Top-Tier Study Notes: Computer Education, Class 6 (Sindh

Board, Jamshoro - New Curriculum)

Unit 1: Introduction to Computers

1.1 What is a Computer?
• A computer is a modern electronic machine that processes
data according to a set of instructions to generate meaningful
information.
• It operates on the principle of the IPOS cycle:
1. Input: It accepts data from the user (e.g., typing on a
keyboard).
2. Process: It performs operations on the data (e.g.,
calculating numbers).
3. Output: It presents the results to the user (e.g., showing
the result on a screen).
4. Storage: It saves data and results for future use.
1.2 Characteristics (Advantages) of Computers
• Speed: Computers can perform millions of calculations in a
single second.
• Accuracy: Computers do not make mistakes. Any error is
usually due to incorrect user input (GIGO - Garbage In,
Garbage Out).
• Diligence: Computers can work for long hours without getting
tired or bored.
• Versatility: Computers can perform a wide variety of tasks.
• Large Storage: Computers can store a huge amount of data.
 1.3 Basic Components of a Computer System

A computer system is made of two primary components: Hardware

and Software.

Component Description Examples

Hardware The physical parts of the computer that you Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor,
can see and touch. CPU, Hard Disk.
Software A set of instructions that tells the hardware MS Windows, MS Paint,
what to do. Google Chrome.
1.4 Types of Software
1. System Software: Manages the computer's hardware and
provides a platform for other software.
• The most important is the Operating System (OS).
• Examples: Microsoft Windows, Android, macOS.
2. Application Software: Designed to help the user perform a
specific task.
• Examples: MS Word (for typing), MS Paint (for drawing),
Web Browsers (for internet).
Exam Essentials for Unit 1:
• Q: What is the IPOS cycle?
• A: Input, Process, Output, Storage.
• Q: What is the difference between hardware and software?
• A: Hardware is the physical parts; software is the set of
instructions.
• Q: What is an Operating System?
• A: System software that manages the entire computer.
Unit 2: Digital Skills
2.1 Introduction to Digital Skills
• Digital Skills are the abilities needed to use digital devices
(computers, smartphones) effectively and safely for learning,
communication, and work.
2.2 Starting and Shutting Down a Computer
• Starting (Booting):
1. Switch on the main power.
2. Press the power button on the System Unit.
3. Press the power button on the Monitor.
4. Wait for the Desktop to appear.
• Shutting Down:
1. Save your work and close all programs.
2. Click the Start Button -> Power icon -> Shut Down.
2.3 The Desktop and its Components
• Icons: Small pictures representing a program, file, or folder.
• Taskbar: The long bar at the bottom with the Start button and
open programs.
• Mouse Pointer: An arrow on the screen controlled by your
mouse.
2.4 Essential File Management Skills
• File: A single item of data (document, picture).
• Folder: A container to store and organize files.

How to Manage Files and Folders (Using the Right-Click Menu):

1. Create a New Folder: Right-click -> New -> Folder.

2. Rename: Right-click on the item -> Rename.
 3. Copy and Paste (Duplicate): Right-click -> Copy, then go to
the new location, Right-click -> Paste.
4. Cut and Paste (Move): Right-click -> Cut, then go to the new
location, Right-click -> Paste.
5. Delete: Right-click -> Delete. (Moves the item to the Recycle
Bin).
Exam Essentials for Unit 2:
• Q: What is the difference between "Copy" and "Cut"?
• A: Copy duplicates an item. Cut moves an item.
• Q: What is the Recycle Bin?
• A: A temporary holding place for deleted files.
• Q: How do you create a new folder?
• A: Right-click on a blank area, then select New -> Folder.

Unit 3: Algorithmic Thinking and Problem

Solving
3.1 What is a Problem?
• In computer science, a problem is a task that needs to be
solved. It has a starting point and a desired outcome.
3.2 What is Problem Solving?
• Problem Solving is the process of identifying a problem,
understanding it, and then developing a step-by-step plan to
solve it.
3.3 What is an Algorithm?
• An algorithm is a finite sequence of clear, step-by-step
instructions for solving a specific problem.
 • Characteristics of a Good Algorithm:
• Clear: Each step must be precise and easy to
understand.
• Finite: The algorithm must end after a specific number of
steps.
• Correct: It must produce the correct result.
3.4 What is a Flowchart?
• A flowchart is a graphical or visual representation of an
algorithm. It uses standard symbols to show the sequence of
steps and the flow of logic.

Common Flowchart Symbols:

Symbol Name Function

Termina
Oval Represents the Start and End points of the algorithm.
l
Parallelo Input/O Represents taking input from the user or displaying
gram utput output.
Rectangl
Process Represents a calculation or an action (e.g., Add A to B).
e
Decisio Represents a question with a Yes/No or True/False
Diamond
n answer. Used for making choices.
Flow Connect the symbols and show the direction of the
Arrows
Lines process.
Example: Algorithm & Flowchart to Make a Cup of Tea
• Algorithm:
1. Start
 2. Take a pot.
3. Pour water into the pot.
4. Put the pot on the stove.
5. Add tea leaves and sugar.
6. Boil the mixture.
7. Add milk.
8. Pour the tea into a cup.
9. End
• (Flowchart would use the symbols above to visually
represent these steps)
Exam Essentials for Unit 3:
• Q: What is an algorithm?
• A: A set of clear, step-by-step instructions to solve a
problem.
• Q: What is a flowchart?
• A: A graphical representation of an algorithm using
standard symbols.
• Q: What does the diamond symbol represent in a flowchart?
• A: A Decision (a question with a yes/no answer).

