CHAPTER SEVEN

0.80 L 3.5×1040.30 kJ work 1h 1 kW

7.1 2.33 kW is approximately 2.3 kW
h L 1 kJ heat 3600 seconds is 1 kilojoule

2.33 kW 103W 1.341 × 10- 3hp

=3.12 hpÞ3.1 hp
1 kW 1W

All kinetic energy dissipated by friction.

mu2
(a) E k=
2
5500 lbm552miles252802ft2 12h 2 1 lbf 9.486 x 10- 4Btu
=
2 h2 1 2mile236002232.174 lbm×ft/s20.7376 foot-poundsf
715 Btu

(b)
3 ' 1 0 8brakings 715 Btu 1 day 1 h 1W 1 MW
2617 MW
day braking 24 h 3600 s 9.486×10 Btu/s 6 1 0 W
-4

3000 MW

7.3 (a)
1000 sacks (0.0510+0.0516) oz 1 lbm
Paper 6.41 lbm
sack 16 oz
2000 sacks (0.0045+0.0146) oz 1 lbm
Plastic 2.39 lbm
sack 16 oz
Energy
1000 sacks (724+905) Btu
Paper =1.63×106Btu
sack
2000 sacks (185+464) Btu
Plastic 1 . 3 0 t i m e s 1 0 6Btu
sack
(b) For paper (double for plastic)

Raw Materials Sack 1000 sacks 400 sacks

Acquisition and Production and Disposal
Materials Production Use
for 400 sacks

7-1
7.3 (cont’d)

Emissions:
400 sacks 0.0510 oz 1 lbm1000 sacks 0.0516 oz 1 poundm
Paper + 4.5 lbm
sack 16 oz sack 16 oz
30% reduction

800 sacks 0.0045 oz 1 lbm2000 sacks 0.0146 oz 1 lbm

Plastic + 2.05 lbm
sack 16 oz sack 16 oz
14% reduction
Energy:
400 sacks 724 Btu 1000 sacks 905 Btu
Paper + =1.19×106Btu; 27% reduction
sack sack
800 sacks 185 Btu 2000 sacks 464 Btu
Plastic + =1.08´106Btu; 17% reduction
sack sack

3:108persons 1 sack 1 day 1h 649 Btu 1J 1 MW

(c). -4
6
person-day 24 h 3600 s 1 sack 9.486 x 10 Btu 10 J / s
2,375 MW
Savings for recycling: 0.17(2,375 MW) = 404 MW

(d) Cost, toxicity, biodegradability, depletion of nonrenewable resources.

3.00 gal 1 ft3 49.39956 lbm1 min

7.4 (a) &
Mass flow rate: m= 0.330 lbm
min 7.4805 gallons 1 ft3 60 seconds

3.00gallons1728inches3 1 1ft1min
u=
min
2
7.4805 gallons P0.5 b g 60 s
in 2
12inches
1.225 ft s

Kineticenergy:Ek=
mu20.330 lbm1.225 ft21
=
b g 2
1 lbf
7.70×10- 3
ft×lbf
2 s 2
s 2 32.174 lbmft / s2

iF I=1.40×10
-3
d
7.70 × 10- 3ft×lb / sf G 1.341×10hp
J
H0.7376feet×lb / s K f
-5
hp

(b) Heat losses in electrical circuits, friction in pump bearings.

5
7.5 (a) Mass flow rate:
42.0 m p0.07( m )2 103L 673 K 130 kPa 1 mol 29 g
&
m= 127.9 g s
s 4 1 m3273 K ( )
m
&2
u127.9 g 1 kg 42.02m 2 1N 1J
E&k= = 2
=113 J s
2 2 s 1000 g s 1kg·m/s2N×m
(b)
127.9 g3 ( ) 4
49.32 m s
s 29 g 1 mol 273 K 130 kPa 103Lp(0.07)2m2
& 2 127.9 g 1 kg
mu 49.322m 2 1N 1J
E&k= = 155.8 J / s
2 2 1000 g s 2
1kg·m/s2N×m
DE&k=Ek(400
& C)o -Ek(300 & C) =o (155.8-113) J / s = 42.8 J / s ≈ 43 J / s

(c) Some of the heat added goes to raise T (and hence U) of the air.

7.6 (a) 1galon 1 ft3 62.43lbm 32.174 ft -10 ft 1 pf o u n d

DEp=mgDz= -83.4ft×lbf
7.4805gal 1 ft3 s2 32.174lbm×ft/s2

b g b g GJb LFg I O 12
mu 2 ft ft
(b)E k-DEpÞ
2
=mg-DzÞu=2g-Dz M P
NH K Q s=25.4
12
= 2 32.174 102 ft

(c)False

& the pressure decreases, the volumetric flow rate increases, and
7.7 (a)DEk When
hence the velocity increases.
DE&pThe gas exits at a level below the entrance level.

(b)m=&
bg
5 m 1.5 cm2
2
1m3 273 K 10 bars 1 kmol 16.0 kg CH4
s 10 cm 303 K3STP
4 2
bg 1 kmol
0.0225 kg s
PoutV&
outnRT& V& P u (m/s)×A(m) 2 P
= Þ out = in Þ out = in
&
PinVin &
nRT &
Vin Pout uin(m/s)×A(m)P 2
out

Pin 10 bar
Youout=uin ( s )
=5 m 5.555 m/s
Pout 9 bar
1 0.5(0.0225) kg (5.5552-5.0002)m2 1N 1W
DE& &-u2in)=
k=m(uout
2
2 2
2 s s 1kg·m/s 1 N×m/s
0.0659 W
0.0225 kg 1N 1W
DE& & out-zin)=
p=mg(z 2
s s kg×m/s 1 N×m/s
-44.1 W

7-3
7.8 105m3103L1kg H2O 98.1m-75 m 1N 1J 10-m
iset7782.kW×h
DE&
p
h 1 m3 1 L s2 ·s2/1 N×m
1kgm 1J
4
-2.04 x 10 kW×h h
The maximum energy to be gained equals the potential energy lost by the water, or
2.04×104kW×h 24 h 7 days
3.43 x 106kW×hweek(morethansufficient)
h 1 day

7.9 (b)Q-W=DU+DEk+DEp
DE=0
k b
system is stationary g
DEp=0 bnohegihcthanged
Q - W = DU, Q < 0, W > 0

(c)Q-W=DU+DEk+DEp
b g b
Q=0 adiabatic , W=0 no moving parts or generated currents g
DE=0
k b
system is stationary g
DE=0 b
p no height change g
DU=0

(d).Q-W=DU+DEk +DEp
b
W=0 no moving parts or generated currents g
DE=0
k b
system is stationary g
DE=0 b
p no height change g
Q=DU, Q<0 Even though the system is isothermal, the occurrence of a chemical
reaction assures that DU¹0 in a non-adiabatic reactor. If the
the temperature increased in the adiabatic reactor, heat must be transferred
from the system to keep the constant, hence Q < 0.

7.104.00 L

a). Closed system: YOU + OFYOUk+DEp=Q-W

R
S b / final states stationary g
DE=0 initial
k

|TDE=0 bybassumption g
p

DU=Q-W

(b) -7.65L×bar 8.314J transferred from

ConstantTÞDU=0ÞQ=W= 7-J65 gas to
0.08314L×bar
surroundings

(c) Adiabatic, Q=0, DU= -W=7.65L×bar > 0, Tfinal>30°C

7-4
7.11A=
bg
p3 cm2
2
1m2
=2.83×10- 3m 2
104cm2
(a) Downward force on piston:
Fd=PA+m
ATM piston+weight g
1 atm 1.01325×105N / m22.83×10- 3m2 24.50 kg 1N
= + 527 N
ATM s2 1kg×ms2/

Upward force on piston: F=AP=2.83×10

u gas
-3 2
m PN m2d I am g

Equilibrium condition:
Fu=Fd2.83 x 10- 3m2× P=527ÞP=1.86×10
0
5 2 5
0 N m 1 . 8 6 x 1 0 Dad

nRT 1.40 g N21moleofN2 303K 1.01325×105Pa 0.08206 L×atm

V0= = 5
0.677 L
P0 28.02g1.86×10 Dad 1atm mol×K

(b) For any step, YOU+OFYOUk+DEp=Q-WÞDU=Q-W

DEk0
DEp0

Step 1: Q»0ÞDU=-W

Step 2: DU=Q-W As the gas temperature changes, the pressure remains constant, so
thatV=nRT Pgmust vary. This implies that the piston moves, so that W is not zero.

