Module 1: Prehistoric Philippines

Important Facts from Module 1 – Prehistoric Era of the Philippines

Significant Dates

c. 67,000 BC – Callao Man

c. 50,000 BC – Start of Stone Age in the Philippines

c. 30,000 BC – Arrival of Negritos

c. 24,000 or 22,000 BC – Tabon Man

21 April 900 – Laguna Copperplate Inscription (end of Prehistoric Era)

Major Discoveries

Callao Man – 67,000-year-old human fossil discovered in Callao Cave, Cagayan.

Tabon Man – Skull and jawbone fragments discovered in Tabon Cave, Palawan.

Manunggul Jar – Secondary burial jar from Manunggul Cave, Palawan.

Key People

F. Landa Jocano – Proposed the Core Population Theory.

H. Otley Beyer – Proposed the Wave Migration Theory.

Peter Bellwood – Proposed the Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis.

Wilhelm Solheim – Proposed the Island Origin Theory (NMTCN).

Dr. Robert B. Fox – Discovered Tabon Man.

William Henry Scott – Critic of land bridge theory.

Important Theories

Wave Migration Theory – Multiple waves of migration into the Philippines.

Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis – Austronesians migrated from Taiwan to the Philippines.

Island Origin Theory (NMTCN) – Cultural diffusion through maritime trade routes.

Core Population Theory – Filipinos as results of local evolution and movement of people.

Notable Places

Callao Cave – Site of Callao Man discovery.

Tabon Cave – Site of Tabon Man discovery.

Manunggul Cave – Site of burial jars.

Cagayan – Location of Callao Cave.

Palawan – Location of Tabon and Manunggul Caves.

Module 2: Prehispanic Philippines

Important Facts from Module 2 – Prehispanic Philippines

Major Cultural Achievements

Development of martial arts and warfare (e.g., kris, kampilan, balaraw, kalasag).

Use of Baybayin writing system; widespread literacy among men and women.

Strong indigenous education and belief systems (epics, oral tradition).

Craft innovations: pottery, textiles, ornaments, and weaponry.

Advances in healing arts and culinary traditions.

Equal rights in matriarchal societies; acceptance of divorce and gender equality.

Pre-colonial agriculture (e.g., swidden farming, root crops, rice).

Key Trade and Maritime Culture

Expert navigators using balangay boats and native compasses.

Trade with Maldives, Japan, China, Borneo, India, Arabia, Thailand, and more.

Use of salambao rafts for fishing and aquaculture.

Use of large sailing vessels (karakao, praos) for trade and transport.

Metallurgy and Mining

Gold mining since 1000 BC; use of gold for adornment, burial, and tools.

Bolinao Skull, Calatagan teeth, and death masks made of gold.

Jewelry crafted from carnelian, agate, pearls, jade, and other materials.

Pottery and Textiles

Rusun jars from Luzon highly valued by Japanese for tea fermentation.
Pottery used in daily life and religious rites.

Banton Cloth from Romblon – oldest textile in Southeast Asia.

Social Structure

Three main classes: Nobles (maharlica), Commoners (aliping namamahay), and Slaves (aliping
saguiguilir).

Barangay system led by Datus.

Customs in marriage, dowries, inheritance, and slavery documented by Fr. Juan de Plasencia.

Spiritual Beliefs and Practices

Main deity: Bathala (all-powerful creator).

Other deities: Tala (morning star), Dian Masalanta (love), Lakapati and Idianale (agriculture).

Concepts of afterlife: Maca (paradise), Kasanaan (hell).

Twelve types of native priests including: catolonan, mangagauay, sonat, pangatahojan,

bayoguin, etc.

Rituals: pandot (worship), nagaanitos (feast), sacrifices and omens.

Module 3: The Coming of the Spaniards

Important Facts from Module 3 – The Coming of the Spaniards

Key Events and Dates

March 16, 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines.

April 27, 1521 – Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan by Lapu-Lapu.

February 13, 1565 – Miguel López de Legazpi arrived and established Spanish presence.

1571 – Manila became the capital of the Spanish East Indies.

Important People

Ferdinand Magellan – Portuguese explorer leading Spanish expedition.

Rajah Humabon – Native ruler of Cebu who allied with Magellan.

Lapu-Lapu – Chieftain of Mactan who resisted Magellan.

Miguel López de Legazpi – Established first Spanish settlement.

Fr. Andres de Urdaneta – Navigator and priest who helped Legazpi.

Rajah Sulayman, Rajah Matanda, Lakandula – Local leaders of Manila.

Colonial Strategies and Policies

Reducción – Policy of resettling natives into organized Christian communities.

Encomienda System – Granted Spanish encomenderos the right to collect tribute.

Christianization – Conversion of natives through friars and missions.

Galleon Trade – Established between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico.

Religious Influence

Mass baptism and church-building campaigns by missionaries.

Introduction of Catholicism and replacement of native beliefs.

Establishment of parishes, convents, and religious schools.

Military and Resistance

Battle of Mactan – First recorded Filipino resistance to foreign rule.

Multiple revolts due to abuses in tribute, forced labor (polo y servicio), and religious
imposition.

Cultural Impact

Introduction of Spanish language, customs, clothing, and food.

Blend of native and Hispanic traditions forming Filipino identity.

Formal education under church supervision.

Module 4: The Return of the Conquistadores

Key Figures, Places, and Events in the Spanish Colonization of the Philippines

Important People & Their Roles/Actions

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi: Led the 1564 expedition. Took Cebu, founded Manila (1571), became
Governor. Died in 1572.

