Unit -3 Introduction to Python programming: What is Python? Python is a high-level scripting language which can be used for a wide varietyof text processing, system administration and internet-related tasks. Unlikemany similar languages, it’s core language is very small and easy to master, while allowing the addition of modules to perform a virtually limitlessvariety of tasks. Python is a true object-oriented language, and is availableon a wide variety of platforms. There's even a python interpreter writtenentirely in Java, further enhancing python's position as an excellent solutionfor internet-based problems.Python was developed in the early 1990's by Guido van Rossum, thenat CWI in Amsterdam, and currently at CNRI in Virginia. In some ways,python grew out of a project to design a computer language which would beeasy for beginners to learn, yet would be powerful enough for even advancedusers. This heritage is reflected in python’s small, clean syntax and the thoroughness of the implementation of ideas like object- orientedprogramming,without eliminating the ability to program in a more traditional style. Sopython is an excellent choice as a first programming language without sacrificing the power and advanced capabilities that users will eventually need The very Basics of Python There are a few features of python which are different than other programming languages, and which should be mentioned early on so that subsequentexamples don’t seem confusing. Python statements do not need to end with a special character - thepython interpreter knows that you are done with an individual statementby the presence of a newline, which will be generated when you press the”Return” key of your keyboard. If a statement spans more than one line, thesafest course of action is to use a backslash (\) at the end of the line to letpython know that you are going to continue the statement on the next line;you can continue using backslashes on additional continuation lines, Python provides you with a certain level of freedom when composing aprogram, but there are some rules which must always be obeyed. One ofthese rules, which some people find very surprising, is that python uses indentation (that is, the amount of white space before the statement itself) toindicate the presence of loops, instead of using delimiters like curly braces({}) or keywords (like “begin” and “end”) as in many otherlanguages. Theamount of indentation you use is not important, but it must be consistentwithin a given depth of a loop, and statements which are not indented mustbegin in the first column. Python Features: 1. Easy-to-learn — Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax. This allows a student to pick up the language quickly. 2. Easy-to-read — Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes. 3. Easy-to-maintain — Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain. 4. A broad standard library — Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh. 5. Interactive Mode — Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code. 6.Portable — Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface on all platforms. 7. Extendable — You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter, These modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient. 8. Databases - Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases. 9. GUI Programming — Python supports GU! applications that can be created and ported to many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix. 10. Scalable — Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell scripting Basic Principles of Python Python has many features that usually are found only in languages whichare much more complex to learn and use, These features were designed intopython from its very first beginnings, rather than being accumulated intoan end result, as is the case with many other scripting languages. If you’renew to programming, even the basic descriptions which follow may seemintimidating. But don’t worry - all of these ideas will be made clearer inthe chapters which follow. The idea of presenting these concepts now is tomake you aware of how python works, and the general philosophy behindpython programming. If some of the conceptsthat are introduced here seemabstract or overly complex, just try to get a general feel for the idea, and thedetails will be fleshed out later 1) Basic Core Language Python is designed so that there really isn’t that much to learn in the basiclanguage. For example, there is only one basic structure for conditional programming (if/else/elif), two looping commands (while and for), and aconsistent method of handling errors (try/except) which apply to all pythonprograms. This doesn’t mean that the language is not flexible and powerful, however. It simply means that you’re not confronted with an overwhelmingchoice of options at every turn, which can make programming a much simplertask. 2) Modules Python relies on modules, that is, self-contained programs which define avariety of functions and data types, that you can call in order to do tasks beyond the scope of the basic core language by using the import command, Forexample, the core distribution of python contains modules for processing files,accessing your computer's operating system and the internet, writing CGl(Common Gateway Interface)scripts which handle communicating with pages displayed in web browsers,string handling and many other tasks. 