THE HUMAN BODY

Lucía Pereira, María Regueiro y Laura Pérez

 The Human Body

Body Parts

Limbs /
Head Trunk Extremities

Located in the
Includes all the It has protective
upper part of the
vital organs of the layers of skin, fat,
body.
human body except muscle, and bone.
the brain.
Organs: eyes, ears,
olfactory nerves,
and taste buds of
the tongue.

Brain

The Senses

Sight Smell Hearing

Taste Touch
 The Senses

Sight
Sight is the sense that allows us to see and
know the size, shape, color, and location of
everything around us.

Smell
The sense of smell is in the nose. It allows us to
smell and differentiate the aromas of things.
 The Senses

Taste
The sense of taste is in the tongue. It allows us
to perceive the flavor of the things we eat and
try.

Hearing
The sense of hearing is in the ears. It allows us
to hear the sounds around us.
 The Senses

Touch The sense of touch is in the skin. It allows us to

perceive, feel, touch, and know the texture,
hardness, and temperature of the things we touch.
The skin is a thin layer that covers and protects our
body.
 Systems of the Human Body

Digestive System Respiratory System

Reproductive System Urinary System

Locomotor System
 Digestive System

Parts of the digestive system

Mouth
Hollow cavity in which are found:
The teeth The tongue The palate

Pharynx
Organ of the body that participates in the processes of phonation, respiration,
and swallowing.

Esophagus
It is a 25 cm tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach.

Stomach
Organ that receives the food bolus and turns it into chyme.

Small Intestine
It is 6 to 7 meters long; it is the organ that receives the chyme to complete its
digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Large Intestine
Muscular tube 1.5 meters long. It gets rid of harmful substances in the form of
feces.

Anus
Expelling organ of the digestive system. Opening through which feces are
expelled
 Digestive System

Digestion
The Digestive System transforms food into smaller particles thanks to saliva and
gastrointestinal acids so they can be transported by the blood in the form of nutrients for
cells and tissues.

Digestion Process

It transforms the food into the food bolus with the help
1. Mouth
of the teeth, tongue, and saliva.

When we swallow, the food bolus passes through the

2. Pharynx pharynx.

The bolus continues down the esophagus until it

3. Esophagus
reaches the stomach.

It mixes and grinds the bolus with the help of the

4. Stomach muscles of its walls and with the gastric juice, forming
chyme.

It absorbs the vitamins, minerals,

[Link]
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
Intestine from the chyme.

[Link] It transports the waste substances

Intestine that the body does not need.

It expels the waste substances

7. Anus converted into feces.
 Respiratory System

It is in charge of providing the oxygen that the body needs and

eliminating the carbon dioxide that is produced in all the cells.

Parts of the respiratory system

Nasal Passages

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Lungs

Diaphragm
 Breathing Process

Inspiration (Inhalation) Expiration (Exhalation)

The air enters through the nasal

passages, is filtered by the hairs of The carbon dioxide passes to the
the nose, and warmed. alveoli, from there to the bronchioles
and the bronchi.
It passes through the pharynx to the
larynx and from there to the trachea.

In the trachea, it branches into the The carbon dioxide passes from
two bronchi and passes to the the lungs to the trachea.
bronchioles, where it continues on its
way to the lungs.
From the trachea, it passes to the
larynx and the pharynx.
In the lungs, it reaches the alveoli
where the exchange of gases occurs: it
releases the oxygen it brings and gives The carbon dioxide is expelled
it to the blood, and takes the carbon through the mouth.
dioxide from it.
 Reproductive System

CSet of different organs in charge of the vital function of reproduction.

Through reproduction, living beings obtain descendants that are the same
or similar to their progenitors.

Types of reproduction

Sexual Asexual

Reproductive cells

Masculine: Feminine:
Sperm Ovum
 Reproductive System

Parts of the reproductive system

Femenine

1. Ovaries: produce the ovum and sexual hormones.

Fallopian Tubes: ducts between 10 to 13 cm that connect the ovaries

2.
with the uterus. Their function is to carry the ovum to the uterus for
fertilization to occur.