Fray Andres de Urdaneta: Navigator and friar. Discovered return route to the Pacific. Returned
to Spain and died shortly after.
Martin de Goiti: Military leader. Helped conquer Manila (1570). Died in 1574 in battle against
Sioco.

Juan de Salcedo: Legazpi’s grandson. Conquered most of Luzon, founded Vigan, defeated
Limahong. Died in 1576.

King Philip II of Spain: Ordered the colonization of the Philippines.

Lapulapu: Chieftain of Mactan. Defeated and killed Magellan in 1521.

Rajah Tupas: Cebu chieftain. Initially resisted, then surrendered to Legazpi.

Rajah Lakandula: Tondo chieftain. Allied with Spaniards.

Rajah Soliman: Manila chieftain. Resisted Spanish rule and died in battle.

Limahong: Chinese pirate who attacked Manila in 1574. Defeated by Salcedo.

Guido de Lavezares: Succeeded Legazpi as governor. Faced native rebellion.

Important Places & Their Significance

Cebu: First major landing site of Legazpi (1565). Site of initial conquest.

Mactan: Site of Magellan’s death (1521) by Lapulapu.

Bohol: Location of Sikatuna-Legazpi blood compact.

Panay: Temporary Spanish base due to Portuguese threat.

Manila: Conquered in 1570, founded in 1571 as colonial capital.

Tondo: Ruled by Lakandula. Allied with Spaniards.

Vigan: Founded by Salcedo. His residence and encomienda.

Paracale: Gold discovery site by Salcedo.

Ermita: Site where image of Virgin Mary was found.

Important Dates

1521: Magellan's death; conversion of Rajah Humabon and Queen Juana.

1564: Start of Legazpi expedition.

1565: Landing in Cebu.

1569: Relocation to Panay.

1570: Goiti and Salcedo conquer Manila.

1571: Manila founded as capital.

1572: Death of Legazpi.

1574: Limahong's invasion; Goiti's death.

1576: Death of Salcedo.

1580: Union of Spain and Portugal.

1898: Spain cedes the Philippines to the U.S.

Module 5: Three Centuries of Spanish Rule

Summary of Key Figures, Places, Events, and Policies During Spanish Rule in the Philippines

Important People & Their Roles/Actions

Governor-General Bustamante: Reformed corrupt practices, investigated treasury abuse, built

Fort Pilar in Zamboanga. Assassinated in 1719 by a mob incited by friars.

Friars (Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans): Held immense power in governance, education,

and landownership. Opposed reforms, accused of corruption and abuse.

Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora (Gomburza): Executed in 1872 after Cavite
Mutiny; accused of sedition. Their deaths inspired Filipino nationalism.

Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo: Ordered tribute and forced labor policies leading to Cavite
Mutiny. Approved harsh punishments including Gomburza's execution.

Jose Montero y Vidal: Spanish historian who described the Cavite Mutiny as an anti-Spanish
uprising.

Fernando La Madrid: Led the 1872 Cavite Mutiny.

Nicholas Loney: British consul instrumental in developing sugar industry in Negros.

Trinidad Pardo de Tavera: Presented Cavite Mutiny as manipulated by friars, not truly
nationalist.

Fr. Pedro Dandan, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Maximo Paterno: Among those exiled to Marianas
after the Cavite Mutiny.

Important Places & Their Significance

Intramuros: Walled city of Manila where Spanish elite and officials resided.

Binondo: Chinese district in Manila; major trade hub.

Fort San Felipe (Cavite): Site of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny.

Zamboanga: Site of Fort Pilar built by Bustamante.

Manila: Center of Spanish administration, trade, and missionary activity.

Negros: Developed into a sugar industry hub by British and Spanish support.

Key Events and Policies

Cavite Mutiny (1872): Uprising of Filipino soldiers and workers. Used by authorities to crack
down on Filipino activists. Led to Gomburza's execution.

Execution of Gomburza (1872): Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora executed; sparked Filipino
nationalism.

Reduccion: Forced resettlement of natives into centralized towns for easier conversion and
control.

Encomienda System: Land-based tribute system given to Spanish encomenderos; often abused.

Tributo: Annual tax paid by Filipinos (16-60 years old).

Polo y Servicio: Forced labor for 40 days/year, later reduced to 15 days.

Tobacco Monopoly (1781–1881): Farmers forced to grow only tobacco. Profitable for Spain,
harsh on farmers.

Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade: Main trade system with Mexico; benefited only elites.

Frialocracy: System of friar dominance in governance, education, and land ownership.

Privatization of Land: Transformation of communal land to private property; led to native

dispossession.

Obras Pias: Charitable institution that evolved into a bank (precursor to BPI).

Module 6: The Propaganda Movement

📅 Important Dates
 February 17, 1872 – Execution of Gomburza sparked the rise of Filipino national
consciousness.

 May 3, 1882 – José Rizal traveled to Spain to study medicine and begin his reformist
efforts.

 March 21, 1887 – Rizal published Noli Me Tangere, exposing the abuses of Spanish friars.
 October 1, 1888 – Marcelo H. del Pilar fled to Spain after being accused of anti-friar
propaganda.

 February 15, 1889 – La Solidaridad was founded by López Jaena and later edited by del Pilar.

 September 18, 1891 – Rizal published El Filibusterismo, a follow-up to his first novel.

 July 3, 1892 – Rizal founded La Liga Filipina upon returning to the Philippines.

