In-Depth Explanation of Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS)
Module I: Historical Context, Meaning of Terms, and Fundamental
Principles
1. Historical Background and Why BNS was Introduced
• Indian Penal Code (IPC): Drafted in 1860 under British rule. Designed for colonial governance, not a
modern, independent nation.
• Need for Change:
• Colonial Legacy: IPC contained sections influenced by outdated English common law.
• New Crimes: Cybercrime, terrorism, financial fraud, organized crime lacked clear definitions.
• Language Barrier: Difficult for common citizens to understand.
• Slow Justice: Complex procedures led to long trial delays.
• Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) 2023:
• A complete replacement of IPC.
• Modernizes legal language and adds new provisions.
• Focuses on citizen-friendly, technology-driven justice.
2. Evolution of BNS
• IPC had 511 sections → BNS has 358 sections (streamlined and clearer).
• Committees identified issues like inconsistent sentencing and lack of victim protection.
• Reforms introduced:
• Introduction of community service as an alternative punishment.
• Stricter penalties for crimes like acid attacks and sexual offenses.
• Explicit sections for cybercrime, digital fraud, and organized crime.
• Greater use of forensic evidence for stronger trials.
3. Objectives of BNS
• Modernize criminal law.
• Ensure justice delivery is speedy and victim-focused.
• Introduce fair punishments balancing deterrence and rehabilitation.
• Simplify legal text for better understanding by all citizens.
4. Meaning of Key Terms
• Mens Rea: Latin for "guilty mind." Refers to the intention to commit a crime.
• Actus Reus: Latin for "guilty act." Refers to the physical act of committing a crime.
• Cognizable Offense: Police can arrest without warrant.
• Non-Cognizable Offense: Police need court’s permission to arrest.
• Bailable vs Non-Bailable: Determines whether bail is a right or requires court’s discretion.
• Compoundable Offense: Parties can mutually settle the offense.
• Defenses: Situations excusing a crime (self-defense, necessity, insanity).
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5. Role of Forensic Science
• Shifts justice from confession-based to evidence-based trials.
• Techniques:
• DNA profiling for biological links.
• Fingerprints for unique identification.
• Ballistics for weapon tracing.
• Toxicology for poison/drug detection.
• Digital forensics for cybercrime investigation.
• Real-Life Example: 2008 Aarushi Talwar case used DNA and fingerprint evidence to narrow
suspects.\
Module II: Detailed Classification of Offenses and Punishments
1. Offenses Against:
• Human Body: Murder, culpable homicide, grievous hurt.
• Property: Theft, robbery, cheating.
• Public Order: Sedition, rioting, terrorism.
• Women & Children: Sexual harassment, domestic abuse, trafficking.
• Liberty: Wrongful confinement, forced labor.
• Society: Financial scams, environmental crimes.
2. Punishments Explained
• Death Penalty: Reserved for rarest-of-rare crimes (e.g., terrorism).
• Life Imprisonment: Offender spends lifetime in jail.
• Rigorous Imprisonment: Involves hard labor.
• Simple Imprisonment: Confinement without hard labor.
• Fines: Monetary penalties, sometimes combined with imprisonment.
• Community Service: New concept; minor offenders contribute to society instead of going to jail.
• Probation: Offender is released under supervision for rehabilitation.
• Forfeiture of Property: Ill-gotten property seized by state.
3. Liability in Crimes
• Direct: Person directly commits offense.
• Vicarious: Employer/superior responsible for subordinate’s act.
• Corporate: Companies punished for crimes like environmental violations.
• Real-Life Example: In the Union Carbide (Bhopal Gas Tragedy), corporate liability applied for
industrial disaster.
4. Forensic Evidence in Trials
• DNA testing confirmed in 2012 Delhi gang-rape case leading to death penalty.
• Digital forensics exposed large-scale online banking frauds.
• Voice analysis solved high-profile kidnapping cases.
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5. Important BNS Sections
• Sexual Offenses (63–73): Covers assault, harassment.
• Marriage-related Crimes (80–87): Dowry harassment, illegal polygamy.
• Child Protection (91–99): Child abuse, trafficking.
• Offenses against Human Body (100–113): Murder, grievous injury.
• Kidnapping & Forced Labor (137–146): Abduction, bonded labor.odule II: Detailed Classification
of Offenses and Punishments
1. Offenses Against:
• Human Body: Murder, culpable homicide, grievous hurt.