3) Object Oriented Programming Python is a true object-oriented language. The term “object oriented” hasbecome quite a popular buzzword; such high profile languages as C++ andjava are both object oriented by design. Many other languages add someobject-oriented capabilities, but were not designed to be object oriented fromthe ground up as python was, Why is this feature important? Object oriented program allows you to focus on the data you're interested in, whetherit's employee information, the results of a scientific experiment or survey,setlists for your favorite band, the contents of your CD collection, information entered by an internet user into a search form or shopping cart, andto develop methods to deal efficiently with your data. A basic concept ofobject oriented programming is encapsulation, the ability to define an objectthat contains your data and all the information a program needs to operateon that data. In this way, when you call a function (known as a method inobject-oriented lingo), you don’t need to specify a lot of details about yourdata, because your data object “knows” all about itself. In addition, objectscan inherit from other objects, so if you or someone else has designed an object that's very close to one you're interested in, you only have to constructthose methods which differ from the existing object, allowing you to save alot of work.Another nice feature of object oriented programs is operator overloading.What this means is that the same operator can have different meaningswhen used with different types of data. For example, in python, when you'redealing withnumbers, the plus sign (+) has its usual obvious meaning ofaddition. But when you're dealing with strings, the plus sign means to jointhe two strings together. In addition to being able to use overloading forbuilt-in types (like numbers and strings), python also allows you to definewhat operators mean for the data types you create yourself. Python uses the object model abstraction for data storage. Any construct that contains any type of value is an object. Although Python is classified as an "object- orientedprogramming (OOP) language," OOP is not required to create perfectly working Python applications. You can certainly write a useful Python script without the use of classes and instances. However, Python's object syntax and architecture encourage or "provoke" this type of behavior. Let us now take a closer look at what a Python object is. All Python objects have the following three characteristics: an identity, a type, and a value. IDENTITY--Unique identifier that differentiates an object from all others. Any object's identifier can be obtained using the id() built-in function (BIF). This value is as close as you will get to a "memory address" in Python (probably much to the relief of some of you). Even better is that you rarely, if ever, access this value, much less care what it is at all. TYPE--An object's type indicates what kind of values an object can hold, what operations can be applied to such objects, and what behavioral rules these objects are subject to. You can use the type() BIF to reveal the type of a Python object. Since types are also objects in Python (did we mention that Python was object-oriented?), type() actually returns an object to you rather than a simple literal. VALUE--Data item that is represented by an object. 4) Exception Handling Regardless how carefully you write your programs, when you start usingthem in a variety of situations, errors are bound to occur. Python providesa consistent method of handling errors, a topic often referred to as exceptionhandling. When you're performing an operation that might result in anerror, you can surround it with a try loop, and provide an except clause totell python what to do when a particular error arises. While this is a fairlyadvanced concept, usually found in more complex languages, you can startusing it in even your earliest python programs. As a simple example, consider dividing two numbers. If the divisor iszero, most programs (python included) will stop running, leaving the userback at a system shell prompt, or with nothing at all. Here’s a little pythonprogram that illustrates this concept; assume we've saved it to a file calleddiv.py: #1Jusr/local/bin/python x=7 y=0 print x/y print "Now we're done!" When we run this program, we don’t get to the line which prints the message, because the division by zero is a “fatal” error: % div.py Traceback (innermost last): File “div.py", line 5, in? print x/y ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo While the message may look a little complicated, the main point to noticeis that the last line of the message tells us the name of the exception thatoccured. This allows us to construct an except clause to handle the problem: x=7 y=0 try: print x/y except ZeroDivisionError: print "Oops - | can’t divide by zero, sorry!" print "Now we're done!" Now when we run the program, it behaves a little more nicely: % div.py Oops - | can’t divide by zero, sorry! Now we're done! Since each exception in python has a name, it’s very easy to modify yourprogram to handle errors whenever they're discovered. And of course, if youcan think ahead, you can construct try/except clauses to catch errors beforethey happen.Data typesin python Standard Types + Numbers (separate subtypes; three are integer types) o Integer = Boolean = Long integer © Floating point real number © Complex number * String + List + Tuple * Dictionary * Types of Numeric Data Python supports four types of numeric objects: integers, long integers, floating point numbers, and complex numbers. In general, python will not automatically convert numbers from one type to another, although it providesa complete set of functions to allow you to explicitly do these conversions. To enter numeric data inside an interactive python session or in a script,simply set the value of a variable to the desired number. To specify a floatingpoint number, either include a decimal point somewhere in the number, or useexponential notation, for example 1e3 or 1£3 to represent 1000 (1 times 10to the third power). Note that when using exponential notation, numbersare always stored as floating point, even if there is no decimal point.Long integers can be entered by following an ordinary integer with theletter “L", either lowercase (e.g. 27!) or uppercase (e.g. 271). (Since alowercase “I” looks so much like the number “1”, you may want to get in thehabit of using uppercase “L"s in this