 November 15, 1895 – La Solidaridad ceased publication due to lack of funds.

 December 30, 1896 – Rizal was executed in Bagumbayan, marking the end of the
propaganda era.

🧑 🤝 🧑Important People
 José Rizal – Published two influential novels and founded La Liga Filipina to push for
peaceful reform.

 Marcelo H. del Pilar – Master of satire who led La Solidaridad and wrote anti-friar pamphlets
like Dasalan at Tocsohan.

 Graciano López Jaena – Founded La Solidaridad and wrote “Fray Botod” criticizing friars.

 Ferdinand Blumentritt – Rizal’s Austrian friend who supported the propaganda cause.

 Mariano Ponce – Witnessed and documented del Pilar’s last days in poverty and illness.

📍 Important Places
 Spain – Main base of operations for the Propaganda Movement.

 Barcelona – Where La Solidaridad was first published.

 Madrid – Center of Filipino reformist activity in Europe.

 Calamba, Laguna – Rizal’s hometown; family was evicted from friar-owned land.

 Dapitan, Mindanao – Rizal’s place of exile after the dissolution of La Liga Filipina.

 Bulacan – Del Pilar’s province and early site of anti-friar activism.

 Jaro, Iloilo – Birthplace of Graciano López Jaena.

🔥 Key Actions / Accomplishments

 Propaganda Movement – Advocated reforms such as equal rights, secular education, and
representation in the Spanish Cortes.

 Noli Me Tangere / El Filibusterismo – Novels that awakened nationalist sentiment.

 La Solidaridad – Reformist newspaper that served as the movement’s voice.

 La Liga Filipina – Rizal’s attempt to unite Filipinos in a peaceful, national civic organization.

 Anti-friar satire – Del Pilar’s parodies mocked friars and roused public opposition to
Spanish clerical rule.

 Fray Botod – López Jaena’s satirical work that ridiculed friar corruption and oppression.

 Lobbying in Spain – Del Pilar and others tried to push reforms through Spanish politicians.

Module 7: The First Phase of the Revolution

📅 Important Dates and Events

 January 1892 – Katipunan foundational documents drafted in Manila, declaring
independence from Spain.

 March 1892 – Andres Bonifacio joined Masonic Triangulo Taliba under the alias 'Sinukuan'.

 3 July 1892 – José Rizal founded La Liga Filipina in Tondo, attended by Bonifacio.

 7 July 1892 – Bonifacio, Diwa, Plata, Diaz, and Arellano founded the Katipunan in Manila.

 5 August 1892 – Katipunan revised its constitution and adopted the triangle recruitment
system.

 2 September 1892 – Bonifacio signed a Katipunan document as 'Maypagasa' and authorized

expansion to Mindanao.

 October 1892 – Deodato Arellano became the first Supreme President of the Katipunan.

 6 December 1892 – Triangle system was abandoned; mass Masonic-style initiations began.

 February 1893 – Roman Basa replaced Arellano as Supreme President.

 April 1893 – Domingo Franco, Arellano, and Mabini revived La Liga Filipina with civic aims.

 23 July 1893 – Emilio Jacinto appeared at a Katipunan meeting and gave a nationalistic
speech.

 September–October 1893 – La Liga Filipina dissolved due to internal conflict; Bonifacio

leaned toward revolution.

 March 1894 – Bonifacio married Gregoria de Jesus in Binondo and a Katipunan wedding.

 4 January 1894 – Katipunan adopted a new constitution and formed Sangguniang Bayan
councils.
 10–11 April 1895 – Bonifacio led a symbolic expedition to Pamitinan Caves in Montalban.

 November 1895 – Gregoria returned to Caloocan to give birth to Andres Jr.

 30 Nov – 1 Dec 1895 – Supreme Assembly in Caloocan purged 46 inactive/critical members.

 24–25 December 1895 – New Katipunan council elected: Bonifacio (President), Jacinto
(Secretary), Valenzuela (Fiscal).

🧑 🤝 🧑Important People
 Andres Bonifacio – Founder and leader of the Katipunan; advocated revolution against
Spain.

 Jose Rizal – Founded La Liga Filipina to promote peaceful reform.

 Emilio Jacinto – Advisor and secretary of the Katipunan; wrote nationalistic literature.

 Gregoria de Jesus – Wife of Bonifacio; custodian of Katipunan documents and member of

women’s section.

 Deodato Arellano – First Supreme President of the Katipunan.

 Roman Basa – Succeeded Arellano as Supreme President of the Katipunan.

 Apolinario Mabini – Secretary of the revived La Liga Filipina.

 Domingo Franco – President of revived La Liga Filipina.

 Pio Valenzuela – Katipunan member who later became fiscal in the new Supreme Council.

📍 Important Places
 Manila – Location where Katipunan was secretly organized and expanded.

 Tondo – Site of La Liga Filipina's founding.

 Binondo – Location of Bonifacio and Gregoria de Jesus’s church wedding.

 Montalban – Where Bonifacio led a symbolic oath-taking in the Pamitinan Caves.

 Caloocan – Site of the Supreme Assembly and later headquarters of Katipunan.

🔥 Key Actions / Accomplishments

 Foundation of the Katipunan to initiate armed revolution against Spain.

 Drafting and revisions of the Katipunan constitution.

 Establishment of La Liga Filipina for peaceful reforms.

 Recruitment using triangle method, later replaced by mass initiations.

 Symbolic acts of rebellion such as the oath at Pamitinan Caves.