Overall:T initial =TfinalDU=0Q-W=0

In step 1, the gas expands (W>0) (DU<0) (T decreases)

Downward force F = 1.001.01325

d b gdid I
× 1052.83x10- 3+4.50 9.81 1=331 N (units bgbgb g
as in Part (a))
F 331 N
Final gas pressure Pf= = 1.16 x 105N m2
A 2.83 times 10 - 3m 2

SinceT0 =Tf30°CPf V f=P0V0THf= V 0

P0
Pf
0.677 L b g1.16Pax10 Dad
i.6te1s05
18m
5
1.08 liters

Distance traveled by piston= =

b
DV 1.08-0.677 L 1m3g 0.142 m
A 103L 2.83 × 10- 3m2
bgb g
Þ W = Fd = 331 N 0.142 m = 47 N × m = 47 J
Since work is done by the gas on its surroundings, +47 J
Q-W=0
heat transferred to gas

32.00 g3103L
7.12V=$ 0.1499 L mol
mol g 106cm3
$ $ $ 41.64 atm 8.314 J / (mol×K)
H=U+PV=1706 J mol + =2338 J mol
mol 0.08206 L×atm / (mol×K)

7-5
7.13 (a) Ref d i
state $U=0 for liquid Bromine @ 300 K, 0.310 bar

$ -U
(b)DU=U $ -28.24 $ kJ mol
final initial

$
DH=DU+ $ di
$ D PV=DU+PDV(Pressure
$ $ Constant)

ˆ
(
0.310bar 0.0516-79.94 L ) 8.314J 1kJ
DH=-28.24 kJ mol+ 3
-30.7 kJ mol
0.08314 L×bar 10 J
$
DH=nDH=5.00 bgb g
mol -30.7 kJ / mol = -153.58 kJ 3 -154 kJ

$
(c)Independent b g b
of PU300 K,$ 0.205 bar = U300 $K, 0.310 bar = 28.24 kJ mol g
$
U340 d i b
K,P=U340 $K,1.33 bar =29.62 kJ mol
f g
$ $ -U $
DU=U
E
final initial

$
DU=29.62-28.24=1.380 kJ mol
$
Changes with pressure. At constant temperature, PV = P' V' which $leads to$V' = PV
$ / P'. $

$ (T = 300K, P = 0.205 bar) = (0.310 bar)(79.94 L / mol) =120.88 L / mol

V'
0.205 bar
5.00L1 mol
n= 0.0414 mol
120.88 L
$
DU=nDU=0.0414 bgb g
mol 1.38 kJ / mol =0.0571 kJ

YOU+OFYOUk+DEp=Q-WÞQ=0.0571kJ
0 0 0
(d) Some heat is lost to the surroundings; the energy needed to heat the wall of the container is
being neglected; internal energy is not completely independent of pressure.

$ ideal
7.14 (a) By definition H=U+PV; $ gas $PV=RT therefore $H=U+RT $ $

b g b g b g b g b$ g
U$T,P=U T implies$H T,P=U T+R
$T=H T independent
$ of P

$ $ cal 1.987cal50K
(b)DH=DU+RDT=3500 + =3599 cal mol
mol mole×Kelvin
$
DH=nDH=2.5mol bgb g
3599 cal / mol =8998 cal or 9.0 x 10 cal 3

7.15YOU+OFYOUk +DEp=Q-Ws
DE=0 b
k no change in the market g
DE=0 b
p no elevation change

b
Ws = PDV since energy is transferred from the system to the surroundings g
DU=Q-WÞDU=Q-PDVÞQ=DU+PDV=D(U+PV)=DH

7-6
7.16.(a)DE=0u=u=0 b 2 g
b g
k 1
DE=0
p no elevation change
DP= 0 (the pressure is constant since restraining fForce is constant, and area is constant.
W PDV b
s the only work done is expansion workg
$
H=34980+35.5T(J / mol), V1= 785 cm3, T1400 K
.
PV 125´103At 785 cm31m3
n= = 0.0295 mol
RT8.314 m3×Pa / mol×K 400 K 106cm3
Q = DH = n(H$ H ) =
2
$ 0.0295 mol 34980 + 35.5T - 34980 - 35.5(400K) (J / mol)
1 2

83.8 J = 0.0295 35.5T2-35.5(400)ÞT2=480 K

nRT 0.0295 mol 8.314 m3×Pa 106cm3480 K

i)V= = 941 cm3
P 125'10 5Dad mol×K 1 m3
125'105N (941-785)cm 31 m3
ii) W = PΔV = 19.5 J
m2 106cm3
iii) Q = DU + PDV Þ DU = Q - DPV = 83.8 J - 19.5 J = 64.3 J

(b)DEp=0

7.17 (a) "The gas temperature remains constant while the circuit is open." (If heat losses could
occur, the temperature would drop during these periods.)
(b)OF ANDp+ D ER=QDt-WDt & &
&
DEp=0,DEk=0,W=0,U(t=0)=0 $
0.90´1.4 W 1 J s
& 1.26 J s
1W
1.26t
1 atm 2.10 L 1 mol×K
Moles in tank: n = PV / RT =
b g
25plus273K 0.08206 L×atm
0.0859 mol

$ =U
U=
1.26t(J)
=14.67t
0.0859 mol
Thermocouple calibration: T = aE + b
T=0,E=-0.249
bgb g
T°C=18.1EmV+4.51
T=100,E=5.27

$
U=14.67t 0 440 880 1320
T=18.1E+4.51 25 45 65 85
(c) To keep the temperature uniform throughout the chamber.
(d) Power losses in electrical lines, heat absorbed by chamber walls.
(e) In a closed container, the pressure will increase with increasing temperature. However, at
the low pressures of the experiment, the gas is probably close to ideal ÞU=f T only. $ bg
Ideality could be tested by repeating the experiment at several initial pressures.
results.

7-7
 & k+DE
7.18 (b)DH+DE & p=Q-W
& s(The
& system
& is the liquid stream.)
c
& no change in command
DE=0
k h
c
& no elevation change
DE=0
p h
c
& no moving parts or generated currents
W=0
s h
& &
DH=Q, Q>0&

& k+DE
(c)DH+DE & p=Q-W
& s(The
& system
& is the water)
c
& and P~constant
DH=0T h
c
& no change in command
DE=0
k h
c
& no DT between system and surroundings
Q=0 h
& ,W>0
DE=-W
p
& forwater
s
& system
s b g
& k +DE
(d) DH+DE & p=Q-W
& s(The
& system
& is the oil)
c
& no velocity change
DE=0
k h
& DEp=Q-W
& & && &
DH+ sQ<0(friction loss);Ws(pump work)

& k+DE
(e)DH+DE & p=Q-W
& s(The
& system
& is the reaction mixture)
&
DE=DE=0
k
&given
p c h
&
DW=0
s no c
movingpartsgeneratedcurrent h
& &Q positive
DH=Q, & or negative depends on reaction

1.25m3273 K 1 mol 103L

7.19 (a)
min 423 K3 b g 43.4 mol min

& DEk&
DH+ &s
+p=Q-W & &

&
k
&given
DE=DE=0p c h
&
W=0 c
s no moving parts h
43.37 mol 1 min 3640 J kW
Q= & & $
& DH=nDH= 2.63 kW
minimum 60s 3
mole 10 J / s
More information would be needed. The change in kinetic energy would depend on the
cross-sectional area of the inlet and outlet pipes, hence the internal diameter of the inlet
and outlet pipes would be needed to answer this question.

7-8
 bg
7.20 (a)$ H=1.04T°C-25H in kJ kg $
P=
H$out=1.04 34.0-25=9.36 kJ kg 11
H$in1.04 30.0-25=5.20 kJ kg n& 0
(m kP 34
$
DH=9.36-5.20=4.16 kJ kg ol/ a o
C
& DEk&
DH+ & s&
+ DEp=Q-W &
N2 Q&
& & assumed
DE=DE=0
k p c h 30 =1
W=0
s c
& no moving parts h o
C .25
$
& DH=n&DH
& k
Q=
W
Q& 1.25 kW kg 1 kJ / s 1031 mol
& = 10.7 mol s
DH& 4.16 kJ kW 1 kg 28.02 g

ÞV=&
10.7 moles b g 245.5L/s ≈ 246 L/s
mol 273 K
Some heat is lost to the surroundings, some heat is needed to heat the coil, enthalpy is
assumed to depend linearly on temperature and to be independent of pressure, errors in
measured temperature and in wattmeter reading.

