Basic Maintenance of Computer

and Programming
Languages
Voltage Stabilizer

• Voltage stabilizers are electrical devices used to maintain a constant voltage

level to protect electronic appliances from voltage fluctuations.

• Voltage stabilizers work by regulating the voltage supplied to electronic

devices.

• Typically include transformers, voltage regulators, and control circuits.

• Monitor the input voltage and adjust it to maintain a stable output voltage

• Vital for the efficient and safe functioning of sensitive electronic equipment.

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Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

• An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that allows a computer to

keep running for at least a short time when incoming power is interrupted..

• UPS systems provide backup power during outages, allowing devices to

continue operating seamlessly.

• UPS includes components of Battery, charger, inverter, and monitoring

system.

• UPS protects against power outages, voltage f lu ctuations, and electrical

noise.

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Instant Power Supply (IPS)

• It is an electrical device that can provide electricity when the main supply is
not available.

• IPS systems deliver power instantaneously without interruption, bridging the

gap during switching to backup power sources.

• IPS includes components of Capacitors, f ly wheels, or other energy storage

devices.

• Ensures continuity of critical processes during transient power disturbances.

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Surge Protection

• Surge protection refers to measures taken to safeguard electronic devices

and equipment from sudden voltage spikes or surges in electrical power

• These surges can occur due to various reasons such as lightning strikes,
power grid disturbances, or switching of high-power electrical devices.

Types of Surge Protectors:

• Point-of-Use Surge Protectors: Devices installed directly at outlets or power

strips to protect individual devices.

• Whole-House Surge Protectors: Installed at the main electrical panel to

protect all devices connected to the electrical system.

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Utility Software for Fault Diagnosis

• Software for fault diagnosis serves various utilities across different

industries and applications, ensuring efficient troubleshooting, maintenance,
and repair of equipment and systems. They are-

• Windows Memory Diagnostic: A built-in tool in Windows operating systems

that helps diagnose and troubleshoot issues related to RAM (random access
memory).

• Windows System File Checker (SFC): Another built-in tool in Windows that
scans for and restores corrupted system files, which can often cause various
computer faults.

• Windows Event Viewer: A built-in tool for viewing logs and diagnostic
information about events

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Utility Software for Fault Diagnosis

• MSConf ig : A utility in Windows that allows users to manage startup

programs, services, and boot settings, which can help diagnose and
troubleshoot boot-related issues.

• Disk Management: A built-in utility in Windows for managing disks and

partitions, which can be used to diagnose and troubleshoot disk-related
problems such as disk errors or insufficient disk space.

• Troubleshooting: Troubleshooting in computers refers to the process of

identifying, diagnosing, and resolving problems or issues that may occur
with hardware, software, or the overall system.

Some issues-

• Identify the Problem and then reproduce the Issue.

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Computer Viruses

• Computer viruses are malicious software programs designed to replicate

and spread to other computers or files.

• They can cause data loss, system crashes, and unauthorized access to
sensitive information.

• Viruses often spread through infected email attachments, downloads, or

removable media.

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Computer Viruses

• File Infectors: Attach themselves to executable f iles, spreading when the

infected file is executed.

• Boot Sector Viruses: Infect the boot sector of a computer's hard drive,
spreading during the boot process.

• Macro Viruses: Embedded within documents and spreadsheets, exploiting

macro scripting languages.

• Polymorphic Viruses: Can change their code to evade detection by antivirus

programs.

• Worms: Self-replicating viruses that spread across networks without human

intervention.

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Computer Anti-Viruses

• Antivirus software is crucial for protecting computers and networks from

malware threats.

• D iffe re n t t y p e s of a n t iv ir u s soft w a re offe r v a r y in g fe a t u re s a n d

functionalities to meet diverse security needs.

• Example: McAfee Antivirus, Norton Antivirus, Avast Antivirus

• Relies on signature-based detection to identify known malware.

• Suitable for home users and small businesses seeking basic protection
against common viruses and malware.

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Algorithm

• An algorithm is a finite sequence of precise instructions for performing a

computation or for solving a problem.

• An algorithm is a finite step-by-step list of well-def in ed instructions for

solving a particular problem.

• Describe an algorithm for finding the maximum (largest) value in a finite

sequence of integers.

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Flowcharts

• Flowcharts are visual representations of processes or workf lows, depicting

the sequence of steps and decision points.

• Used to analyze, design, document, and communicate complex processes in

various fields such as software development, engineering, and business.

Generally flowchart consists of some parts-

• Start/End

• Process

• Decision

• Input /Output/ Connector

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Flowchart For Detecting Prime Number

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Page Description Language (PDL)

• Page Description Language (PDL) is a specialized programming language

used to describe the layout and content of documents to be printed.

• PDLs play a crucial role in facilitating communication between software

applications and printers, ensuring accurate reproduction of documents.

Common Page Descriptions Languages:

• PostScript (PS)

• Printer Command Language (PCL)

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BASIC/FORTRAN (1)

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BASIC/FORTRAN (2)

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BASIC/FORTRAN (3)

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