 Reorganization of the Katipunan into regional councils and assemblies.

 Internal purging of uncommitted members to solidify revolutionary leadership.

Module 8: The Pact of Biak-na-Bato

📅 Important Dates and Events

 14 December 1897 – Treaty of Biak-na-Bato was signed between Aguinaldo and the Spanish
authorities.

 February 1898 – Target deadline for full surrender of arms and payment completion as part
of the treaty.

🧑 🤝 🧑Important People
 Emilio Aguinaldo – Signed the treaty and agreed to go into exile in Hong Kong.

 Don Pedro Alejandro Paterno – Acted as sole mediator between the revolutionaries and
Spanish Governor-General.

 General Primo de Rivera – Spanish Captain-General who negotiated and partly fulfilled the
agreement.

 Don Miguel Primo de Rivera – Nephew of the general who later told Aguinaldo he could not
return to Manila.

📍 Important Places
 Biak-na-Bato – Revolutionary base and site where the peace pact was negotiated and
signed.

 Hong Kong – Exile destination for Aguinaldo and his associates as agreed in the treaty.

 Manila Cathedral – Site of the Te Deum sung to celebrate peace (per Spanish conditions).

🔥 Key Actions / Accomplishments

 Negotiation of peace terms between Spanish authorities and Filipino revolutionaries through
Pedro Paterno.

 Agreement to exile Aguinaldo and companions in exchange for payment and surrender of
arms.

 Revolutionaries surrendered over 1,000 firearms as part of the treaty obligations.

 Spanish authorities paid only the first $400,000 of the promised $800,000 indemnity.

 Spain failed to implement agreed reforms, expel friars, or establish autonomy, breaking
the treaty terms.

Module 9: The Second Phase of the Revolution

📅 Important Dates and Events

 16 March & 6 April 1898 – Aguinaldo met with U.S.S. Petrel’s commander on U.S. support
for renewed revolution.

 5 April 1898 – Isabelo Artacho demanded $200,000, claiming unpaid salary from Biak-na-
Bato.

 7 April 1898 – Aguinaldo left Hong Kong secretly via s.s. Taisany.

 21 April 1898 – Aguinaldo arrived in Singapore and was contacted by U.S. Consul Spencer
Pratt.

 22 April 1898 – Pratt and Aguinaldo met to discuss renewed revolution with U.S. support.

 25 April 1898 – Final meeting at U.S. Consulate; Aguinaldo told to return to Hong Kong for
transfer.

 26 April 1898 – Aguinaldo boarded s.s. Malacca to return to Hong Kong.

 1 May 1898 – Aguinaldo arrived in Hong Kong; Dewey had already left for Manila.

 7 May 1898 – News of Dewey’s naval victory reached Hong Kong.

 16 May 1898 – Orders arrived for Aguinaldo’s return to the Philippines via U.S.S. McCulloch.

 17 May 1898 – Aguinaldo departed for Manila.

 19 May 1898 – Aguinaldo arrived in Cavite; met by Admiral Dewey and received with honors.

 20 May 1898 – Luciano San Miguel tasked to organize uprisings across Luzon.

 21–23 May 1898 – Mass enlistment of volunteers at Aguinaldo’s headquarters in Cavite.

🧑 🤝 🧑Important People
 Emilio Aguinaldo – Led renewed revolution after returning from exile; coordinated uprisings
in Luzon.

 Spencer Pratt – U.S. Consul in Singapore who negotiated Aguinaldo's return with verbal
promises.
 Admiral George Dewey – Promised arms and support to Aguinaldo after defeating Spanish
fleet in Manila Bay.

 Isabelo Artacho – Claimed $200,000 from Biak-na-Bato funds, causing conflict and
suspicion.

 Rounsevelle Wildman – U.S. Consul in Hong Kong; helped organize and fund arms shipments
for revolution.

 Luciano San Miguel – Veteran officer tasked to organize uprisings across several Luzon
provinces.

 John Barrett – Former U.S. diplomat who accompanied Aguinaldo on his return and visited
later in Cavite.

📍 Important Places
 Hong Kong – Exile location of Aguinaldo and site of arms negotiations.

 Singapore – Where Aguinaldo secretly met with U.S. officials before returning to the
Philippines.

 Mir's Bay – Location of Dewey’s fleet near Hong Kong.

 Manila Bay – Site of U.S. naval victory against Spain.

 Cavite – Landing site and headquarters for renewed revolutionary activity.

 Dalajican – Occupied by Filipino volunteers to prevent Spanish attack route.

🔥 Key Actions / Accomplishments

 Renewed Filipino revolution with U.S. encouragement and promises of independence.

 Secret meetings in Singapore and Hong Kong laid groundwork for return and arms shipment.

 U.S. provided initial arms, including Mausers and ammunition, to support Filipino uprising.

 Mass volunteer enlistment at Cavite to resume the fight against Spain.

 Orders issued to provincial leaders to initiate coordinated uprisings.

 Admiral Dewey assured recognition of Philippine independence and advised creation of a

national flag.
Module 10: The First Philippine Republic

📅 Important Dates and Events

 12 June 1898 – Proclamation of Philippine Independence held in Kawit, Cavite.

 4 July 1898 – First American military expedition under General Anderson arrived in Cavite.

 13 August 1898 – Mock Battle of Manila staged to exclude Filipino troops from city takeover.

 September 1898 – Malolos Congress convened to draft the Philippine Constitution.

 January 1899 – Aguinaldo inaugurated as President of the First Philippine Republic.