7.21 (a) H$ = aT + b a = H$2-H1129.8-25.8

$
= 5.2
U
|VÞHbkJ kgg=5.2Tb°Cg-130.2
T2-T1 50-30 $
$1
b=H-aT=25.8-5.2
1 bgb g
30= -130.2 |W
$ then T=
H=0
130.2
ref 25°C
5.2

b g
Table B.1 Þ S.G. C H blg=0.659ÞV=$
6 14
1m3
659 kg
1.52 × 10- 3m 3kg

$b kg=H-PV=5.2T-130.2
UkR g b$ $ g kJ / kg
1 atm 1.0132×105N / m21.52 × 10- 3m3 1J 1kJ
-
1 atm 1 kg 1 N×m 103J

b g
$ kg=5.2T-130.4
ThUkJ

20 kg [(5.2´20-130.4) - (5.2´80 -130.4)] kJ

(b) Energy balance: -6240 kJ
DEk p,W=0 1 kg
6240 kJ 1 min
Average rate of heat removal= 20.8 kW
5 min 60 s

7-9
7.22 m&(kg/s) m&(kg/s)
260°C 200°C
H=
$ 2974 kJ/kg 2860
$ kJ/kg
u0= 0 u(m/s)
& &
DH+DE & & &
k+DEp= Q - W s
& & &
DE=Q=W=0
p s

&2
DE&k=-DHÞ &
mu
2
$
=-m&H-H di
out
$
in

(2)b2974-2860gkJ 103 N×m 1 kg×m / s2

2
di
$
u=2H-H=
in
$
out
kg 1kJ 1N
2.28 x 105
m2
s2
You=477 m/s

7.23 (a) 5 L/min 5 L/min

0 mm Hg (gauge) 100 mm Hg (gauge)

QinQout
Since there is only one inlet stream and one outlet stream, and m&in=m&out
Eq. (7.4-12) may be written
& $ &
mDU+mDPV+ did i
m
& 2
$ D u+mgDz=Q-W
2
& & &s

$
DU=0(given)
& $ = mV
mDPV a
& $ Pout- P = inVDP &
2
f
You =0(assume for incompressible fluid)

Dz=0
&
W=0(all energy other than flow work included in heat terms)
& &-Q &
Q=Q in out

&
VDP=Q& &
in-Qout

&
Flow work:VDP=
b
5 L 100-0 mm Hg g 1 atm 8.314 J
66.7 J min
min 760 mm Hg 0.08206 liter×atm
5 ml O220.2 J
Heat input: Q&
ni= 1 ml of O2 =101 J min
min
&
VDP66.7 J min
Efficiency: = 100% = 66%
&
Qin 101 J min

& k+DE
7.24 (a)DH+DE & p=Q-W
& p,W& & & & & & &
k s

$ b
H400°C, g
1 atm = 3278 kJ kg (Table B.7)
$ b
H100°C, g
saturated at 1 atm = 2676 kJ/kg (Table B.5)

7-10
7.24 (cont’d)
100 kg H2 O(v) / s 100 kg H2 O(v) / s
o
100 C, saturated 400oC, 1 atm

&
Q(kW)

b 3
& 100 kg 3278-2676.0 kJ 10 J 6.02 times 10
7
J s
s kg 1 kJ

(b)YOU+THEYk+DEp =Q-W;DEkp,W=0ÞDU=Q

ˆ ( 1 atm = 2507 kJ ˆ( m3 ˆ(
Table B.5 ÞU100°C, ) V100°C, 1 atm = )1.673 V400°C, P final )
kg kg
Interpolate in Table B.7 to find Pat which V=1.673ˆ at 400 C, and then
o
interpolate again to
ˆ 400 Co and that pressure:
findUat
ˆ 3 æ3.11-1.673 ö ˆ o
V=1.673 m /g ÞP=1.0+4.0
final ç ÷ 3.3 bar
è 2.493 ø
[(
Q=DU=mDU=100ˆ kg 2966-2507 kJ kg ) 10 J ] kJ=4.59×10
3
J ( ) 7

The difference is the net energy needed to move the fluid through the system (flow work).
The energy change associated with the pressure change in Part (b) is insignificant.

c b g h
7.25HH$ Ol, 2 20°C=83.9 kJ kg(Table B.5)
$b
Hsteam, g kJ kg(Table B.6)
20 bars, sat'd=2797.2

& H2 O(l) / h]
m[kg &
m[kgH 2O(v) / h]

20oC 20 bar (saturated)

Q&= 0.65(813 kW) = 528 kW

& k+DE
(a)DH+DE &p=Q-W
&s;DE&DE&
p,Ws
& & & & &
k
&
DH=m&DH $

Q& 528 kW kg 1 kJ / s 3600 s

m&=
DH$
=
b2797.2-83.9 kJ 1 kW g 1 h
=701 kg h

b gd i
& 701 kg h 0.0995 m kg 3= 69.7 m he sat down3 steam @ 20 bar
(b) V=
A Table B.6

&
nRT 701 kg / h 10 3g / kg 485.4 K 0.08314 L×bar 1 m 3
(c)V=& = 78.5 m3/ h
P 18.02 g / mol 20 bar mol×K 103L
The calculation in (b) is more accurate because the steam tables account for the effect of
pressure on specific enthalpy (nonideal gas behavior).
(d) Most energy released goes to raise the temperature of the combustion products, some is transferred
to the boiler tubes and walls, and some is lost to the surroundings.

7-11
 c bg h
7.26HH$ Ol,2 24°C, 10 bar = 100.6 kJ/kg (Table B.5 for saturated liquid at 24°C; oassume H) $
independent of P).

b g $
$ bar, saturated steam = 2776.2 kJ/kg (Table B.6)THH=2776.2-100.6=2675.6
H10 kJ kg

& H2O(l)/h]
m[kg & HO(v)/h]
m[kg 2
o
24 C
10,bar 150,00mh/@10ba(rsautraetd3)
&
Q(kW)

15000 m3 kg
&
m= h
4
0.1943 m3 =7.72×10 kg h
A
bTable 8.6 g

&p &
Energy balance DE,W=0 d &
:sDH+DE=Q i &k &

E&kinitial 0
DE& &k
k=Ek-Efinal
&initial DE&k=Ek&final

m&uf 2 7.72times10
4
kg 15,000 I m3h
2
1 1 h3 1J
DE&k= = h 2 22
0.15 p4 m 2 3600 s 1 kg×m / s 3 3 2 2
2 A
A=pD42
5.96 x 105J / s
4 5
$ 7.72times10 kg 2675.6 kJ 1h 6ite1s0 1
59.m kJ
Q& & + DEk=
= mDH & +
h kg 3600 s s 103J
57973 kJ s = 5.80 × 104kW

7.27 (a) 228 g/min 228 g/min

25o C o
C)

&
Q(kW)
=0
228 g 1 min (Hout-H$in) J $
& & &
DE,DE,W=0
& & &
Energy balance: Q=DHÞQW= bg min 60 s g
x p s

THout b g bg
$J g = 0.263Q W
&

b g 25 26.4 27.8 29.0 32.4

T°C
Hb
J gg=0.263Qb
$ &Wg 0 4.47 9.28 13.4 24.8

b g
(b)H =$ b T - 25
Fit to data by least squares (App. A.1)
å I
b
H$i Ti -25 g å T-25=3.34
b g
i i
2

Þ HJ$b gbg
g=3.34T°C-25

7.27 (cont’d)

7-12
 &
(c) DH=
3
b g
& 350 kg 10 g 1 min 3.34 40-20 J kW×s =390 kW heat input to liquid
min kg 60 s g 103J
Heat is absorbed by the pipe, lost through the insulation, lost in the electrical leads.

7.28
&w[kg H2 O(v) / min
m m&wkg H2O(l) / min
& kW)
Q(
3 bar, sat' d 27oC
m&and[kgC2H 6/ min] m&and[kgC2H 6/ min]
16oC, 2.5 bar 93oC, 2.5 bar

3
(a) C H mass flow: m& =795 m 10 L 2.50 bar 1 K - mol 30.01 g 1 kg
3

2 6 and
min m 3289 K 0.08314 L - bar mol 1000 g
2.487 x 103kg min

H$hi=941 kJ kg, Hef1073

$ kJ kg

Energy Balance on C2 H 6 : D E&p,W&

s=0,DEk
& & &

&
Q=2.487×10
kg LM
b P gkJ O 2.487 times 103kJ1 min
min 1073-941
N Q= 5.47 x 103kW
3
kg min 60 s

$ b
(b) H3.00
s1 g
bar, saturated vapor = 2724.7 kJ/kg (Table B.6)
$ b
Hliquid,
s2 g
27°C=113.1 kJ kg(Table B.5)
Assume that heat losses to the surroundings are negligible, so that the heat given up by the
condensing steam equals the heat transferred to the ethane 5.47×103kW d I
2
& &
Energy balance on H O:Q=DH=m&H-H $
s2 d $
s1 i
Q& -5.47×103kJ kg
&
H$s-H
2
$
1
=
s b113.1-2724.7 kJ g 2.09 kg of steam

THs& b gd
2.09 kg / s 0.606 m kg3 = 1.27 m s3 i
A
Table B.6

Too low. Extra flow would make up for the heat losses to surroundings.