Uterus: hollow and muscular pear-shaped organ in which the fetus

3.
develops.

Vagina: channel that connects the uterus with the exterior, it is a duct
4.
of about 15cm through which the sperm will enter. It provides an exit
for the baby during childbirth.
 Reproductive System

Parts of the reproductive system

Masculine

1. Penis: male copulatory organ, which also intervenes in urinary

excretion.

Urethra: duct through which urine passes from the bladder to the
2.
outside of the body during urination.

3. Testicles: producers of sperm and hormones (testosterone).

4. Vas deferens: connect the testicles with the urethra.

 Reproductive System

Menstrual Cycle

Process by which female gametes, the ova (eggs), are developed.

Average duration of 28 days.

1. Ovulation
The ovum (egg) completes its maturation and is transported from the ovaries to
the uterus through the Fallopian tubes.

2. Uterine Preparation
The walls of the uterus thicken and become lined with blood vessels, preparing it to
host and nourish a potential embryo if the egg has been fertilized by a spermatozoon
(sperm).

3. Menstruation or Period
Expulsion of the ovum and the endometrium (the lining of the uterine wall) along
with a small amount of blood. This bleeding is usually taken as a sign that a woman
is not pregnant. The average menstruation usually lasts between three and five days.
 Reproductive System

Human Reproduction

1. Fertilization: This is the union of the ovum (egg) and the spermatozoon (sperm) to
form a new cell: the zygote. Fertilization occurs in the Fallopian tubes, through which
the egg travels on its way to the uterus.

2. Embryonic Development: The period between fertilization and birth.

First trimester: The zygote divides into several

cells, forming an embryo that reaches the
uterus to implant itself on its wall. Afterward,
the placenta develops, which is an organ that
attaches to the walls of the uterus and
connects to the embryo via the umbilical cord.

Second trimester: The embryo is now called a fetus, and its organs develop.

Third trimester: The fetus continues to grow and mature, and around the
ninth month, it positions itself and prepares for birth.

3. Birth: The walls of the vagina and uterus begin to dilate, contractions occur
in the uterus, the amniotic sac ruptures, and the baby and placenta exit to the
outside.
 Excretory System

It is responsible for eliminating toxic substances and waste from our

body.

It is made up of the lungs, the skin, and the urinary system

(kidneys and urinary tract).)

Urinary System

It is the set of organs that produce and excrete urine, the body's main
waste fluid.

Parts of the
Urinary System

1. The Ureters
2. The Urinary
Bladder
3. The Urethra
4. The Kidneys
 Urinary System

Parts of the Urinary System

1. The ureters: These are two tubes, one coming from each kidney, that lead
to the urinary bladder. Urine formed in the kidneys circulates through
them.

2.
The urinary bladder: This is a sac with elastic walls that stores urine. To
prevent urine from flowing out continuously, there is a muscle called a
sphincter, which closes the bladder.

3.
The Urethra: This is the duct through which urine passes in the final stage of
the urinary process, from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
during urination (micturition).

4. The kidneys: They produce urine. They are located on each side of the
spinal column.
 Locomotor System

It is the set of structures that allows our body to perform any type
of movement. It is formed by the skeletal system and the muscular
system.

Parts of the Locomotor System

Skeletal System It is a set of Muscular System

bones, cartilages, and It is a set of muscles that can be
articular ligaments that controlled voluntarily. Its function

provides structure to the is to produce movement, which

human body. The skeleton happens when electrical impulses

from the nervous system cause the
supports the body, protects
contraction of muscle fibers.
some organs, and allows us to
move.
 Locomotor System

Skeletal System

The Bones
• It is a firm, hard, and resistant organ.
• They are part of the skeleton of vertebrates.
• Composed of hard and soft tissues.
• The human skeleton has 206 bones.
• Classification according to their shape:

Long bones (the femur, the

Short bones (the carpus
Radius, the Tibia and the
of the wrist)
Fibula)

Flat bones Irregular bones

(the cranium) (the vertebrae)
 Locomotor System

Skeletal System

The Joints

• They are the union between two bones.