 4 February 1899 – Start of the Philippine-American War due to skirmishes in Manila.

 23 March 1901 – Aguinaldo captured in Palanan, Isabela by U.S. forces led by General
Funston.

 4 July 1902 – U.S. declared end of the Philippine-American War.

🧑 🤝 🧑Important People
 Emilio Aguinaldo – Declared independence, became president of the First Republic, later
captured by Americans.

 Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista – Proclaimed independence and drafted the Declaration of

Independence.

 Admiral George Dewey – Promised support to Aguinaldo but later denied Filipino entry into
Manila.

 General Wesley Merritt – U.S. general who led forces during takeover of Manila.

 General Thomas Anderson – Led the first U.S. military expedition to the Philippines.

 General Frederick Funston – Captured Aguinaldo in Palanan by pretending to be a prisoner.

 Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora – Martyred priests whose unjust execution
inspired revolutionary fervor.

 L.M. Johnson – American who attended the independence proclamation in Kawit.

📍 Important Places
 Kawit, Cavite – Site of the Philippine independence proclamation on June 12, 1898.

 Malolos, Bulacan – Seat of the First Philippine Congress and Constitution drafting.

 Manila – Strategic site taken by Americans while excluding Filipino forces.

 Palanan, Isabela – Site where Aguinaldo was captured by U.S. forces.

 Santa Mesa – Location of first shots fired in the Philippine-American War.

🔥 Key Actions / Accomplishments

 Declared independence from Spain after 300 years of colonial rule.

 Established the First Philippine Republic, the first democratic government in Asia.

 Signed a Constitution via the Malolos Congress.

 Engaged in war against the United States after betrayal of promises for independence.

 Fought American occupation through conventional and guerrilla warfare.

 Produced the symbolic Philippine flag representing Katipunan, Luzon, Visayas, and
Mindanao.

 Captured Spanish garrisons across Luzon before being sidelined by American forces.

Module 11: The American Duplicity

📅 Important Dates and Events

 13 August 1898 – Mock Battle of Manila where U.S. and Spanish troops staged a surrender
without Filipino participation.

 October 1898 – Admiral Dewey seized Filipino steamers and launches without explanation.

 4 January 1899 – General Otis issued a proclamation asserting U.S. sovereignty in the
Philippines.

 9 January 1899 – General Otis issued an order inviting Filipino Commission for negotiation.

 11–31 January 1899 – Conferences of the Mixed Commission between Americans and
Filipinos held in Manila.

🧑 🤝 🧑Important People
 Emilio Aguinaldo – President of the Philippine Republic; initially trusted Americans, later
protested betrayal.

 Admiral George Dewey – Initially cooperated with Filipinos but later denied Filipino
independence efforts.

 General Wesley Merritt – U.S. General involved in Manila occupation; excluded Filipinos
from final surrender.
 General Elwell Otis – Successor to Merritt who asserted U.S. sovereignty and provoked
hostilities.

 Mr. Schurman – President of the American Commission sent to negotiate with Filipinos.

 Sr. Reyna – Filipino telegraphist arrested by Otis for alleged conspiracy.

 General Noriel – Filipino General who captured Spanish trenches but was ordered to return
arms to Americans.

 General Pio del Pilar – Led attacks on Spanish positions near Sampalok and Puente Colgante.

 General Gregorio del Pilar – Captured several northern Manila suburbs during the offensive.

 General Ricarte – Routed Spanish troops in Santa Ana.

📍 Important Places
 Manila – Site of American betrayal and mock battle excluding Filipino troops.

 Maytubig – Area where Americans requested and were given trenches by Filipinos.

 Pasay and Singalong – Frontline areas occupied by American troops after Filipino withdrawal.

 Malolos – Headquarters of the Revolutionary Government during U.S. military actions.

 Arroceros Market – Site of civilian killings by American soldiers.

 Tondo – Site of telegraph office searched and seized by American forces.

 Luneta and Santa Lucia – Landing sites for U.S. troops during the Battle of Manila.

🔥 Key Actions / Accomplishments

 Americans staged a mock battle to prevent Filipino entry into Manila and claim full credit for
victory.

 Filipinos cooperated by surrendering trenches and captured arms to Americans, trusting

their promises.

 Admiral Dewey and General Otis began excluding Filipino leaders from decision-making and
military actions.

 American troops committed abuses and atrocities against civilians, provoking unrest.

 Aguinaldo attempted to maintain diplomacy through Commissions despite mounting American

hostility.

 The U.S. issued a proclamation of sovereignty, prompting Aguinaldo to consider war as

necessary response.
 Mixed Commission meetings showed Filipino desire for independence but Americans denied
recognition.

Module 12: The Capture of Aguinaldo

📅 Important Dates and Events

 4 February 1899 – Outbreak of the Philippine-American War after U.S. troops fired on
Filipino soldiers.

 8 February 1901 – Cecilio Segismundo captured carrying coded dispatches from Aguinaldo.

 6 March 1901 – Funston’s group departed from Manila aboard the gunboat Vicksburg.

 12 March 1901 – Landing near Casiguran to begin overland journey to Palanan.

 14 March 1901 – Funston’s party set off for Palanan.

 23 March 1901 – Emilio Aguinaldo captured in Palanan through deception and ambush.

 25 March 1901 – Funston’s group and prisoners boarded Vicksburg in Palanan Bay.

 28 March 1901 – Funston arrived in Manila with Aguinaldo and two other prisoners.

 19 April 1901 – Aguinaldo issued proclamation urging Filipinos to lay down arms.

 4 July 1902 – U.S. President Roosevelt officially declared the insurrection over.

🧑 🤝 🧑Important People
 Emilio Aguinaldo – President of the Philippine Republic captured by U.S. forces in Palanan.