(c) Countercurrentflow Cocurrent (as depicted on the flowchart) would not work, since it
would require heat flow from the ethane to the steam over some portion of the exchanger.
(Observe the two outlet temperatures)

7-13
7.29
250kgofhydrogen2O(v)/min 250 kg/min Heat 250 kg/min
Turbine
500°C 5 bar, T2(°C),H2(kJ/kg)
$ exchanger 5 bar, 500°C
H$1(kJ/kg) H$3 (kJ/kg)
Ws 1500 kW Q(kW)

b g
H 2 O v, 40 bar, 500°C : $H=3445
1 kJ kg(Table B.7)
b g
H O v, 5 bar, 500°C : $H=3484 kJ kg(Table B.7)
2 3

&p =0,Q=0,DE
(a) Energy balance on turbine:DE & k@0&

& -WÞm
DH= & H -H=
s
$
&-WÞH=H-W
2 1 di
$ m &
s
$
2
$
1
& &
s

3445 kJ 1500 kJ min 60 s

= - 3085 kJ/kg
kg s 250 kg 1 min
$
3085 kJ/kg

& p=0,Ws&
(b) Energy balance on heat exchanger: DE &
=0,DEk@0

& & $
Q=DH=m&H-H=
3
$
2 di 250 kg b g 1663kW
min 60 kg 1 kJ / s

(c) Overall energy balance: DEp& &

=0,DEk@0

& & &s

DH=Q-WÞm&H-H=Q-W
s
$
3 di $
1
& &s

& &
Q=DH+DW &
s=
b g
250 kg 3484-3445 kJ 1 min 1 kW 1500 kJ 1 kW
+
min kg 60 seconds 1 kJ / second s 1kJ/s
1663 kWÖ

(d)H O b g $
2 v, 40 bar, 500°C : V=0.0864
1
3
m kg(Table B.7)

H Obv, 5 bar, 310°Cg: $V=0.5318 m kg(Table B.7)

2 2
3

250 kg3 1
u1= 1.83 m s
min 60 s kg 0.5 p4 m2
2

250 kg min 0.5318 m3 1

u 2= 11.3 m/s
min 60 s kg 0.5 p4 m2
2

DE&k =
m& 2 2
u 2-u1 =
250 kg 1 1 min b11.3-1.8g3 mb g
2 2 2
1N 1 kW·s
2 min 2 60 s 2
1 kg×m / s2103N×m
=0.26 kW << 1500 kW

7-14
7.30 (a)DE,D&E,W
p
& &s
=0ÞQ=DHÞ
k - hA&T -T=&-300 kJ h Þ1.8h
s o T-T=300 b g b s o g kJ
h
(b)Clothed:o1 3 . 4 ° C
T=34.2
s

Nude, immersed: h=64ÞTo31.6°C (AssumingTsremains 34.2°C)

T=34.2
s

(c) The wind raises the effective heat transfer coefficient. (Stagnant air acts as a thermal
insulator —i.e., in the absence of wind, his low.) For a given Tothe skin temperature
must drop to satisfy the energy balance equation: when Tsdrops, you feel cold.

7.31 Basis: 1 kg of 30°C stream

o
1kgofhydrogen2 O(l)@30 C
3kgH2 O(l)@Tf(o C)
2 kg H2 O(l)@90o C

(a)T=30
1 o
b g b g
f C+90 C=70 C
o

3
o
2
3
b
(b)Internal Energy of feeds: U30°$C, liquid.= 125.7 kJkg g U V|
b
$ C, liquid.= 376.9 kJ kg
U90° g |W
(Table B.5 - neglecting effect of PonH) $
Q=W=DE=DE=0
p k
Energy Balance: Q - W = DU + DEp+DEk 0

b gb
$ kg) 125.7 kJ / kg -(2 kg) 376.9 kJ / kg =0
Þ3U-(1f g
$
YOUf293.2 kJ kg ΔTf70.05°C (Table B.5)

70.05-70.00
Diff.= 100% = 0.07% (Any answer of this magnitude is acceptable).
70.05
7.32 .
m(kg/h) 52.5 m3H2O(v)/h
. kg H2O(v)/kg .
0.85 m(kg/h)
0.15 kg H2O(l)/kg 5 bar, T(oC)
5 bar, saturated, T(oC) .
Q(kW)

P=5 bars
(a) Table B.6 151.8°CL=640.1$ kJ kg ,HV2747.5 kJ
$ kg

$ bar, saturated) = 0.375 3m / kg 52.5 m3 1 kg

V(5 140 kg h
h 0.375 m3
0.15 2 bgb g
Energy balance: Q &
= DH &
(
21 kg 2747.5-640.1 ] kJ ) 1h 1 kW
= 12 kW
h 3600 kg 1 kJ/s

7-15
 Table B.6
7.33 (a)P=5 bar Tsaturation 151.8oC. At 75°C the discharge is all liquid

(b)Inlet:T=350°C,P=40 bar Table B.7

H$in3095 kJ / kg,V0.0665
in
$ m / kg 3

Outlet:T=75°C,P=5 bar Table B.7

H$out= 314.3 kJ / kg,Vout1.03
$ × 10 m / kg -3 3

V&in 200 kg3/ kg

u in= = 50.18 m / s
Ain min 60 s p(0.075)2/ 4 m2
V&out 200 kg3/ kg
u out= = 1.75 m / s
Aout min 60 sp(0.05)2/ 4 m2
& 2
m
Energy balance: Q - W ≈ & & =m&(H
& -H & -u ) $ $ 2
ΔH + ΔEk 2 12 1
2
200 kg 1 min (314-3095) kJ 200 kg 1 min (1.752-50.182)m2
& &
Q-Ws= minimum 60 seconds +
kg 2 min 60 s 2

-13,460 kW (13,460 kW transferred from the turbine)

7.34 (a) Assume all heat from stream transferred to oil

4
& 1.00 x 10 kJ 1 min 167 kJ/s
min 60 s
100 kg oil/min 100 kg oil/min
135°C 185°C
& H2O(v)/s
m(kg &
m(kgH 2O(l)/s)
25 bars, sat'd 25 bars, sat'd
Energy balance on H O: Q 2= DH & & &$
= m H -H out dI $
in

DE& & &

p,DEk,W=0 s

H$( l, 25 bar, saturated) = 962.0 kJ/kg, H(v,

$ 25 bar, saturated) = 2800.9 kJ/kg (Table B.6)

Q& -167 kJ kg
H$out-Hin$
=
s b962.0-2800.9 kJ g 0.091 kg s
1200 g 1s 1 kg
Time between discharges: =13 s discharge
discharge 0.091 kg 103g

$1
(b) Unit Cost of Steam: 6
b2800.9-83.9 kJ g $2.6 x 10- 3/ kg
10 Btu kg kJ
Yearly cost:
1000 traps 0.091 kg stream 0.10 kg last 2.6×10- 3$ 3600 s 24 h 360 day
trapmultipliedbys kg stream kg lost h day year
$7.4×105/ year

7-16
7.35 Basis: Given feed rate

200kgofHydrogen2 O(v)/h

10 bar, saturated,$H=2776.2 kJ/kg n&[kg

3 H2O(v) / h
10 bar o $
n&[kg
2 H2 O(v)/h]
10 bar o $
& / h)
Q(kJ
$
From Table B.6 (saturated steam) or Table B.7 (superheated steam)
Mass balance: 200+n&2=n&3 (1)

DE&Kp,W=0
&
&
&
& &
Energy balance: Q=DH=n2943-200
3 b g b g b g
&2 kJ h
2776.2 -n3052 ,Qin & (2)

(1) (2) &

(a)n&=300
3 kg h 2=100 kg h Q=2.25×10 kJ4 h

& (1),(2) &h

(b)Q=0 n&306
2 kg hn 3506 kg

7.36 (a)Tsaturation@ 1.0 bar = 99.6 °CÞTf=99.6oC

H 2 O (1.0 bar, saturated)ÞHl417.5$kJ / kg, Hv2675.4 kJ$ / kg
H 2 O (60 bar, 250oC)=1085.8 kJ / kg
Mass balance: mv+ml100 kg (1)
Energy balance: &
DH=0
DE&K,Q,DE
& ,W=0
p
& &

$ $ $
ThmvH v+mlH l-m1 H 1=mvH v+mlH l-(100
$ $
kg)(1085.8 kJ / kg) = 0 (2)

(1,2) 29.6 kg vapor kg vapor

ml 70.4 kgv29.6 kgy v= 0.296
100 kg kg

(b)It is unchanged. The temperature will still be the saturation temperature at the given final.
pressure. The system undergoes expansion, so assuming the same pipe diameter,&DEk>0.
yvwould be less (less water evaporates) because some of the energy that would have
vaporized water instead is converted to kinetic energy.

(c)Pf39.8 bar (pressure at which the water is still liquid, but has the same enthalpy as the
feed

7-17
7.36 (cont’d)
(d) Since enthalpy does not change, then whenPf 39.8 bar the temperature cannot increase
because a higher temperature would increase the enthalpy. Also, when Pf³39.8bar, the product
is only liquid no evaporation occurs.

0.4 300
250
0.3
200
0.2 150
100
0.1
50
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 36 39.8 60
Pf (bar) Pf(bar)

7.3710 m3 n moles of steam(v), 275°C, 15 bar to 10 m3 n moles of water (v+l), 1.2 bar

10.0 m3H2 O(v) 10.0 m3

m in(kg) mv[kg H2 O(v)]
275oC,1,.155bbaarr ml[kg H2O (l)]
Q
1.2 bar, saturated

Table B.6
(a) P=1.2 bar, saturated, T2104.8o C

10 m3 1kg
(b) Total mass of water: mni= 55 kg
0.1818m3
Mass Balance:mv+ml=55.0
Volume additivity: Vv + V l10.0 m3=mv1.428 m3/ kg)+ml0.001048 m3/ kg)
Thmv7.0 kg,ml 48.0 kg condensed
$
(c) Table B.7ÞUin= 2739.2 kJ / kg; Vin0.1818$m / kg 3

Table B.6
R
|SU$ 439.2 kJ / kg; V 0.001048
$ m / kg 3

| U = 2512.1 kJ / kg; V 1.428 m / kg

l l

T $
v
$
v
3

Energy balance: $ U -m
Q=DU=mvUv+m $ U $
l l in in
DEpk,W=0

=[(7.0)(2512.1 kJ / kg) + (48.0)(439.2)-55 kg (2739.2)] kJ

-1.12 × 105kJ

7.38 (a) Assume both liquid and vapor are present in the valve effluent.

