science: What is Democracy? Why Democracy?
Q1. Define democracy:
Democracy is government by elected representatives of the people. It is based on popular
sovereignty, rule of law, equality, and accountability.
Q2. Arguments in favour of democracy:
- Protects rights and dignity.
- Makes rulers accountable.
- Corrects mistakes peacefully.
- Broad participation leads to better decisions.
- Prevents misuse of power.
Q3. Arguments against democracy:
- Decision-making is slow.
- Elections can be costly and corrupt.
- Majority can suppress minorities.
- Leaders may lack knowledge or focus on short-term gains.
Political Science: Constitutional Design
Q1. Universal Adult Franchise:
Adopted to ensure equality and justice. It gave all citizens, irrespective of caste, gender, or class,
the right to vote. It reflected faith in people’s ability to rule themselves and promoted inclusion.
Q2. Features of the Constitution:
- Longest written constitution.
- Federal with unitary bias.
- Fundamental Rights & Duties.
- Secular, democratic republic.
- Independent judiciary.
- Directive Principles for social justice.
- Emergency provisions.
Economics: The Story of Palampur
Q1. Main Economic Activities:
Farming is main activity, supported by irrigation and modern inputs. Other activities include dairy,
small-scale manufacturing, transport, and shops.
Q2. Fixed vs Working Capital:
- Fixed: Long-term assets like tractors, machines.
- Working: Short-term inputs like seeds, fertilisers, and wages.
Q3. Importance of Human Capital:
Educated and healthy workers are more productive, adopt modern technology, and earn higher
incomes. They improve living standards and ensure development.
