Chapter 3: Control Flow
Control Flow
Control flow statements decide the order in which statements are executed.
if-else Statement
Executes a block of code if condition is true, else executes another block.
switch Statement
Allows multiple choices based on value of a variable.
Loops
for, while, do-while loops for repeated execution.
Break & Continue
break exits the loop, continue skips current iteration.
Chapter 4: Functions
Functions
Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task.
Function Declaration & Definition
Declare before use; define the logic inside function.
Default Arguments & Inline Functions
Default args allow skipping parameters; inline reduces function call overhead.
Function Overloading & Recursion
Same function name with different parameters; recursion is function calling itself.
Chapter 5: Arrays & Strings
Arrays & Strings
Arrays store multiple elements of same type; strings are sequences of characters.
1D & 2D Arrays
1D is single row; 2D is table-like structure.
String Class & Methods
std::string provides many utility methods like length(), substr(), etc.
Chapter 6: Pointers
Pointers
Pointers store memory addresses of variables.
Pointer Arithmetic & Arrays
Pointers can traverse arrays using arithmetic.
Pointers with Functions & Dynamic Memory
Pass pointers to functions; use new/delete for dynamic allocation.
Chapter 7: Structures, Unions & Enums
Structures, Unions & Enums
Structures group variables; unions share memory; enums define named constants.
Chapter 8: OOP Basics
OOP Basics
Classes & Objects are central; encapsulation through access specifiers.
Constructors & Destructors
Special functions called at creation/destruction of objects.
Static & Friend Functions
Static members shared by all objects; friend functions can access private data.
Chapter 9: Inheritance
Inheritance
Allows a class to derive properties of another class.
Types of Inheritance
Single, Multiple, Multilevel, Hierarchical, Hybrid
Function Overriding & Virtual Base Classes
Override parent functions; virtual base avoids duplication.
Chapter 10: Polymorphism
Polymorphism
Ability of one interface to support multiple implementations.
Compile-time: Function/Operator Overloading
Same function/operator with different parameters.
Runtime: Virtual Functions & Abstract Classes
Virtual functions resolved at runtime; abstract classes have pure virtual functions.
Chapter 11: File Handling
File Handling
Read/write data to files using fstream, ifstream, ofstream.
File Modes & Methods
ios::in, ios::out; eof(), seekg(), seekp()
Chapter 12: Templates & Exception Handling
Templates & Exception Handling
Templates allow generic programming; exceptions handle errors.
Try, Catch, Throw
Handle runtime errors gracefully.
Chapter 13: STL (Vectors, Lists, Maps, Stacks, Queues,
Algorithms)
STL (Standard Template Library)
Prebuilt classes & functions: vectors, lists, maps, stacks, queues, algorithms.
Iterators & Algorithms
Traverse containers; algorithms like sort(), find(), etc.
Chapter 14: Projects & Practice
Projects & Practice
Mini projects and exercises to apply concepts.
Placement Tips
Harry shares coding, problem-solving, and interview advice.