1 kg H2O(v)
2 /s

15bar,Tsat+150oC m&l[kg H 2 O (l) / s]

m&v[kg2HO(v)/s]
1.0bar,ssaturated

7-18
7.38 (cont’d)
(b) Table B.6THEsat' 198.3oCÞT=348.3oC in
$
Table B.7ÞHinH(348.3 $ C, 15 obar) »3149 kJ / kg
$ bar, saturated) = 417.5 kJ / kg; H (1.0 $bar, saturated) = 2675.4 kJ / kg
Table B.6ÞHl (1.0 v
&
Energy balance: DH=0ÞmH & $H H
+m & =0$ & $
l l v vin in
DE&pk,Q,W=0
& & &

$ = H +m&$ H $ &v+ml&
m
Þm&in H in l l v v 3149 kJ / kg=m&l (417.5)+(1-m&l)(2675.4)

There is no value of m&lbetween 0 and 1 that would satisfy this equation. (For any value
in this range, the right-hand side would be between 417.5 and 2675.4). The two-phase
assumption is therefore incorrect; the effluent must be pure vapor.
m&in=mout
&1
(c) Energy balance Thmout &H out$=minH&
in
$ 3149 kJ / kg = H(1$bar, Tout)
Table B.7
Tout337oC

This answer is only approximate, as DEk is not &

zero in this process).

7.39 Based: 40 lbmminimum circulation

(a) Expansion valve

R = Refrigerant 12
40 lbmR(l)/min 40 lbm/ min
93.3 psig x vlb mR (v) / lbm
$ Btu/lbm
27.8 (1-xv) lbmR(l) / lbm
H$v77.8 Btu / lbm ,Hl9.6 Btu
$ / lb
m

& &neglectDE
Energy balancep,Ws,Q=0, & kTHD=
& & å n&H $
I I- å n&H $
i i0
out in
40XlbR
v bg
m v 77.8 Btu 401-XlbR l
+
b v g bg m 9.6 Btu 40 lb m
-
27.8 Btu
=0
min lbm min lbm min lbm
E
X=0.267
v 26.7% evaporates b g
(b) Evaporator coil

40 lbm/min 40lbm R(v)/min

0.267 R(v) 11.8 psig
0.733 R(l) H=
$ 77.8 Btu/lbm
11.8 psig
$v 77.8 Btu/lbm ,Hl $ 9.6 Btu/lbm
H=
& s=0,
Energy balance: DEp,W & neglect DEkÞQ=DH
& & &

& 40 lbm77.8 Btu 40 0.267

Q= - bgb g bg
lbR v m 77.8 Btu
- bgb g bg
40 0.733m lbR l 9.6 Btu
min lbm min lbm min lbm
2000 Btu min

7-19
7.39 (cont’d)
(c) We may analyze the overall process in several ways, each of which leads to the same
result. Let us first note that the net rate of heat input to the system is

& evaporator
Q=Q & -Qcondenser
& =2000-2500= -500 Btu min

and the compressor workscrepresents the total work done on the system. The system is
closed (no mass flow in or out). Consider a time interval Dtmin. Since the system is at b g
steady state, the changes DU, DEkandDEpover this time interval all equal zero. The
total heat input is QDt, &
the work input is WcDt, and&(Eq. 8.3-4) yields
& - WDt
&c = 0 implies
&c & -500 Btu 1 min 1.341×10- 3hp
QDt W=Q 11.8 hp
min 60seconds9.486times10- 4Btu s

7.40Basis: Given feed rates

n&1(mol / h)
n&C3 H8(mol C3H 8/h)
0.2 C3 H8
08. C4 H 10 C&H (mol C4H 10/ h)
4 10

0 oC, 1.1 atm 227oC

n&(mol
2 / h)
& / h)
Q(kJ 0.40 C3 H 8
0.60C4 H 10
25 o C, 1.1 atm

Molar flow rates of feed streams:

300 L 1 mol
n&=
1 1 hour 1 atmosphere b g14.7 mol h
22.4 liters Standard Temperature and Pressure

200 L 1 mol
n&2= hr 298 K 1 atm 22.4 bL g9.00 mol h
STP
14.7 mol 0.20 molC3 H 89.00 mol 0.40 mol C3 H 8
Propane balanceC H = +
3 8 h mole h mol
6.54 moles of C3 H 8h

Total mole balance:nC &H (14.7

4 10
+ 9.00 - 6.54) mol C 4 H20h=17.16molC4 H20h

DEps=0, neglect DE& &

kTH=DH
& & &

6.54 mol C3H 820.685 kJ4H 1027.442 kJ

& &
Q=DH= å N&iHi$-
in
å
N&iHi$=
h mol
+
h mol
b g 0.60'9.00 gmolC4H102.394 kJ
b
out

- 0.40'9.00 mol C3 H 81.772 kJ -

587 kJ h
h mol h mole

(H$i=0 for components of 1st feed stream)

7-20
 510 m3273 K 103L 1 mol 1 kmol
7.41Basis:
min 291 K m322.4 L STP 103mol
21.4 kmol min
b g
(a)
&
Q(kJ/min)

n.0(kmol/min) 21.4 kmol/min

38°C,hr97% 18°C
y0(molH2 O(v)/mol y 1(molH2 O(v)/m)ol
(1 - x0)(mol dry air/mol) (1 - y1(mol dry air)
.
n 2(kmol H2O(l)/mol)
18°C

(
hr PH* 38°C
2O
) 0.97 ( ) 0.0634 mol H
Inlet condition: yo= = 2 The mole
P 760 mm Hg
(
PH*2The18°C
15.477 mm Hg )
Outlet condition: y=1 =
0.0204 mol H2 The mole
P 760 mm Hg
b &o
Dry air balance: 1-0.0634n=1-0.0204g b g
&o min
21.4Þn=22.4 kmol

Water balance: b0.0634g22.4=n &+ b0.0204g21.4Þn &0.98 kmol per minute

2 2

0.98 kmol
18 kg / min H2 The condenses
min kmol

$
(b). Enthaphies:H38°C=0.0291
air b g b 38-25=0.3783
g kJ mol
$ b g b 18-25=
H18°C=0.0291 g -0.204 kJ mol
air

H$ H2 O b38°C g 2570.8 kgkJ 10 g mole= 46.33 kJ molU|

||
3

H$ H2 O bv, 18°C= g 2534.5 kgkJ 10 g mol 45.67 kJ mol Table

V B.5
3
|
H$ H2 O b18°C g 75.5 kJkg 101 kgg 18.02 mol
g ||
=1.36 kJ mol
3
W
Energy balance:
DE& , W=0,DE
& &@0

gd b gi b
p s k

& &
Q=DH= å n&iH$i- å n&I H$i ÞQ=1-0.0204
& 3
21.4 × 10^-0.204

b g21.4 b´10 45.67

did g +I0.98 × 10 1.36-1-0.0634 b g22.4b× 10g0.3783
bd g i
out in
3 3 3
+0.0204
b g22.4
-0.0634 d b´10 g46.33i = -5.67 × 10 kJ min
3 4

4
Þ 5.67 x 10 60 min 270 tons of cooling
min h kJ 12000 Btu

7-21
7.42 Basis: 100 mol feed
n2(mol), 63.0°C
A-Acetone 0.98 A(v)
Q(cal)
c
B - Acetic Acid 0.02 B(v)
0.5n2(mol) 0.5n2(mol)
100 mol
0.98 A(l) 56.8°C 0.98 A(l)
0.65 A(l)
0.02 B(l) 0.02 B(l)
0.35 B(l)
n 598.7°C
0.544 A(v)
0.456 B(v)
598.7°C
0.155 A(l)
0.845 B(l)
Q(cal)
r

Overall balances
U
bgbg V
Total moles: 100=0.5n2+n5 2120 mol
A0.65 100= 0.98 0.5n+ 0.155n
2
n= 40 mol
5 W5

Product flow rates: Overhead 0.5120b g molA

0.98=58.8
b 0.02=1.2
0.5120 g mol B
Bottoms 0.155b40=6.2
g molA
b=g33.8 molB
0.845 40
$ nIH$i
Overall energy balance: Q=DH=
DE , W=0,DE @0
å
out
iH i- å
in
p 2 x

interpolate in table interpolate in table

¯ ¯
( ) 0+6.2
Þ Q=58.8 0+1.2 ( 1385+33.8
) ( 1312-65
) (354-35
) 335(=1.82´10
) 4(cal )

(b) Flow through condenser: 2 58.8117.6 moles A b g

b =g2.4 moles of B
21.2

Energy balance on condenser: Q c=DH

DE , W=0 , DE @0

b g b g
p 3 k

5
Q=117.6
c 0-7322+2.4 0-6807= -8.77´10 calheat removed from condenser
Assume negligible heat transfer between the system and surroundings other than Q.c r
Q=Q-Q=1.82×10
r c
4
( )
- - 8.77´105=8.95×105calheat added to reboiler

7.43 1.96 kg, P1= 10.0 bar, T1

2.96 kg3= 7.0 bar, T3=250o C

1.00 kg2 2

Q= 0

7-22
7.43 (cont’d)
o
(a)T2165.0 C
H$ 3 (H 2 O(v), P = 7.0 bar, T = 250 C)
o
= 2954 kJ kg (Table B.7)
$
H 2(H2 O(v), P = 7.0 bar, saturated) = 2760 kJ/kg (Table B.6)
Energy balance
DE , Q,W , DE
p s k
@0

03-1.96H1-1.0H$2Þ1.96H1$-0.72 kg(194
$ $
kJ / kg)
TH $(10.0 bar, T )=3053 kJ / kgÞT @300C
1 1 1
o

(b) The estimate is too low. If heat is being lost, the entering steam temperature would have to.
be higher for the exiting steam to be at the given temperature.