 Frederick Funston – U.S. Brigadier General who devised and led the plan to capture
Aguinaldo.

 Cecilio Segismundo – Aguinaldo’s trusted courier who was captured with critical dispatches.

 Simon Villa – Aguinaldo’s chief of staff who met Funston’s disguised troops.

 Hilario Tal Placido – Former rebel officer who helped deceive Aguinaldo and tackled him.

 Dionisio Bato – Posed as rebel officer in Funston’s column.

 Gregorio Cadhit – Another Filipino collaborator in the deception plan.

 Lazaro Segovia – Spaniard who decoded dispatches and participated in the ruse.

 Burton J. Mitchell – Funston’s cousin and aide, posed as American POW.

 General Arthur MacArthur – Approved Funston’s risky plan for Aguinaldo's capture.

📍 Important Places
 Palanan, Isabela – Aguinaldo’s mountain hideout and location of his capture.

 San Isidro – Funston’s headquarters where intelligence on Aguinaldo was first obtained.

 Casiguran – Landing point of Funston’s group before journey to Palanan.

 Dinundungan – Temporary detention site for the American 'prisoners' in the ruse.

 Manila – Arrival point of Aguinaldo and announcement of his capture.

 Palanan Bay – Where U.S. gunboat Vicksburg met Funston's group post-capture.

🔥 Key Actions / Accomplishments

 Funston used captured dispatches to impersonate rebel reinforcements and deceive
Aguinaldo.

 Macabebe scouts disguised as rebels executed the ambush inside Aguinaldo’s headquarters.

 Aguinaldo’s capture marked the symbolic end of organized Filipino resistance to American
rule.

 Aguinaldo later issued a proclamation calling on Filipinos to accept U.S. sovereignty.

 Funston’s plan was considered daring and controversial, earning both praise and criticism.

 The capture demoralized Filipino forces and led to reduced resistance in the north.

Module 13: The American Rule

📅 Important Dates and Events

 21 December 1898 – President McKinley issued the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation.

 20 January 1899 – First Philippine Commission appointed by McKinley.

 4 March 1899 – First Philippine Commission arrived in Manila.

 8 May 1899 – Pedro Paterno's 'peace' cabinet replaced Apolinario Mabini's revolutionary
cabinet.

 2 November 1899 – Commission released preliminary report declaring Filipinos unfit for
independence.

 16 March 1900 – Second Philippine Commission (Taft Commission) appointed.

 1 September 1900 – Taft Commission began exercising legislative powers.

 3 March 1901 – Spooner Amendment passed by U.S. Congress authorizing civil government.

 1 July 1901 – Civil government inaugurated with Taft as Civil Governor.

 3 February 1903 – Title changed from Civil Governor to Governor-General.

 July 1902 – Philippine Organic Act ratified McKinley’s executive order and established a
Philippine Legislature.

 2 July 1902 – U.S. Secretary of War declared the Philippine insurrection over.

 4 July 1902 – President Theodore Roosevelt issued a general amnesty and declared peace.

 16 April 1902 – General Miguel Malvar surrendered, marking the effective end of resistance.

 9 April 2002 – President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo declared April 16, 1902 as the war’s end
date.

🧑 🤝 🧑Important People
 William McKinley – U.S. President who issued the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation and
established rule.

 Jacob Schurman – Chair of the First Philippine Commission; argued Filipinos were unfit for
independence.

 Apolinario Mabini – Headed revolutionary cabinet that was briefly replaced by Paterno’s
cabinet.

 Pedro Paterno – Led 'peace' cabinet in 1899 before being arrested by Gen. Luna.

 Antonio Luna – Arrested Paterno and reinstated Mabini's revolutionary cabinet.

 William Howard Taft – Led the Second Philippine Commission and became the first Civil
Governor.

 Theodore Roosevelt – U.S. President who declared amnesty and the official end of the war.

 Miguel Malvar – Last Filipino general to surrender in the Philippine-American War.

 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo – Declared April 16, 1902 as the war's official end during its
centennial.

📍 Important Places
 Washington, D.C. – Where McKinley issued the Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation.

 Manila – Location where the U.S. established control and commissions began work.
 Batangas, Lipa, Tanauan – Areas recognized in 2002 as significant for ending the revolution.

🔥 Key Actions / Accomplishments

 U.S. replaced military rule with civil government led by American-appointed officials.

 Created public school system using English and recruited American teachers known as
Thomasites.

 Disestablished the Catholic Church and redistributed its land.

 Established a bicameral legislature including elected lower house and appointed upper house.

 Implemented a civil service and judicial system including a Supreme Court.

 Proclaimed intentions of 'benevolent assimilation' but maintained centralized American

control.

 Resistance continued until 1913, with various guerrilla and religious-based movements still
active.

Module 14: The Philippine Commonwealth

📅 Important Dates and Events

 December 1932 – U.S. Congress passed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act promising Philippine
independence.

 1933 – American Congress overrode President Hoover’s veto and passed the
Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act.