context.) In python, long integers areactually what are sometimes called “arbitrary precision” integers, since theycan have as many digits as you have the patience to type into the computer.On most computers, ordinary integers have a range from about -2 billionto +2 billion. Trying to use an integer larger than this value results in anOverflowError. >>> x = 2000000000 >>> K=x+x/2 Traceback (innermost last):File "", line 1, in ? OverflowError: integer addition You'll never see such an error when using a long integer: >>> x = 2000000000L >>> xKax+x/2 >>>x 3000000000L Working with numbers in python #integer >>>a=5 >>>type(a) #floating point >>>b=2.5 >>>type(b) #Long >>>x=988848989897L >>>type(x) #complex >>>y=245) >>>y (2+5)) >>>typely) >>>y.real2 >>>y.imag 5 #addition >>>c=atb >>>c 75 >>>type(b) #subtraction >>>d=a-b >>od 175 >>>type(d) * String Constants Strings are a collection of characters which are stored together to representarbitrary text inside a python program. You can create a string constantinside a python program by surrounding text with either single quotes ("),double quotes ("), or a collection of three of either types of quotes (""" or"). In the first two cases, the opening and closing quotes must appear onthe same line in your program; when you use triple quotes, your text canspan as many lines as you like. The choice of which quote symbol to use isup to you - both single and double quotes have the same meaning in python.Here are a few examples of how to create a string constant and assign itsvalue to a variable: name = ‘Phil’ value = "$7.00" helptext = """You can create long strings of text spanning several lines by using triple quotes at the beginning and end of the text"When the variable helptext is printed it would display as three lines, with the line breaks at the samepoints as in the triple-quoted text.Using a single backslash as a continuation character is an alternativeto using triple quoted strings when you are constructing a string constant.Thus, the following two expressions are equivalent, but — most programmersprefer the convenience of not having to use backslashes which is offered bytriple quotes. Threelines = ‘First\ Second\ Third’ Threelines = "First Second Third’” Working with string : #create string >>>type(s) #string concatenation >>>t= “this is sample program.” >>>r=stt >>>r ‘Hello World! This is sample program.’ #get length of string >>>len (s) 12 #print string >>>print s Hello World! List DataLists provide a general mechanism for storing a collection of objects indexedby a number in python. The elements of the list are arbitrary — they can benumbers, strings, functions, user-defined objects or even other lists, makingcomplex data structures very simple to express in python. You can input alist to the python interpreter by surrounding a comma separated list of theobjects you want in the list with square brackets ({ ]) Thus, a simple list ofnumbers can be created as follows: >>>mylist = [1,7,9, 13, 22, 31] Python ignores spaces between the entries of a list. If you need to spanmultiple lines with a list entry, you can simply hit the return key after anycomma in the list: >>>newlist = [7, 9, 12, 15, .. 17,19,103] Note that the python interpreter changes its prompt when it recognizes acontinuation line, and that no indentation is necessary to continue a line likethis. Inside a script, your input can also be broken up after commas in asimilar fashion. To create an empty list, use square brackets with no elementsin between them ([]).The elements of a list need not be of the same type. The following listcontains numeric, string and list data, along with a function: >>>mixlist = [7,'dog’,'tree’,[1,5,2,7],abs] Working with lists: >>>fruits=['apple’, ‘orange’ , ‘banana’, ‘mango’] >>>type(fruits) >>>len(fruits) 4 >>>fruits[1] ‘orange’ >>>fruits [1:] orange’, ‘banana’ ,"mango’] #appending an item to list >>>fruits.append(‘pear’) >>>fruits U'apple’, ‘orange’ , ‘banana’, ‘mango’, ‘pear’]#Removing an item from list >>>fruits.remove('mango’) >>>fruits [‘apple’, ‘orange’ , ‘banana’, ‘pear’] #Inserting an item to list >>>fruits.insert (1,mango’) >>>fruits [‘apple’, ‘mango’, ‘orange’, ‘banana’, ‘pear’] #combining lists >>>vegetables=[‘potato’, ‘carrot’, ‘onion’] >>>vegetables >>>eatables=fruits+vegatables >>>l[‘apple’, ‘mango’, ‘orange’, ‘banana’, ‘pear’, ' potato’, ‘carrot’, ‘onion’ Tuple Objects Tuples are very much like lists, except for one important difference. Whilelists are mutable, tuples, like strings, are not. This means that, once a tupleis created, its elements can’t be modified in place. Knowing that a tuple isimmutable, python can be more efficient in manipulating tuples than lists,whose contents can change at any time, so when you know you won't needto change the elements within a sequence, it may be more efficient to use atuple instead of a list. In addition, there are a number of situations (argumentpassing and string formatting for example) where tuples are required.Tuples are created in a similar fashion to lists, except that there is noneed for square brackets surrounding the value. When the python interpreter displays a tuple, it always surrounds it with parentheses; you can useparentheses when inputting a tuple, but it’s not necessary unless the tuple ispart of an expression. This creates a slight syntactic problem when creatinga tuple with either zero or one element; python will not know you're creatinga tuple, For an empty (zero-element) tuple, a pair of empty parentheseis (())can be used. But surrounding the value with parentheses is not enough inthe case of a tuple with exactly one element, since parentheses are used forgrouping in arithmetic expression. To specify a tuple with only one elementin an assignment statement, simply follow the element with a comma, arithmetic expressions, you need to surround it with parentheses, and followthe element with a comma before the closing parenthesis.Working with Tuple: >>>fruits=(‘apple’, ‘orange’ , ‘banana’, ‘mango’) >>>type(fruits) >>>len(fruits) 4 >>>fruits[0] ‘apple’ >>>fruits [:3] apple’, ‘orange’, ‘banana’) Dictionaries Dictionaries (sometimes refered to as associative arrays or hashes) are verysimilar to lists in that they can contain arbitrary objects and can be nestedto any desired depth, but, instead of being indexed by integers, they can beindexed by any immutable object, such as strings or tuples. Since humans canmore easily associate information with strings than with arbitrary numbers,dictionaries are an especially convenient way to keep track of informationwithin a program.As a simple example of a dictionary, consider a phonebook. We couldstore phone numbers as tuples inside a list, with the first tuple element beingthe name of the person and the second tuple element being the phone number: >>>phonelist = ((‘Fred’,'555-1231'),(’Andy’,’555-1195’),("Sue’,’555- 2193')] However, to find, say, Sue's phone number, we'd have to search each elementof the list to find the tuple with Sue as the first element in order to find thenumber we wanted. With a dictionary, we can use the person’s name as theindex to the array. In this case, the index is usually refered to as a key. Thismakes it very easy to find the information we're looking for: >>>phonedict = {'Fred’:'555-1231’,'Andy’:’555-1195’,’Sue’:’555-2193'} >>>phonedict[’Sue’] "555-2193" As the above example illustrates, we can initialize a dictionary with a comma-separated list of key/value pairs, separated by colons, andsurrounded bycurly braces. An empty dictionary can be expressed by a set of empty curlybraces ({}). Working with dictionaries: >>>student={‘name’:'Mary’, ‘id’: ‘4033’, ‘year’: '3’} >>>student >>>type (student) #get length of dictionary >>>len(student) 3 # Get value of key in dictionary >>>student [‘name’] ‘Mary’ # Get all key in dictionary >>>student.keys() [ ‘name’, ‘id’, ‘year’] Python if...else Statement Every value in Python has a datatype. Since everything is an object in Python programming, data types are actually classes and variables are instance (object) of these classes. Decision making is required when we want to execute a code only if a certain condition is satisfied. The ifelse statement is used in Python for decision making. Syntax if test expression Body of ifelse: Body of else The if statement evaluates test expression and will execute body of if only when test condition is True If the condition is False, body of else is executed.Ise Statement flow chart: if false condition true body of if body of else Example of if...else # Program checks if the number is positive or negative # And displays an appropriate message num = 3 # Try these two variations as well. #num=-5 #num=0 if num>= 0: print(*Positive or Zero") else: print("Negative number") In the above example, when num is equal to 3, the test expression is true and body of if is executed and body of else is skipped. If num is equal to -5, the test expression is false and body of else is executed and body of if is skipped.If num is equal to 0, the test expression is true and body of if is executed and body of else is skipped Python if Statement Syntax if test expression: statement(s) Here, the program evaluates the test expression and will execute statement(s) only if the text expression is True.If the text expression is False, the statement(s) is not executed. In Python, the body of the if statement is indicated by the indentation. Body starts with an indentation and the first unindented line marks the end. Python interprets non-zero values as True. None and 0 are interpreted as False. Python if Statement Flowchart: Test = False Expression me True x Body of if Figs Operation of if statement Example: Python if Statement # If the number is positive, we print an appropriate message num =if num> 0 print(num, "is a positive number. print("This is always printed.") num = -1 if num>0 print(num, “is a positive number.") print("This is also always printed.") When you run the program, the output willbe: 3 is a positivenumber This is alwaysprinted This is also always printed. In the above example, num> 0 is the test expression. The body of if is executed only if this evaluates to True, When variable num is equal to 3, test expression is true and body inside body of if is executed. If variablenum is equal to -1, test expression is false and body inside body of if is skipped, The print() statement falls outside of the if block (unindented). Hence, it is executed regardless of the testexpression. Python if. .else Statement Syntax if test expression: Body of if elif test expression Body of elif else: Body of else The elif is short for else if. It allows us to check for multiple expressions. If the condition for if is False, it checks the condition of the next elif block and so on. If all the conditions are False, body of else is executed. Only one block among the several if...elif...else blocks is executed according to the condition. The if block can have only one else block. But it can have multiple elifblocks. Flowchart of if...elif...elsecoat = boul of it | tue body of elit body of else Example of if...elif...else # In this program, # we check if the number is positive or # negative or zero and # display an appropriate message num = 3.4# Try these two variations as well #num=0 # num =-4.5 print("Positive number") When variable num is positive, Positive number is printed. If num is equal to 0, Zero is printed. If num is negative, Negative number is printed.Python Nested if statements We can have a if...elif...else statement inside another if...elif...else statement. This is called nesting in computer programming. Any number of these statements can be nested inside one another. Indentation is the only way to figure out the level of nesting. This can get confusing, so must be avoided if we can. Python Nested if Example # In this program, we input a number # check if the number is positive or negative or zero anddisplay an appropriate message. This time we use