7.44 (a) T1T(P=3.0 bar, sat'd.) = 133.5oC Vapor

V$l(P=3.0 bar, sat'd.) = 0.001074 m / kg 3
P=3 bar

V$ (P=3.0 bar, sat'd.) = 0.606 m / kg

v
3
Liquid
0.001074 m31000 L 165.0 kg
Vl = 177.2 L
kg m3
Vspace200.0 L - 177.2 L = 22.8 L 200.0 L
Pmax20 bar
22.8 L 1 m3 1 kg
mv= 0.0376 kg
1000 L3

(b) P=Pmax20.0 bar m total165.0 + 0.0376 = 165.04 kg

T1=T(P=20.0 bar, sat'd.) = 212.4oC
V$l(P=20.0 bar, saturated) = 0.001177 m3 / kg; Vv$(P=20.0 bar, sat'd.) = 0.0995 m / kg3
V =m V +m $ V Thm $ V + -m $ )V $
total l l v v l l total l v
3
Þ 200.0 L 1m =mlkg(0.001177 m3/ kg) + (165.04-ml(kg)0.0995m3/ kg)
1000 L
Thml164.98 kg; mv0.06 kg

0.001177 m31000 L 164.98 kg

V l= 194.2 L; Vspace5.8 L
kg m3
0.02 kg 1000 g
m evaporated = 20 g
kg

(c) Energy balance Q = DU = U(P=20.0 bar, saturated) - U(P=3.0 bar, saturated)

DE , W , DE
p k
@0

U$l(P=20.0 bar, saturated) = 906.2 kJ / kg; Uv(P=20.0

$ bar, sat'd.) = 2598.2 kJ / kg
U$(P=3.0 bar, sat'd.) = 561.1 kJ / kg; U (P=3.0
l
$ bar, saturated) = 2543 kJ / kg
v

Q=0.06 kg(2598.2 kJ / kg)+164.98 kg(906.2 kJ / kg) - 0.04 kg(2543 kJ / kg)

-165.0 kg (561.1 kJ / kg) = 5.70×104kJ
Heat lost to the surroundings, energy needed to heat the walls of the tank

7-23
7.44 (cont’d)
(d)(i) The specific volume of liquid increases with the temperature, hence the same mass of
liquid water will occupy more space; (ii) some liquid water vaporizes, and the lower
density of vapor leads to a pressure increase; (iii) the head space is smaller as a result of
the changes mentioned above.

(e)– Using an automatic control system that interrupts the heating at a set value of pressure
A safety valve for pressure overload.
Never leaving a tank under pressure unattended during operations that involve
temperature and pressure changes.

7.45 Basis: 1 kg wet steam

(a) 1kgH2O20
2 bars 1kgofhydrogen2 O,(v) 1 atm 1 kg of H2O
2
0.97 kg of H2O(v) Tamb,1atm
H$2 (kJ/kg)
0.03 kg H2O(l)
H(kJ/kg) Q=0 Q
$1
b
$ bars, saturated = 2797.2 kJ kg
Enthalpies:H v20 g U | bTable B.7 g
b g
H$l, 20 bars, saturated = 908.6 kJ/kg
V
|W
Energy balance on condenser:
DE , DE , Q, W=0
$ $ 2797.2
DH=0 then H=H=0.97 2b +0.03g908.6b g
1
p K 3

Table B.7
$ kJ / kg
TH22740 T»132oC

(b) As the steam (which is transparent) moves away from the trap, it cools. When it reaches
its saturation temperature at 1 atm, it begins to condense, so that T=100°C. The white
Plume is a mist formed by liquid droplets.

7.46 Basis:
8 oz H Ol1
2 bg
quart 1 m3 1000 kg 0.2365 kg of hydrogen2 Obl
g
32 oz is equivalent to 1.97 quarts. 3
m
(For simplicity, we assume the beverage is water)

0.2365 kg H2O (l)

(m + 0.2365) (kg H)2O (l))
18°C
m(kg H2O (s)) 4°C
32°F (0°C) Assume P = 1 atm

Internal energies (from Table B.5):

b
$ kJ / kg
75.5 2 g $ bg 2 bg
$
2

Energy balance bclosed systemg:ÞDU=n U å- I I

$
å n iU$i0
out in
DEp,DEk,Q,W=0

(m + 0.2365) kg (16.8 kJ / kg) = 0.2365 kg (75.5 kJ / kg) + m kg (-348 kJ / kg)

m=0.038 kg = 38 g ice

7-24
 o $ =0 C
7.47 (a) WhenT=0 C,H=0,ÞT o
ref

(b) Energy Balance - Closed System:0

DE , ATQ,W=0
k
,
p

25 g Fe, 175°C
25 g Fe
1000gofhydrogen2O(l) 1000 g H2O
20°C T f(°C)

di
U Iron T+U
f I b g b20°C,g1 atm=0 or DU+DU
dT-U175°C-U
H2O f Iron H 2O Iron H2O =0

YOU =
25.0 g
Iron
dI =432T -175 Jf
f
g cal

Table B.5H O
1.0 L 10 3g U $H O2 T-83.9
= f e di jJ e di
=1000U $H 2O T-83.9
f j
J
2
1 L g
Þ432Tf+1000UH O$T-1.60×10
2 f
5
=f T =0 dI di
f

T f° C 30 40 35 34 Interpolate
Þ
dI
f Tf 4
-2.1×10 +2.5×10 1670-2612 4 T f34.6°C

7-25
7.48 I II
H 2 O(v) H 2 O(v)
760mmHg (760+50.1)mmHg
100°C Tf 1.08 bar saturated
Þ
Þ Tf=101.8°F(Table8.5)
H 2 O(l),100°C H 2 O(l),Tf
T0 Tf

Energy balance-closed system:

DEpK,W,Q=0
v-vapor
II $II II II$ II $II I $I I $I I $I
DU=0=mvU v+m lUl+mbU b-mv U v-ml Ul-mb U b l-liquid
b-block

b g b
I1.01 bar, 100°CII1.08 bar, 101.8°C g
VLlb
$ kg g 1.044 1.046
VLvb
$ kg g 1673 1576
UL b
$l kg g 419.0 426.6
ULvb
$ kg g 2506.5 2508.6
50 kg 1L
Initial vapor volume: VvI20.0 L - 5.0 L
8.92 kg
14.4 L H Ov2 bg
b g
Initial vapor mass:mIv14.4 L 1673 L kg = 8.61 × 10- 3kg H2O 2 bg
I
bL kg = 4.79gkg H2O
Initial liquid mass: m 5.0 L 1.044
l 2 bg
$ 101.8b
Final energy of bar: U=0.36 II
gkg
=36.6 kJ
b

Assume negligible change in volume & liquid ΔVvII14.4 L

b
Final vapor mass: mIIv14.4 L 1576 L kg = 9.14 × 10- 3kg H2O g 2 bg
Initial energy of the bar:

U$bI =
1
5.0kg
d b g b g b g b g b gi
9.14 x 10- 32549.69- 32506.5-4.79 419.0

44.1 kJ kg
44.1 kJ / kg
Oven TemperatureTo= o
122.5°C
0.36 kJ / kg×C
H 2O evaporated=mvII-mvI=9.14×10- 3kg-8.61×10- 3kg=5.30x10- 40.53 g

(b)U b$44.1
I
+ 8.3 5.0 = 45.8 kJ/kg
To127.2°C

(c) Meshuggeneh forgot to turn the oven on.o<100°C)

7-26
 weight of piston
7.49 (a) Pressure in cylinder= atmospheric pressure
area of piston

P=
30.0 kg 9.807N100cm b g 2
1.0 bar
+
1 atm 1.013 bar
=1.08 bar
400.0 cm2 kg bg
2
1m
2
105N m2 atm
101.8°C
sat

Heat required to bring the water and block to the boiling point
Q=DU=m U 1.08
w d b
wl g b gI bd$ Ig b$ g
$bar, saturated -Ul, 20°C+m
$ U T-U20°C
wl Al To sat Al