• Types:

Mobile Semi-mobile Fixed

Allow for Allow for Do not allow
wide limited for any
movement. movement. movement.

The Ligaments
• They are very resistant and elastic bands of tissue that connect bones to
joints.
 Locomotor System

Muscular System

The Muscles
• They are tissues that have the capacity to generate movement by
contracting and relaxing.
• The tissue that forms the muscle is called muscular tissue.
• They can be classified according to different criteria:
• According to their shape.
• According to their function.
• Their type of mobility.
• Three types of muscular tissues:
• Striated: It is what makes up voluntary muscles. It is also called skeletal
muscle because it is attached to the skeleton by tendons, which we will
see later.
• Smooth: It does not participate in voluntary movements; it contracts or
relaxes automatically in response to nerve stimuli generated by the
autonomic nervous system.
• Cardiac: It is found only in the heart, and it generates the involuntary
movements by which this organ pumps blood through the circulatory
system.

Tendons
They are a band of very resistant tissues, found at the ends of muscles, that
serve to attach them to the bone.
 Circulatory System

It is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to the cells and

eliminating their waste products through the kidneys (in the urine) and through
the air exhaled from the lungs, which is rich in carbon dioxide (CO2).

Parts of the Circulatory System

Heart Arteries

Veins
Blood Vessels

Capillaries

Functions
• To transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide
from the tissues to the lungs.
• To distribute nutrients throughout the entire organism.
• To transport waste products produced by the cells to the kidney so they
can be eliminated through the urine.
• To transport substances to the liver for it to metabolize.
• To circulate through the blood the antibodies that protect us from viruses
and bacteria.
 Circulatory System

The cardiovascular system is a double-circuit system.

Pulmonary Circulation
• A short circuit that goes from the heart to the lungs and vice versa.
• The pulmonary artery leaves the heart and then divides in two to reach
the lungs.
• It then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, which direct the
oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium of the heart.

Systemic Circulation

• It transports blood from the heart to the rest of

the body, and then carries it back to the heart.
• The blood that returns to the heart loaded
with oxygen after passing through the lungs
can then be distributed to the rest of the body.
• Oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the
aorta, a large artery that then branches out.
• Through the capillaries, nutrients and oxygen
are distributed to the cells.
• Useful substances for the cells are delivered,
and waste products are collected to be
returned to the heart, and then to the
pulmonary circulation to eliminate the waste
and be re-loaded with oxygen.
 Circulatory System

The Heart.

The heart is a pump; it contracts automatically with an average frequency of

between 60 and 100 beats per minute. Each time it beats, the heart pumps the
blood to circulate through the arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Parts
• The ventricles -right and left- are the lower chambers. They are
separated from each other by a wall called the interventricular septum.
The ventricles pump blood out of the heart.
• The atria -right and left- are the upper chambers. They are separated by
a wall called the interatrial septum, and they receive the blood that comes
to the heart.
 Circulatory System

Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

• The arteries: transport the blood that leaves the heart.

• The veins: transport the blood that enters the heart.
• The arteries branch into arterioles, which are of a smaller caliber.
• The arterioles give rise to the capillaries, which are very fine vessels with
very thin walls that allow for the exchange of substances with the tissues.
• The two large veins that carry blood to the heart are the superior vena
cava and the inferior vena cava.

The Blood

• It is a liquid tissue that circulates through the blood vessels.

• It is formed by a solid part, which includes the red blood cells
(or erythrocytes), the white blood cells (or leukocytes), and the
platelets; and a liquid part, called blood plasma.
• The blood fulfills many necessary functions for life: the defense
against infections, gas exchanges (of oxygen and carbon
dioxide), and the distribution of nutrients.
 Nervous System

The nervous system (NS) is the set of cells and organs that are
responsible for directing and controlling all the conscious and
unconscious activities of our organism.

Functions

• Sensory: perceives external and internal stimuli.

• Associative: stores the information it receives from the receptors
and integrates it with the information that is stored and retrieved
from memory, to produce a response.
• Motor: carries the output information (the response to the
stimuli) to the muscles and glands, for them to act or to be
inhibited.