nested if num = float(input("Enter a number: ")) print("Zero") @ o 2 g Output 1 Enter a number: 5 Positive number Output 2 Enter a number: -1 Negative number Output 3 Enter a number: 0 Zero Python for Loop The for loop in Python is used to iterate over a sequence (list, tuple, string) or other iterable objects. Iterating over a sequence is called traversal.Syntax of for Loop for val in sequence: Body of for Here, val is the variable that takes the value of the item inside the sequence on each iteration. Loop continues until we reach the last item in the sequence. The body of for loop is separated from the rest of the code using indentation Flowchart of for Loop Start Has Loop Reached Last item —— Stop Loop Print Syntax # Program to find the sum of all numbers stored in a list # List of numbers numbers = [6, 5, 3, 8, 4, 2,5, 4, 11] # variable to store the sum sum =0 # iterate over the list for val in numbers: sum = sum+val # Output: The sum is 48print("The sum is", sum) when you run the program, the output will be: The sum is 48 Introduction to raspberry pi The Raspberry Pi is a remarkable device: a fully functional computer in a tiny and low-cost package. Whether you're looking for a device you can use to browse theweb or play games, are interested in learning how to write your own programs, or arelooking to create your own circuits and physical devices, the Raspberry Pi - and its amazingcommunity - will support you every step of the way.The Raspberry Pi is known as a single- board computer, which means exactly what it soundslike: it's a computer, just like a desktop, laptop, or smartphone, but built on a single printedcircuit board. Like most single-board computers, the Raspberry Pi is small - roughly the samefootprint as a credit card - but that doesn’t mean it's not powerful: a Raspberry Pi can doanything a bigger and more power-hungry computer can do, though not necessarily as quickly.The Raspberry Pi family was born from a desire to encourage more hands-on computereducation around the world. Its creators, who joined together to form the non-profit RaspberryPi Foundation, had little idea that it would prove so popular: the few thousand built in 2012 totest the waters were immediately sold out, and millions have been shipped all over the worldin the years since. These boards have found their ways into homes, classrooms, offices, datacentres, factories, and even self-piloting boats and spacefaring balloons.Various models of Raspberry Pi have been released since the original Model B, eachbringing either improved specifications or features specific to a particular use-case. TheRaspberry Pi Zero family, for example, is a tiny version of the full-size Raspberry Pi whichdrops a few features - in particular the multiple USB ports and wired network port - in favourof a significantly smaller layout and lowered power needs.aT LU Figure:1 raspberry pi While it may look likethere’s a lot packed into thetiny board, the RaspberryPi isvery simple to understand -starting with its components,the inner workings that makethe device tickThis includes the central processing unit (CPU), commonly thought ofas the ‘brain’ of a computer, and the graphics processing unit (GPU), which handles the visualside of things.A brain is no good without memory, however, and on the underside of the Raspberry Pi you'llfind exactly that: another chip, which looks like a small, black, plastic square. Thisis the Pi's random access memory (RAM). When you're working on the Pi, it’s the RAM thatholds what you're doing; only when you save your work will it be written to the microSD card.Together, these components form the Pi’s volatile and non-volatile memories: the volatile RAMloses its contents whenever the Pi is powered off, while the non-volatile microSD card keepsits contents.Turning the board over again you'll find another metal lid to the upper-right, this onefeaturing an etched Raspberry Pi logo (Figure, overleaf). This covers the radio, thecomponent which gives the Raspberry Pi the ability to communicate with devices wirelessly.The radio itself acts as two main components, in fact: a WiFi radio, for connecting to computernetworks; and a Bluetooth radio, for connecting to peripherals like mice and for sending data toor receiving data from nearby smart devices like sensors or smartphones.Another black, plastic-covered chip can be seen to the bottom edge of the board, just behindthe middle set of USB ports. This is the network and USB controller, and is responsible forrunning the Ethernet port and the four USB ports. A final black chip, much smaller than the rest,can be found a little bit above the micro USB power connector to the upper-left of the board(Figure 1); this is known as a power managementintegrated circuit (PMIC), and handles turningthe power that comes in from the micro USB port into the power the Pi needs to run. RASPBERRY PI ARMIL/BIZES ARM. Core wo) onevevesiyze IPNETWORK, {paw DRIVER ; cK? (sas Excode/Dccoder Figure:2 raspberry pi -block diagram Features of Raspberry Pi: + Raspberry Pi is a low-cost mini-computer with the physical size of acredit card. + Raspberry Pi runs various flavors of Linux and can perform almost alltasks that a normal desktop computer can do. + Raspberry Pi also allows interfacing sensors and actuators throughthe general purpose 1/0 pins. + Since Raspberry Pi runs Linux operating system, it supports Python"out of the box" The Raspberry 's ports The Raspberry Pi has a range of ports, starting with four Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports(Figure 2) to the middle and right-hand side of the bottom edge. These ports let you connectany USB-compatible peripheral, from keyboards and mice to digital cameras and flash drives,to the Pi. Speakingtechnically, these are known as USB 2.0 ports, which means they are basedon version two of the Universal Serial Bus standard To the left of the USB ports is an Ethernet port, also known as a network port (Figure above).You can