=
b kJ g + 3.0 kg [0.94(101.8-20)] kJ 2630 kJ
7.0 kg 426.6-83.9
kg kg
2630 kJ < 3310 kJ Sufficient heat for vaporization

V$l =1.046 L kg ,U l=426.6

$ kJ/kg
(b) T f =Tsat101.8°C . Table B.5 Þ
$ $
Vv1576 L kg,Uv 2508.6 kJ kg
mv(kg H2 O(v))
7.0 kg H2O(l) T º 101.8°F 1576 L/kg
H$ = 426.6 kJ / kg P º 1.08 bars
1.046
$ L / kg 1.046 L/kg
m l(kg H2 O(l))
Q(kJ) W(kJ)
(Since the Al block stays at the same temperature in this stage of the process, we can
$ ) $
ignore it -i.e.,Uin=Uout
Water balance: 7.0=ml+mv(1)
Work done by the piston:W= F D z = wpiston+P A Dz atm

L O PbADz=PDVÞW=1.08
N Q g bbar 1576m+1.046m-1.046
g 7.0bgb g
w
AM
= +P ATM L v l

8.314 J / mol×K 1 kJ
´
0.08314 liter - bar / mol×K 10 J 3
b + 0.113m - 0.7908 kJ g
170.2m v l

Energy balance: DU = Q - W
Q
6444447444448YOU 64474486444447444448 W

Þ2508.6m+426.6m-426.6
v L bg
7 =(3310-2630)-(170.2m+0.113m-0.7908)
v L
2679mv+426.7mL-3667=0(2)
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously yields mv0.302 kg, ml6.698 kg
bgb g
Liquid volume = 6.698 kg 1.046 L kg = 7.01 L liquid

bgb
Vapor volume=0.302 g L kg=476 L vapor
kg 1576
3 3

Dz=
DV 483.01
=
b7.0gb1.046gL 10 cm
1190 cm
1
A 1 L 400 cm2
(c)TupperAll 3310 kJ go into the block before a measurable amount is transferred to the
water. Then DU=QÞ3.0
AL b g b g
kg 0.94T-20 kJ
u kg=3310ÞT=1194°C if
o
u melting is
neglected. In fact, the bar would melt at 660. C.

7-27
7.50 1.00 LH2 O(v), 25o C
m v1 (kg)
m v2 [kg H2 O(v)]
=mv1+me U
Assume not all the liquid
V
is vaporized. Eq. at
W
T ,P .m kg H O vaporized.
f f e 2

4.00 LH2 O(l), 25oC m L2[kg H2O(l)]

m L1 (kg) =mL1+me

2915 kJ

$ kJ kg, VL11.003 L
Initial conditions: Table B.5ÞUL1104.8 $ kg P=0.0317 bar
$
T=25°C, saturatedÞ U =2409.9 $ L kg
kJ kg ,V 43,400
v1 L1

m=1.00
v1 b g b g
l 43400 l kg=2.304×10 kg,m=4.00l1.003
LI lkg=3.988kg
-5
b g b g
Energy balance:
d -5
DU=QÞ2.304´10+m UT+3.988-m UT $
e -2.304´10
v f i di b e g$ d I d i
L f
-5
b2409.9g
b g
-3.988 (104.8)=2915 kJ

d $ i d iE b
-5
2.304 x 10^+ m Ue T+3.988-m
v f
$
U T =3333
e v g di f

Thme=
d i$
3333-2.304´10U-3.988U -5
v
$
L
(1)
$ $
U-v U L
F I$
G
G
V L+ V v= V tan k2.304×10- 5+m J
J V d i b
T+3.988-m V g$d i
T=5.00 L
H AKA
e
kg liters
L f e L f

5.00-2.304×10d
^(-3.988)V i$ $-5

Thme=
V$v-VL$
v L
b2g
bgbg d I
1-2Þf T =
d $
3333-2.304´10U T-5 -3.988U T i di
v f di
$
L f
f
U$v-UL$

-
d
5.00-2.304×10^(-3.988) -5
i$ v
$
L
=0
V$v-VL$

di di
Table 8.5
AssumeTfYOU,U,V,V)f T $ Such
Find $ $ that$ f T =0 f
v L v L f f

Tf U$v U$L V$v V$L f

-2
201.4 2593.8856.7 123.7 1.159-5.12×10
198.3 2592.4 842.9 131.7 1.154-1.93×10 - 2
195.0 2590.8 828.5 140.7 1.149 1.34´10 - 2
196.4 2591.5 834.6 136.9 1.151-4.03´10 -4 THEf 196.4°C, Pf14.4 bars
Eqb1
g
me2.6x10- 32.6 g evaporated
or Eq 2 bg

7-28
7.51. Basis: 1 mol feed
B = benzene
nV(mol vapor)
T = toluene
y B(mol B(v)/mol)
(1 - yB(mol T(v)/mol)
1 mol @ 130°C in equilibrium
z B(mol B(l)/mol) atT(°C),P(mm Hg)
(1 –zB(mol T(l)/mol)
nL(mol liquid)
x B(mol B(l)/mol)
(1 – xB(mol T(l)/mol)

(a) 7 variables: (nV,yB,L,xB,Q,T,P)

-2 equilibrium equations
-2 material balances
-1 energy balance
2 degrees of freedom. If T and P are fixed, we can calculate.V,yB,nL,xB, and Q.
(b) Mass balance:nV+nL= 1 Þ n V= 1 - n 2 (1)
Benzene balance: zBnVy B+nLx B
bg d id$ $
C 6 H 6 l:T=0,H=0,T=80,H=10.85ÞH=0.1356T
bg
$
BL i (3)

d
H 6 = 60.1045T + 33.25$ I d $ $
BV i 4
bg Id
$ $
C 7 H 8 l:T=0,H=0,T=111,H=18.58ÞH=0.1674T
bg
$
TL i (5)

d $ I d $
C H v:T=89,H=49.18,T=111,H=52.05ÞH=0.1304T+37.57
7 8
$ i TV (6)

Energy balancep,Ws =0, neglect DEk

Q=DH=n and H +n1-y
V B BV b g
$ H +n x H +n1-x $ H-1z H T$
V B TV L B BL Lb B g$ TLb $g b g(7)
B BL F

bgbHgTTL
-11-z $ b g
B F
Raoult's Law:
y BP= x Bp B* (8)
(1 - y B) P= (1 - x B) pT* (9)
Antoine Equation. For T= 90°C and P=652 mmHg:

p B* (90oC)=106.89272- 1203.531/(90+ 219.888= 1021 mmHg

pT* (90o C)= 106.95805- 1346.773/(90+219.693= 406.7 mmHg
Adding equations (8) and (9)

P-pT* P-pT* 652-406.7

P=xBp B* + (1-x B)p T* ÞxB= = = = 0.399 mol B(l) / mol
p B* -pT* p B* -pT* 1021-406.7
x Bp B* 0.399(1021mmHg)
y B= = 0.625 mol B(v) / mol
P 652mmHg
z B-xB 0.5-0.399
Solving (1) and (2) thereforeV= = 0.446 mol vapor
y B-xB0.625-0.399
L=1-nV1 - 0.446 = 0.554 mol liquid

7-29
7.51 (cont’d)
Substituting (3), (4), (5), and (6) into (7)

Q= 0.446(0.625)[0.1045(90)+ 33.25+ 0.446(1 - 0.625)[0.1304(90)+ 37.57

+ 0.554(0.399.1356(90)]+ 0.554(1- 0.399)[0.1674(90)] - 0.5[0.1356(130)]
- 0.5[0.1674(130)] Þ Q= 8.14 kJ / mol
(c).IfP<Pminall the output is vapor. If P>Pmaxall the output is liquid.

(d) At P=652 mmHg it is necessary to add heat to achieve the equilibrium and at P=714
mmHg, it is necessary to release heat to achieve the equilibrium. The higher the pressure,
There is more liquid than vapor, and the liquid has a lower enthalpy than the equilibrium.
vapor: enthalpy out < enthalpy in.

zB T P pB pT xB yB V nL Q
0.5 90 652 1021 406.7 0.399 0.625 0.446 0.554 8.14
0.5 90 714 1021 406.7 0.500 0.715 -0.001 1.001 -6.09
0.5 90 582 1021 406.7 0.285 0.500 0.998 0.002 26.20
0.5 90 590 1021 406.7 0.298 0.516 0.925 0.075 23.8
0.5 90 600 1021 406.7 0.315 0.535 0.840 0.160 21.0
0.5 90 610 1021 406.7 0.331 0.554 0.758 0.242 18.3
0.5 90 620 1021 406.7 0.347 0.572 0.680 0.320 15.8
0.5 90 630 1021 406.7 0.364 0.589 0.605 0.395 13.3
0.5 90 640 1021 406.7 0.380 0.606 0.532 0.468 10.9
0.5 90 650 1021 406.7 0.396 0.622 0.460 0.540 8.60
0.5 90 660 1021 406.7 0.412 0.638 0.389 0.611 6.31
0.5 90 670 1021 406.7 0.429 0.653 0.318 0.682 4.04
0.5 90 680 1021 406.7 0.445 0.668 0.247 0.753 1.78
0.5 90 690 1021 406.7 0.461 0.682 0.176 0.824 -0.50
0.5 90 700 1021 406.7 0.477 0.696 0.103 0.897 -2.80
0.5 90 710 1021 406.7 0.494 0.710 0.029 0.971 -5.14