 30 July 1934 – Constitutional Convention convened in Manila.

 8 February 1935 – Draft of the 1935 Constitution approved by convention.

 23 March 1935 – Constitution approved by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

 14 May 1935 – Constitution ratified by popular vote.

 16 September 1935 – Presidential elections held; Manuel L. Quezon elected.

 15 November 1935 – Inauguration of the Philippine Commonwealth in Manila.

 24 December 1941 – Commonwealth Army HQ closed due to Japanese invasion.

 2 January 1942 – Japanese forces occupied Manila.

 4 July 1946 – The United States recognized Philippine independence.

🧑 🤝 🧑Important People
 Manuel L. Quezon – First President of the Commonwealth; led preparations for
independence.

 Sergio Osmeña – Vice President under Quezon; Nacionalista Party member.

 Franklin D. Roosevelt – U.S. President who approved the 1935 Constitution.

 Emilio Aguinaldo – Ran against Quezon in 1935 presidential elections.

 Gregorio Aglipay – Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader and presidential candidate in 1935.

 Herbert Hoover – Vetoed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, later overridden by Congress.

📍 Important Places
 Manila – Site of Commonwealth inauguration and major political events.

 Ermita – Location of the Commonwealth Army’s general headquarters.

 Mindanao – Target of colonization and development under Commonwealth policies.

🔥 Key Actions / Accomplishments

 Established a transitional government for Philippine independence under the
Tydings–McDuffie Act.

 Held democratic elections with Quezon as the first elected President of the Commonwealth.

 Adopted the 1935 Constitution which structured the republican government.

 Declared Tagalog as the basis of the national language in 1937.

 Instituted women's suffrage and economic recovery policies before Japanese occupation.

 Initiated major national defense efforts via the National Defense Act of 1935.

 Faced economic and political instability due to global depression and regional threats.

 Philippine independence recognized on July 4, 1946, after Japanese occupation ended.

Module 15: The Japanese Interlude

📅 Important Dates and Events

 1 September 1939 – Germany invaded Poland, starting WWII in Europe.

 7 December 1941 – Japan bombed Pearl Harbor.

 8 & 10 December 1941 – Japan bombed Davao, Tuguegarao, Iba, Clark Field, Cavite naval
base, Nichols Field.

 24 December 1941 – MacArthur and Quezon retreated to Bataan; Manila declared open city.

 2 January 1942 – Japanese occupied Manila.

 11 March 1942 – MacArthur left Corregidor.

 9 April 1942 – Fall of Bataan and start of Death March.

 7 May 1942 – Fall of Corregidor.

 29 March 1942 – HUKBALAHAP founded by Luis Taruc.

 14 October 1943 – Second Philippine Republic inaugurated with Jose P. Laurel as President.

 20 October 1944 – MacArthur and Osmeña landed in Leyte.

 3 February 1945 – Battle and liberation of Manila began.

 5 July 1945 – Philippines declared fully liberated by MacArthur.

 6 & 9 August 1945 – Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

 14 August 1945 – Japan surrendered.

 2 September 1945 – Formal surrender of Japan aboard USS Missouri.

 4 July 1946 – Philippine Independence granted by the U.S.

🧑 🤝 🧑Important People
 Adolf Hitler – Started WWII by invading Poland.

 Franklin D. Roosevelt – U.S. President during Pearl Harbor and much of WWII.

 General Douglas MacArthur – Led U.S. and Filipino forces; vowed 'I shall return'.

 General Masaharu Homma – Led Japanese forces in invading the Philippines.

 Jose P. Laurel – President of the Second Philippine Republic.

 Luis Taruc – Founded the HUKBALAHAP resistance movement.

 Jose Abad Santos – Executed for refusing allegiance to Japan.

 Emperor Hirohito – Japanese emperor who announced surrender.

 PM Hideki Tōjō – Japanese Prime Minister tried and executed for war crimes.
 Benigno Ramos – Led Ganaps and co-founded Makapili.

 Sergio Osmeña – Commonwealth President upon return from exile.

 Manuel Quezon – President who fled to the U.S.; died in 1944.

 General Jonathan Wainwright – Succeeded MacArthur as USAFFE commander.

 General Tomoyuki Yamashita – Japanese commander during final battles in Luzon.

📍 Important Places
 Pearl Harbor – Site of Japanese surprise attack against the U.S.

 Manila – Declared open city and later occupied and liberated.

 Bataan & Corregidor – Sites of key U.S.-Filipino resistance and later surrender.

 Mariveles to Capas – Route of the Bataan Death March.

 Malabang, Lanao del Sur – Where Jose Abad Santos was executed.

 Leyte – Landing point of returning American forces.

 Hiroshima & Nagasaki – Cities destroyed by atomic bombs.

 Tokyo Bay – Location of Japan's formal surrender aboard USS Missouri.

🔥 Key Actions / Accomplishments

 Japan launched a surprise attack on U.S. and Philippine territories.

 Declared Manila an open city to avoid destruction, but Japanese still occupied it.

 Executed the Bataan Death March, resulting in massive Filipino and American casualties.

 Formed the Second Philippine Republic under Japanese supervision with Laurel as President.

 Used propaganda and local collaborators like KALIBAPI, MAKAPILI, and Ganaps to gain
control.

 Resistance continued through guerilla movements like HUKBALAHAP and ROTC Hunters.

 Allied forces led by MacArthur returned, culminating in the liberation of Manila and the
country.

 Japan surrendered after atomic bombings; Philippines granted independence in 1946.

Module 16: The Philippine Struggle for Independence After 1945

📅 Important Dates and Events

 29 February 1945 – Japanese left Manila, leaving the city in ruins.

 May 1945 – Truman committed U.S. to war-damage aid for Philippines.