use this port to connect the Raspberry Pi to a wired computer network using a cablewith what is known as an Rj45 connector on its end. If you look closely at the Ethernet port,you’ll see two light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at the bottom; these are status LEDs, and let youknow that the connection is working.Just above the Ethernet port, on the left-hand edge of the Raspberry Pi, is a 3.5 mmaudio-visual (AV) jack (Figure 2). This is also known as the headphone jack, and it can be usedfor that exact purpose - though you'll get better sound connecting it to amplified speakers ratherthan headphones. It has a hidden, extra feature, though: as well as audio, the 3.5 mm AV jackcarries a video signal which can be connected to TVs, projectors, and other displays. High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) port: It is the same type of connector you'll find on a gamesconsole, set-top box, and TV. The multimedia part of its name tells you that it carries bothaudio and video signals, while high-definition tells you that you can expect excellent quality.You'll use this to connect the Raspberry Pi to your display device, whether that’s a computermonitor, TV, or projector.Micro USB power port: which you'll use to connectthe Raspberry Pi to a power source. The micro USB port is a common sight on smartphones,tablets, and other portable devices. So you could use a standard mobile charger to power thePi, but for best results you should use the official Raspberry Pi USB Power Supply. Raspberry 's peripherals A Raspberry Pi by itself can’t do very much, just the same as a desktop computer on its ownis little more than a door-stop. To work, the Raspberry Pi needs peripherals: at the minimum,you'll need a microSD card for storage; a monitor or TV so you can see what you're doing; akeyboard and mouse to tell the Pi what to do; and a 5 volt (5 V) micro USB power supply ratedat 2.5 amps (2.5 A) or better. With those, you've got yourself a fully functional computer. USB power supply: A power supply ratedat 2.5 amps (2.5A) or 12.5 watts (12.5W)and with a micro USB connector. TheOfficial Raspberry Pi Power Supply is therecommended choice, as it can cope withthe quickly switching power demands ofthe Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi General purpose Input/Output(GPIO) Pind Pin2 +33 +5v GPI02 / SAL 45 GPI03 / SCL eno PI04 TxDO/GPIO 14 eno RXDO/ GPIO 15, P1017 PI0 18 cp1027 eno sP1022 GrI0 23, 433 GPI0 24 GPI010 / Most ono GPI09 / Miso P10 25 pion j scux cE0# /GPI08 eno ceL# / GPIO7 Pin25 Pin 26 The GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi are divided into the follor groups:Power: Pins that are labeled 5.0v supply 5 volts of power and those labeled 3V3 supply 3.3 volts of power. There are two 5V pins and two 3V3 pins. GND: These are the ground pins. There are eight ground pins. Input/Output pins: These are the pins labelled with the # sign, for example, #17, #27, #22, etc. These pins can be used for input or output. UART: The Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter allows your Raspberry Pi to be connected to serial peripherals. The UART pins are labelled TXD and RXD. SPI: The Serial Peripheral Interface is a synchronous serial communication interface specification used for short distance communication, primarily in embedded systems. The SPI pins are labeled MOSI, MISO, SCLK, CEO, and Cel. + Miso(Master In Slave Out): Master line for sending data to the master. * MOSI(MasterOut Slave In): Slave line for sending data to the Peripherals. + SCK( Serial Clock): Clock generated by master to synchronize data transmission. + CEO( chip Enable 0): to enable or disable devices + CE1( chip Enable 1): to enable or disable devices. ID EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory is a user-modifiable read-only memory that can be erased and written to repeatedly through the application of higher than normal electrical voltage. The two EEPROM pins on the Raspberry Pi (EED and EEC) are also secondary |2C ports that primarily facilitate the identification of Pi Plates (e.g., Raspberry Pi Shields/Add-On Boards) that are directly attached to the Raspberry Pi.SPI(Serial peripheral interface) 12€ (Inter Integrated chip) The I2C interface pins on raspberry pi allow you to connect hardware modules. |2C interface allow synchronous data transfer with two pins - SDA( data line) and SCL(clock line) Serial The serial interface on Raspberry Pi has receive (Rx) and Transmit (Tx) pins for communication with serial periperals.Interfacing Raspberry Pi with basic peripherals: In this section you will learn how to get started with developing python programs on Raspberry Pi. Raspberry Pi runs Linux and supports Python out of box. Therefore, you can run any python program which runs on normal computer. However, it is the general purpose input/output pins(GPIO) on Raspberry Pi that makes it useful for loT, We can interface Raspberry Pi with sensors and actuators with GPIO pins and SPI, 12C and serial interfaces. Controlling LED with Raspberry Pi Let us start with basic example of controlling an LED from Raspberry Pi. In this example the LED is connected to GPIO pin 18. We can connect LED to other GPIO pin as well. The program uses the RPi.GPIO module to control the GPIO on Raspberry Pi. In this program we set pin 18 direction to output and then True/False alternatively after a delay of one second. To begin, we import the GPIO package that we will need so that we can communicate with the GPIO pins.We also import the time package, so we're able to put the script to sleep for when we need to.We then set the GPIO mode to GPIO.BOARD/GPIO.BCM, and this means all the numbering we use in this script will refer to the physical numbering of the pins. Program import RPi.GPIO as GPIO # Import Raspberry Pi GPIO library from time import §1€ép# Import the sleep function from the time module GPIOSetmMode(GPIO/BCM/BOARD) # Use physical pin numbering GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT) # Set pin 18 to be an output pin while True: # Run forever GPIO.output(18, GPIO.HIGH) # Turn on sleep(1) # Sleep for 1 second GPIO.output(18, GPIO.LOW) # Turn off sleep(1) # Sleep for 1 second Interfacing an LED and Switch with Raspberry Pi In this example the LED is connected to GPIO pin 18 and the switch is connected to pin 13. In the infinite while loop the value of pin 13 is checked and the state of LED is toggled if the switch is pressed. Thisexample shows how to get input from GPIO pins and process the input and take some actions. Program import RPi.GPIO as GPIO import time GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) GPIO.setup(13,GPIO.IN) #button GPIO.setup(18,GPIO.0UT) #led while True: if (GPIO.input(13)): print("on") GP|O.output(18, GPIO.HIGH) while False: if (GPIO.input(13)): print(“off”) GP1O.output(18, GPIO.LOW) Interfacing Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) in Raspberry Pi: This is code for interfacing LDR in Raspberry Pi. First of all, we have to import the Light Sensor code for LDR from the GPIOZERO library. Assign GPIO pin to variable LDR and also pass the GPIO pin number as an argument to the LightSensor method. While loop print's value of LDR. Program: from gpiozero import LightSensor LDR = LightSensor (4) _ # light sensor given to pin 4 while True: print(Idr.value)Python program for switching LED based on LDR readings: Since we only have one input/output pin, we only need to set one variable. Set this variable to the number of the pin you have acting as the input/output pin.Next, we have a function called ré_time that requires one parameter, which is the pin number to the circuit. In this function, we initialize a variable called count, and we will return this value once the pin goes to high.We then set our pin to act as an output and then set it to low. Next, we have the script sleep for 10ms.After this, we then set the pin to become an input, and then we enter a while loop. We stay in this loop until the pin goes to high, this is when the capacitor charges to about 3/4.0nce the pin goes high, we return the count value to the main function. You can use this value to turn on and off an LED, activate something else, or log the data and keep statistics on any variance in light. Program: import RPi,GPIO as GPIO import time import sleep def rc_time (pin_to_circuit) count = 0 #Output on the pin for GPIO.setup(pin_to_circuit, GPIO.OUT) GPIO.output(pin_to_circuit, GPIO.LOW) sleep(1) #Change the pin back to input GPIO.setup(pin_to_circuit, GPIO.IN) #Count until the pin goes high while (GPIO.input(pin_to_circuit) GPIO.LOW): count += 1 retum countImplementation of loT with Raspberry Pi Why it i The Internet of Things (loT) is a scenario in which objects, animals or people are provided with single identifiers and the capability to automatically transfer and the capability to automatically transfer data more to a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to- computer communication. loT has evolved from the meeting of wireless technologies, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and the internet.-The Raspberry Pi is a popular choice when developing loT products. It offers a complete Linux server with a tiny platform at an incredibly low price. Actually, the Raspberry Pi is so well-known to loT that the company has featured several Internet of Things projects on their site. Here you will find projects and community support for a range of loT activities. Take for example, the World's First Cloud Texting Enabled Espresso Machine - powered by Raspberry Pi.Partnered with the Zipwhip cloud texting application, the Raspberry Pi connects to an espresso machine and allows people to text a message to it that automatically turns it on and starts brewing beverages. Raspberry Pi can be plugged into a TV, computer monitor, and it uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is user-friendly as it can be handled by all the age groups. It does everything you would expect a desktop computer to do like word- processing, browsing the internet spreadsheets, playing games to playing high definition videos. It is used in many applications like in a wide array of digital maker projects, music machines, parent detectors to the weather station and tweeting birdhouses with infrared cameras.All models feature on a Broadcom system on a chip (SOC), which includes chip graphics processing unit GPU(a Video Core IV), an ARM-compatible and CPU. The CPU speed ranges from 700 MHz to 1.2 GHz for the Pi 3 and onboard memory range from 256 MB to 1 GB RAM. An operating system is stored in the secured digital SD cards and program memory in either the MicroSDHC or SDHC sizes. Most boards have one to four USB slots, composite video output, HDMI and a 3.5 mm phone jack for audio. Some models have WiFi and Bluetooth. important for loT: Python program for using PIR sensor:Connecting to a Sensor to Detect Motion To demonstrate how to use the GPIO to connect to an external sensor, we'll now use a PIR motion sensor to detect motion. For this, | used the PIR Motion Sensor +9V| Output GND Parallax PIR Motion Sensor (see fig). The PIR Sensor detects motion by measuring changes in the infrared (heat) levels emitted by surrounding objects of up to three meters. The Parallax Motion sensor has three pins (see Figure ): GND: The Ground pin. Connect this pin to the GND on the GPIO. VCC: The voltage pin. Connect this pin to one of the SV pins on the GPIO. OUT: The output pin, Connect this to one of the Input/Output pins on the Plo import RPi.GPIO as GPIO #1 import time #2 pirsensor = 4 #3 GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM) #4 GPIO.setup(pirsensor, GPIO.IN) #5 previous_state = False #6 current_state = Falsewhile True: a7 time.sleep(0.1) #8 previous_state = current_state #9 current_state = GPIO.input(pirsensor) #10 if current_state != previous_state: #11 if current_state: #12 print("Motion not Detected!") #13 #1: The