(e).Pmax= 714 mmHg, Pmin582 mmHg

nVvs. P

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
582 632 682 732

P (mm Hg)
nV=0.5 @P@640 mmHg

7-30
 DPDu2
7.52 (a). Bernoulli equation: + +gDz=0
r 2

= d
DP 0.977×10- 5-1.5 × 105Pa 1 N / m2 i m3
-46.7
m2
r Dad 1.12×103kg s2
bg
gDz=(9.8066 m / s26 m = 58.8 m2/s2

Bernoulli 2
Du 2
b 2/ s2Þ ug2= u2+2-12.1m2/ s2
-12.1m 2 1
I

b5.00g22/ s2- (2)(12.m 2/ s2= 0.800m2/ s 2Þ u 2= 0.894 m/ s

=
d 3i
In& mes
(b). Since the fluid is incompressible, 2 2
= pd 1u4=1 pd u42 2

Þ d 1=d2
u2
u1
=6 cm b g 0.894 ms
5.00 m s
2.54 cm

2 d i2 A1 A1=4A2
&d sid
7.53 (a).Vm 3
=Amum 2
i 1 1 s=Amum
b g bsÞu=u
g 2
u2=4u1
2 1
A2
Bernoulli equationDz=0)

DP You2
+ =0Þ DP=P-P=2- 1
ru 2-u
2
2
1 d i
r 2 2
Multiply both sides by- 1
Substituteu 22 = 16u12
Multiply the top and bottom of the right-hand side byA12
A12u12 &
2

15rV&2
P-P
1 2=
2 A 12

dI 15rHOV &2 2 A12 gh Fr I

(c)r 1 2 Hg -r H 2O gh= 2

2 A 12
&2
15 G
Hr
Hg

H 2O
JK-1

V&2 =
2p7.5b g cm 1
2
2
4
m49.8066 m 38 cm 1 m b13.6-1 g1 . 9 5 5 × 1 0 6
-3

15 108cm4 s2 102cm s2
Þ V&
= 0.044 m s= 344 L/s

7-31
 1P=3.1 bar, z=1 +7m, u0 m1s
7.54 (a). Point 1 - surface of fluid. b g
2 ,z=0 m,u=?
Point 2-discharge pipe outlet.P= 1 atm
b=1.013 bar g 2 2 bg
b g
Dr = 1.013-3.1bar 105N 1 m3
-263.5m2s 2
r m 2×bar0.792´103kg
9.8066 m -7m
-68.6m2s2
s2
263.5+68.6g m 2s2=332.1m2s 2
Bernoulli equation
You2
2
=-
DP
r
b
You2=u22-02

u 22=2(332.1m2s2=664.2 m2s 2You225.8 m/s

2 2
& p(1.00 ) cm 2580 cm 1 L 60 s
122 L / min
3 3
4 1 s 10 cm 1 min
(b) The friction loss term of Eq. (7.7-2), which was dropped to derive the Bernoulli equation,
becomes increasingly significant as the valve is closed.

7.55 Point 1 - surface of lake.

P=1
1 atm, z1=0,u1=0
Point 2 - pipe outlet. P=12atm, z=zft 2 bg
V& 95 gal 1 ft3 b g
1 144 inches
2
1 min
u 2= = 2
35.3 feet per second
A min 7.4805 galp0.5 times 1.049 inches2 1 ft2 60 seconds

Pressure drop: DPr=0P=P bg 1 2

F I
b lb=0.0822z(ft×lb
Friction loss: F=0.041 2zft×lb g lb )
f m f m
G
HL=sine 30° =2zJK
Z

W &s -8 hp0.7376 feet×lb /

f s 1 min7.4805 gallons1 ft360 s
Shaft work:m& = -3
1.341 ´ 10 hp 95 gallons 1 foot3 62.4 lb m1 min
= - 333 ft×lb fb m

Kinetic energy:
2
Du 2= b g 35.3-0
2 2
ft 2 1 lbf
19.4 ft×lbflbm
2 2
2 32.174 lbmft/s
bg
32.174 feet 1lbf b g
Potential energy: gDz= =zft×lb lbf
32.174 lbmft/s2
m
s2
-W&s
b gÞ
Eq. 7.7-2
DPDu2
r
+
2
+gDz+F=
m&
19.4 + z + 0.082z = 333; z = 290 ft

7-32
7.56 Point 1 - surface of reservoir. 1 P=1 atm (assume), 1u=0,z1=60 m
Point 2 - discharge pipe outlet. P = 1 atm2 (assume), u2=?,z2=0

DPr=0

You2 u22 V& A

2
d h&2 6/ s)2
V(m 1 108cm4 1 N

pb352gcm
= = = 2
2 2 2 (2) 4
1 m4 1 kg·m/s2
&2
3.376 VN×mbkg g
9.8066 m -65 m 1N
gDz= -637 N×m kg
s2 1 kg×m / s2
& 0.80 × 106W 1 N×m / s
W
m
s
&
=
W &
Vm 3
s
I am
1m3
1000 kg
& kg
=800VN×m b g
Mechanical energy balance: neglect FEq.b7.7 - 2 g
DPDu2 -W& 800T+E 3
& 1.27m 60 seconds 76.2m3minimum
+ +gDz= &2
Þ3.376V-637= - Þ V= &
r 2 m& V s 1 min
Include friction (add F>0 to left side of equation) Þ V increases. &

7.57 (a). Point 1: Surface at fluid in storage tank, 1P=1 atm, u=0, 1 z=Hm 1 bg
Point 2 (just within pipe): Entrance to washing machine. P=1 atm, z22 =0
600 L 103cm31 min 1m
u 2=
b 1g
minp4.0 cm 4
2
L 60 s 100 cm
7.96 m/s

=b
7.96 m s g
2 2 2
DP You u 2 1 J
=0; = 31.7 J / kg
r 2 2 2 1 kg·m2/ s2
9.807 m 0-Hm
c b gh 1 J
-9.807H(J / kg)
s 2
1 kg×m2/ s2
DPDu2
Bernoulli Equation: + +gDz=0→H=3.23 m
r 2
Point 1: Fluid in washing machine.P=1 atm,u 1 1»0,z10
Point 2: Entrance to storage tank (within pipe). P=1 atm, u227.96 m/s, z23.23 m
DP You2 J b g J J
=0; 31.7 ; gDz=9.807 3.23-0=31.7 ; F=72
r 2 kg kg kg
& -m & DPDu
Mechanical energy balance: W= +
L
M+gDz+F
2
O
P
s
r 2N Q
&s 600 L 0.96 kg 1 min 31.7 +b31.7 + 72 J g 1 kW
- -1.30 kW
min L 60 s kg 103J s
(work applied to the system)
Rated Power=1.30 kW 0.75 =1.7 kW

7-33
7.58 Basis: 1000 liters of 95% solution. Assume volume additivity.
1 x I 0.95 0.05 l
Density of 95% solution:
b g
Eq. 6.1-1 r
=
r i
= å
1.
2 6
+
1.
0 0
=0.804
kg
Þ r1.24 kg liter

1 0.35 0.65 l
Density of 35% solution: = + 0.9278 Þ r1.08 kg liter
r 1.261.00 kg
1000 liters 1.24 kg
Mass of 95% solution: 1240 kg
liter
G = glycerol
W = water
1240 kg (1000 L) m 2 (kg)
0.95 G 0.60 G
0.05 W 0.40 W
23 m
m1 (kg)
0.35 G 5 cm I.D.
0.65 W

Mass balance: 1240 + m = m12 U

V 1740 kg
bgb g bgb g b gb gWm 2980 kg 60% solution
1
Þ
Glycerol balance: 0.95 1240+0.35m=0.60m 1 2 2

1740 kg 1L
Volume of 35% solution added = 1610 L
1.08 kg
b
Final solution volume=1000+1610 L =2610 L g
Point 1. Surface of fluid in 35% solution storage tank.1 atm,1 u1=0,z10
Point 2. Exit from discharge pipe.=1 atm,z
2 223 m
1610 L 1 m31 min 1 104cm 2
u 2= b g 2 1.051 m/s
13 min 10 3L 60 sp2.5 cm21 m2

DPr =0,
You2You22
= b g 2 2 2
= 1.051 m /s 1 N
0.552 N×m kg
2 2 (2) 1 kg·m/s2
9.8066 m 23 m 1N
gDz= =225.6N×m kgF=50 J kg = 50 N×m kg
2
1 kg×m / s2
1740 kg 1 min
Mass flow rate: m=& 2.23 kg s
13 min 60 s

g b
Mechanical energy balance Eq. 7.7-2

L
M
2
O
P b g
2.23 kg 0.552 + 225.61+J50
1 kW
N×m
DP+Du
&
W= - mN
s
&r 2 + gDz+ F
Q= - s kg
1 N×m 103J s
= - 0.62 kWÞ 0.62 kW delivered to fluid by pump.

7-34