Unit 4: Programming Scratch

4.1 What is Programming?
• Programming is the process of writing instructions (called
code) for a computer to perform a specific task.
4.2 Introduction to Scratch
• Scratch is a free, block-based visual programming language
developed by MIT.
 • It is designed for beginners to learn programming concepts in a
fun and interactive way by creating stories, games, and
animations.
• Instead of typing text code, you snap together colorful code
blocks.
4.3 The Scratch Interface
• Stage: The large white area on the right where your animations
and games happen. This is where your sprites perform.
• Sprite: A character or object on the stage (the default sprite is
a cat). You can add many sprites.
• Block Palette: On the left, it contains all the code blocks,
organized by color and function (Motion, Looks, Sound,
Events, Control, etc.).
• Script Area: The central area where you drag and drop blocks
from the palette to build your program (called a script).
4.4 Important Blocks and Concepts
• Events Blocks (Yellow): These are the "starters." The most
important one is the when green flag clicked block.
Every program starts with an event block.
• Motion Blocks (Blue): These blocks control the movement of
the sprite.
• move 10 steps: Moves the sprite forward.
• turn 15 degrees: Rotates the sprite.
• go to x: y:: Makes the sprite jump to a specific
location on the stage.
• Looks Blocks (Purple): These blocks change the sprite's
appearance.
 • say "Hello!" for 2 secs: Creates a speech
bubble.
• next costume: Changes the sprite's look if it has
multiple costumes.
• Control Blocks (Orange): These blocks control the flow of the
program.
• wait 1 secs: Pauses the program.
• forever: Creates a loop that runs the blocks inside it
over and over again, forever.
Exam Essentials for Unit 4:
• Q: What is Scratch?
• A: A block-based visual programming language for
beginners.
• Q: What is a Sprite?
• A: A character or object on the Stage in Scratch.
• Q: Which block is used to start almost every script in Scratch?
• A: The when green flag clicked block from the
Events category.

Unit 5: Digital Citizenship

5.1 What is a Digital Citizen?
• A Digital Citizen is a person who uses the internet and digital
technology in a responsible, ethical, and safe manner.
5.2 Key Elements of Digital Citizenship
1. Digital Etiquette (Netiquette): This is the set of rules for being
polite and respectful online.
• Be kind and courteous. Do not use bad language.
 • Do not type in ALL CAPS, as it is considered shouting.
• Respect other people's opinions, even if you disagree.
• Do not engage in cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is using
the internet to harass, threaten, or embarrass someone.
2. Digital Security: Protecting yourself and your information from
online threats.
• Use strong passwords and keep them private.
• Be aware of viruses and phishing scams.
• Do not share personal information (full name, address,
phone number, school) publicly.
3. Digital Footprint:
• Your digital footprint is the trail of data, posts, photos,
and comments you leave behind every time you go
online.
• This information can be permanent and seen by others. It
is important to think before you post and create a positive
online identity.
4. Copyright and Plagiarism:
• Copyright is a law that protects the work of creators
(writers, artists, musicians). You cannot use their work
without permission.
• Plagiarism is copying someone else's work and
pretending it is your own. Always give credit to the original
source.
Exam Essentials for Unit 5:
• Q: What is a digital citizen?
• A: A person who uses technology responsibly and
ethically.
 • Q: What is cyberbullying?
• A: Using the internet to harm or harass other people.
• Q: What is a digital footprint?
• A: The record of your online activity that you leave behind.

Unit 6: Entrepreneurships in Digital Age

6.1 What is an Entrepreneur?
• An entrepreneur is a person who starts a new business, taking
on financial risks in the hope of making a profit. They are
innovative and see new opportunities.
6.2 What is Digital Entrepreneurship?
• Digital Entrepreneurship is the process of creating and
running a business that primarily operates online, using digital
technology.
• The internet has made it easier and cheaper than ever to start
a business and reach customers all over the world.
6.3 Examples of Digital Entrepreneurship
• E-Commerce: Setting up an online store to sell products.
• Examples: Selling clothes, handicrafts, or electronics on
a website like Daraz or through a Facebook/Instagram
page.
• Content Creation: Creating and sharing digital content to earn
money.
• Examples:
• YouTuber: Making videos and earning from
advertising.
• Blogger: Writing articles on a website.
 • Freelancing: Offering your skills to clients online.
• Examples: Graphic design, writing, video editing, or
programming services offered on platforms like Fiverr or
Upwork.
• Developing Mobile Apps: Creating a useful or entertaining
application for smartphones.
6.4 Advantages of Digital Entrepreneurship
• Low Cost: Starting an online business often requires less
money than a physical shop.
• Global Reach: You can sell your products or services to
customers anywhere in the world.
• Flexibility: You can often work from anywhere and at any time.
Exam Essentials for Unit 6:
• Q: What is an entrepreneur?
• A: A person who starts a new business.
• Q: What is e-commerce?
• A: Buying and selling products and services online.
• Q: Name one example of a digital entrepreneurship career.
• A: Becoming a YouTuber, a freelancer, or starting an
online store.