latest version of Raspbian includes the RPI.GPIO Python library pre-installed, so you can simply import that into your Python code. The RPI.GPIO is a library that allows your Python application to easily access the GPIO pins on your Raspberry Pi. The as keyword in Python allows you to refer to the RPI.GPIO library using the shorter name of GPIO. #2: The application is going to insert some delays in the execution, so you need to import the time module. #3: You declare a variable named pirsensor to indicate the pin number for which the Output pin on the PIR sensor is connected to the GPIO pin. In this example, it's GPIO pin #4. #4: There are two ways to refer to the pins on the GPIO: either by physical pin numbers (starting from pin 1 to 40 on the Raspberry Pi 2/3), or Broadcom GPIO numbers (BCM). Using BCM is very useful with a ribbon cable (such as the Adafruit T-Cobbler Plus) to connect the Raspberry Pi to the breadboard. The BCM numbers refer to the labels printed on the T- Cobbler Plus (see Figure 8). For this example, we're using the BCM numbering scheme. That means that when we say we're getting the input from pin 4, we're referring to the pin printed as #4 on the T-Cobbler Plus. #5: Initialize the pin represented by the variable pinsensor as an input pin. Also, we use a pull-down resistor (GPIO.PUD_DOWN) for this pin. #6: There are two variables to keep track of the state of the sensor. #7: We use an infinite loop to check the state of the sensor repeatedly. #8: Inserts a slight delay of 1 second to the execution of the program #9: Save the current state of the sensor. #10: The GPIO.input() function reads the value of the GPIO pin (#4 in this case). When motion is detected, it returns a value of true.#11: Compare the previous state and the current state to see if the motion sensor has a change in state. If there's a change, it means that either the sensor has just detected motion (when the state changes from false to true), or that the sensor is resetting itself (when the state changes from true to false) a few seconds after motion has been detected #12: If the current state is true, it means that motion has been detected. #13: Print out the string “Motion Detected!” DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor and the Raspberry Pi The DHT11 requires a specific protocol to be applied to the data pin. In order to save time trying to implement this yourself it’s far easier to use the Adafruit DHT library.The library deals with the data that needs to be exchanged with the sensor but it is sensitive to timing issues. The Pi's operating system may get in the way while performing other tasks so to compensate for this the library requests a number of readings from the device until it gets one that is valid. program: import RPi.GPIO as GPIO # Set sensor type : Options are DHT11,DHT22 or AM2302 sensor=Adafruit_DHT.DHT11 gpio=17 # Use read_retry method. This will retry up to 15 times to get a sensor reading (waiting 2 seconds between each retry) humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(sensor, gpio) # Reading the DHT11 is very sensitive to timings and occasionally the Pi might fail to get a valid reading. So check if readings are valid. if humidity is not None and temperature is not None:print(‘Temp={0:0.1f}*C Humidity={1:0.1f} %' format(temperature, humidity)) else: print(‘Failed to get reading, Try again!) The DHT11 is probably best suited for projects where rapid data readings are not required and the environment is not expected to see sudden changes in temperature or humidity. A weather station would be an idea project but a central heating controller may require something different. Motors programming: Import RPi.GPIO as GPIO motor1 = Motor(4, 14) #to make it easier to see which pin is which, you can use Motor(forward=4, backward=14) . motor2 = Motor(17, 27) # forward=17, backward =27 motor1.forward() motor2.forward() motor1.backward() motor2.backward()while True: #The Motor class also allows you to reverse themotor’s direction. sleep(5) motor1.reverse() motor2.reverse() motor1.stop() # Now stop the motors motor2.stop() Buzzer program: from gpiozero import Button,Lights, buzzer. buzzer = Buzzer(15) while True: lights.on() buzzer.on() button.wait_for_press() lights. off() buzzer.off() button.wait_for_release() Traffic lights program: from gpiozero import, Button, TrafficLights from time import sleep while True: lights.green.on() sleep(1) lights. orange.on() sleep(1) lights.red.on() sleep(1) lights. off()Add a wait_for_press so that pressing the button ini sequence iates the Try adding the button for a pedestrian crossing. The button should move the lights to red (not immediately), and give the pedestrians time to cross before moving back to green until the button is pressed again. Program: while True: button.wait_for_press() lights.green.on() sleep(1) lights.amber.on() sleep(1) lights.red.on() sleep(1) lights. off() Unit-4 Implementation of loT using Raspberry pi Smart_Health: The Internet of things is the inter-connection of devices, apps,sensors and network connectivity that enhances these entitiesto gather and exchange data. The distinguishing characteristicof Internet of Things in the healthcare system is the constantmonitoring a patient through checking various parameters andalso infers a good result from the history of such constantmonitoring. Many such devices equipped with medicalsensors are present in the ICUs now-a-days. There could beinstances where the doctor couldn't be alerted in time whenthere is an emergency, despite of 24 hours of monitoring. Alsothere might be hurdles in sharing the data and informationwith the specialist doctors and the concerned family membersand relatives. The most tremendous use of IoT is in healthcare management which provides health and environment condition tracking facilities. loT is nothing but linking computers to the internet utilizing sensors and networks [9, 10]. These connected components can be used on devices