 4 July 1946 – The United States granted Philippine independence.

 1951 – Mutual Defense Treaty signed between the U.S. and Philippines.

 1953 – Philippine outrage over base negotiations with the U.S.

 1991 – Philippine Senate rejected renewal of U.S. military base agreement.

 17 March 2018 – Philippines withdrew from the International Criminal Court.

 March 2019 – Mike Pompeo assured U.S. defense support for Philippines in South China
Sea.

 February 2020 – Duterte announced VFA termination.

 1 June 2020 – Duterte reinstated the Visiting Forces Agreement.

🧑 🤝 🧑Important People
 General Douglas MacArthur – Advocated rapid transfer of independence and favored Manuel
Roxas.

 Sergio Osmeña – Proposed People’s Court, reinstituted U.S.-style democracy post-war.

 Jose Laurel – Served as president of Japanese puppet republic.

 Manuel Roxas – Became favored leader after WWII; granted independence under U.S.
terms.

 Paul McNutt – U.S. High Commissioner who criticized MacArthur's trust in elites.

 Luis Taruc – Leader of HUKBALAHAP communist insurgents.

 Vicente Lava – Merged Marxist guerilla forces; communist leader with U.S. education.

 Harry Truman – U.S. President who approved aid but prioritized Cold War containment.

 Emmanuel Pelaez – Walked out of U.S. base talks in 1953; later became Vice President.

 Rodrigo Duterte – Shifted foreign policy from U.S. to China and Russia, but reinstated VFA.

 Mike Pompeo – Reaffirmed U.S. defense of the Philippines in 2019.

📍 Important Places
 Manila – Heavily damaged in WWII; center of political reinstitution after liberation.

 Tokyo – MacArthur exercised post-war power; contrasted with Philippine occupation policy.

 South China Sea / West Philippine Sea – Disputed waters tested U.S.-PH defense treaties.

 ASEAN / AEC – Philippines expanded foreign relations to reduce U.S.-China tension

reliance.

 Malacañang – Philippine government base of key post-war political decisions.

🔥 Key Actions / Accomplishments

 Philippines gained independence on July 4, 1946 under conditions favoring the U.S.

 Signed the Bell Trade Act with free trade and 'parity rights' for Americans.

 U.S. retained 99-year lease on bases and restricted Philippine industrialization.

 Formed Mutual Defense Treaty with U.S. against communist threats in 1951.

 HUKBALAHAP led communist insurgency against landowners and U.S.-allied elites.

 Duterte attempted foreign policy pivot away from U.S. toward China and Russia.

 Philippine courts challenged Chinese territorial claims through international law.

 VFA and U.S. alliance restored by Duterte after regional threats persisted.

 American aid and remittances remain central to Philippine resilience and recovery.

Module 17: Presidents of the Philippines and Their Achievements

Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901)

 Led Philippines in wars against Spain and the U.S.

 Signed Pact of Biak-na-Bato for a truce with Spain.

 Youngest president (28); longest-lived (94).

Manuel L. Quezon (1935–1944)

 First elected Commonwealth president.

 Promoted national language (Tagalog).

 Established National Council of Education and women’s suffrage.

José P. Laurel (1943–1945)
 President during Japanese occupation.

 Declared Martial Law and war against U.S./UK in 1944.

 Founded Lyceum of the Philippines.

Sergio Osmeña (1944–1946)

 Joined MacArthur in Leyte to restore freedom.

 Rehabilitated Philippine National Bank.

 Joined International Monetary Fund.

Manuel Roxas (1946–1948)

 First president of the Third Republic.

 Oversaw post-WWII reconstruction.

 Approved Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Trade Act.

Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953)

 Created Social Security Commission.

 Handled Hukbalahap insurgency.

 Moved capital to Quezon City (1948).

Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)

 Defeated Hukbalahap rebels.

 Promoted clean governance and agrarian reform (NARRA).

 First to wear Barong Tagalog during inauguration.

Carlos P. Garcia (1957–1961)

 Launched 'Filipino First Policy'.

 Promoted Austerity Program and arts revival.

 First buried in Libingan ng mga Bayani.

Diosdado Macapagal (1961–1965)

 Enacted Land Reform Law and Minimum Wage Law.

 Declared June 12 as Independence Day.

 Created Philippine Veterans Bank.

Ferdinand Marcos (1965–1986)

 Declared Martial Law (Sept. 22, 1972).

 Led infrastructure boom but caused national debt crisis.

 Ruled for 21 years; ousted via People Power.

Corazon Aquino (1986–1992)

 Restored democracy and ratified new Constitution.

 Signed Family Code of 1987 and Local Government Code.

 Named Time magazine’s Woman of the Year (1986).

Fidel V. Ramos (1992–1998)

 Revived economy post-Cold War.

 Hosted APEC Summit (1996) and reinstated death penalty.

 Signed peace deal with Moro National Liberation Front.

Joseph Estrada (1998–2001)

 Captured MILF bases during presidency.

 Ousted after corruption charges.

 Later convicted and pardoned.

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010)

 Oversaw economic growth; implemented eVAT law.

 Faced election fraud and corruption charges.

 Peso became best-performing Asian currency (2007).

Benigno Aquino III (2010–2016)

 Launched K-12 education reform.

 Introduced 'no wang-wang' policy.

 Economy grew 7.1% in 2012.

Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022)

 First president from Mindanao.
 Led controversial war on drugs.

 First to visit Israel while in office.