• Property: Theft, robbery, cheating.
• Public Order: Sedition, rioting, terrorism.
• Women & Children: Sexual harassment, domestic abuse, trafficking.
• Liberty: Wrongful confinement, forced labor.
• Society: Financial scams, environmental crimes.
2. Punishments Explained
• Death Penalty: Reserved for rarest-of-rare crimes (e.g., terrorism).
• Life Imprisonment: Offender spends lifetime in jail.
• Rigorous Imprisonment: Involves hard labor.
• Simple Imprisonment: Confinement without hard labor.
• Fines: Monetary penalties, sometimes combined with imprisonment.
• Community Service: New concept; minor offenders contribute to society instead of going to jail.
• Probation: Offender is released under supervision for rehabilitation.
• Forfeiture of Property: Ill-gotten property seized by state.
3. Liability in Crimes
• Direct: Person directly commits offense.
• Vicarious: Employer/superior responsible for subordinate’s act.
• Corporate: Companies punished for crimes like environmental violations.
• Real-Life Example: In the Union Carbide (Bhopal Gas Tragedy), corporate liability applied for
industrial disaster.
4. Forensic Evidence in Trials
• DNA testing confirmed in 2012 Delhi gang-rape case leading to death penalty.
• Digital forensics exposed large-scale online banking frauds.
• Voice analysis solved high-profile kidnapping cases.
5. Important BNS Sections
• Sexual Offenses (63–73): Covers assault, harassment.
• Marriage-related Crimes (80–87): Dowry harassment, illegal polygamy.
• Child Protection (91–99): Child abuse, trafficking.
• Offenses against Human Body (100–113): Murder, grievous injury.
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• Kidnapping & Forced Labor (137–146): Abduction, bonded labor.
Module III: Investigation Steps, Judicial Process & Expanded
Offense Categories
1. Stepwise Criminal Investigation
1. FIR Registration: Written complaint officially starting investigation.
2. Scene Securing: Prevents tampering with evidence.
3. Evidence Collection: Physical, biological, and digital evidence documented.
4. Witness Statements: Collected to reconstruct incident.
5. Interrogation: Questioning suspects while protecting rights.
6. Forensic Tests: DNA, fingerprint, ballistic testing for proof.
7. Chargesheet Filing: Final investigation report submitted to court.
2. Handling Evidence
• Documentation: Every item labeled with date, time, collector’s name.
• Chain of Custody: Maintains credibility from crime scene to courtroom.
• Preservation: Cold storage for biological samples.
• Admissibility: Illegally obtained evidence is rejected in court.
3. Forensic Methods with Examples
• Medical Jurisprudence: Autopsies reveal time and cause of death (used in Sheena Bora murder
case).
• Crime Scene Reconstruction: 3D modeling to understand events.
• Digital Recovery: Deleted emails recovered to convict cybercriminals.
• Expert Witnesses: Scientists explain technical findings to judges and juries.
4. Judicial Trial Process
• Investigation → Framing Charges → Prosecution Evidence → Defense Counter → Final Arguments →
Judgment.
• Rights: Accused has right to legal counsel, bail, and appeal.
• Burden of Proof: Prosecution must prove guilt beyond doubt.
5. Major Offense Categories Explained
• State Crimes (147–158): Treason, sedition.
• Military Crimes (159–168): Offenses by armed forces personnel.
• Electoral Offenses (169–177): Bribery, rigging.
• Currency Offenses (178–188): Fake notes, counterfeit coins.
• Public Peace Violations (189–197): Riots, unlawful assemblies.
• Corruption (198–226): Bribery by public officials.
• False Evidence (227–269): Perjury.
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• Religious Offenses (298–302): Hate speech.
• Health Violations (270–297): Hazardous waste crimes.
• Property Crimes (303–350): Fraud, trespass.
• Defamation (351–357): Insult, harassment.
• Repeal (358): Replaces IPC in existing cases.
6. Real-Life Application of BNS
• Digital courts use video conferencing to speed up trials.
• AI tools help in document analysis and case tracking.
• Forensics shortened murder trials by providing irrefutable DNA evidence.
This deep explanation includes word meanings, detailed processes, real-life cases, forensic techniques,
and practical applications of BNS for advanced understanding.
