The Progressive Current

It is based on an abstract conception of man, a being that changes over time and space. Science
It must therefore allow for the exact definition of a perfect urban model that suits every group.
human.

Since 1901, architect Tony Garnier has developed a plan for the industrial city, where almost
everything that is at the basis of current urbanism. The 'rationalist architects' were established starting in 1928
an international movement (CIAM - International Congress of Modern Architecture). In 1933
the architects of CIAM elaborate a doctrinal manifesto: 'The Athens Charter'. True catechism
of progressive urbanism, this document had many ideas from Le Corbusier.

Progressive urbanism is obsessed with modernity, that is, the key idea of urbanism.
progressive is the idea of modernity. The city of the 20th century should belong to its time, to affirm the
the contemporaneity of everything that translates as the advancement of technique: the industry, the automobile,
the airplane.

There is a mad concern for hygiene, which manifests in the demands for sun and greenery.

The Athens Charter requires tall buildings, spaced apart, isolated in green and light.
another theorem of progressive urbanism is the abolition of the street, denounced as anachronistic,
noisy, dangerous, contrary to the imperatives of light and hygiene. The Athens Charter demands
that the properties be located far from traffic flows.

The progressive model is based on the analysis of urban functions accompanied by zoning:
housing, work, leisure. Circulation is conceived as a distinct, independent function in
relation to buildings, with differentiation of roads according to speeds.

The urban scheme is designed for the standard man. Anywhere in the world. Both for the
great enough for the small towns. Whatever the political regime or the level of
economic development. From this volume of achievements emerges Chandigarh, based on the plans
from Le Corbusier and Brasília, with plans by Niemeyer. Commissioned by Presidents Nehru and
Juscelino, respectively, constitutes grandiose manifestations of urbanism and aesthetics.
progressives.

Gigantic public buildings that dominate vast empty spaces create a sculpture.
Urban inspired by Cubism, based on simple geometric volumes. In Brasília, the neighborhoods
Housing complexes do not differ much from housing complexes in Singapore, Paris, and Moscow.

The progressive city is not tied to cultural tradition, it aims to be the expression of freedom of
reason in the service of aesthetics and efficacy.
Culturalist Model
Unlike the progressive, he turns to the past. The idea is that the city is a reflection of culture, that
the city and its inhabitants constitute an organic unit threatened by the consequences of
industrial development

The culturalist model space opposes point by point to the progressive model. The cities
they have precise limits and are circumscribed in green belts.

The city occupies a particular and differentiated place; it is the importance that culturalists attribute to it.
individuality.

The culturalist model had as its main exponents: Camillo Sitte and Ebenezer Howard. This
the model had as basic principles: totality and culture. The totality was explicit in the idea
that the whole (the city) should prevail over the parts (the individual), the cultural concept implies
that culture should prevail over the material notion of the city. In clear opposition to the model
progressive, this model appeared to be much less politicized, emphasizing an approach
aesthetic.

For Howard, specifically less concerned with architecture and urbanism, garden cities
they were an alternative to the industrial city not only from a formal point of view, as they constituted
above all a proposal that rejected the imbalances and ways of life inherent to it. A
an important and fundamental dimension of his theory related to providing dignified housing for
the working classes. The garden city was designed to form as a community
morally balanced and autonomous, where the housing would be rented through cooperatives.
The city should provide industrial and agricultural resources. The wide gardens next to the houses do not
they should be just natural spaces, but gardens providing food. The dimension and growth
the city would be controlled by a green belt, since the loss of human scale in large
cities were condemned.

The culturalist model has been intensely criticized for its attachment to historicism and its obsession with
aesthetic problems. In the case of the garden cities, the criticism is directed at the control required in expansion
urban and its strict limitations that would be incompatible with the needs of development
economic.

The Naturalistic Model

The naturalistic city model proposed a return of man to nature and also rejected the model.
of the industrial city, seen as alienating to the individual.

Gradually, starting from the 19th century, there is a growing questioning regarding the view
anthropocentric view that flora and fauna existed exclusively to satisfy the needs of
man. Since the Middle Ages, the European world was totally dependent on animals. At that time,
It was predominant the view that nature was destined to serve some human purpose, if not
practical, at least, aesthetic and moral.
K. Thomas states that this assumption has been gradually modified by a combination of
several processes. The first of these is due to the development of Natural History, a scientific study
of animals and vegetation. A decisive period then began for the break between popular views
the learned one of the natural world. The second aspect, mainly linked to the close coexistence of
society of the 18th and 19th centuries with domestic animals, was the significant change in relation to
treatment of these, attributed to an expansion of the frontier with the moral concern, in the manner of
understand other species, besides the human. The third aspect is related to the growth of
cities in the period of the modern era and the emergence of an industrial order where animals were
increasingly marginalized in the process of industrialization.

New sources of energy began to be used, among them steam and hydraulic power, as well as animals.
they have increasingly come to be seen as pets. Urban growth and the
the increase in pollution has begun to threaten the harmonious coexistence of man with nature. The ideal
the trend now is that a beautiful city would have a rural appearance, as close as possible to
natural landscape.

It is important to mention that it is from the mid-nineteenth century that the technical means of
intervention in the landscape takes on an importance never before experienced, and, with the
deepening of the social division of labor imposed by capitalist development, which the
landscape architecture is beginning to be discussed as a field of professional activity.

Frank Lloyd Wright criticizes the industrial city and advocates for contact with nature as the great
output to return the man to himself and allow for a harmonious development of the person
as a whole.

He proposes that all urban functions be dispersed and isolated in nature in the form of
reduced units. The housing is individual, there is no apartment, but private houses with
enough space for its occupants to engage in agricultural activities and dedicate themselves to leisure
varied. The work (workshops, offices, and laboratory) is located next to the residence integrating
small-sized units designed for a minimum number of people. Wright envisioned a system
eccentric, composed of point elements connected by a rich circulatory network.

The harsh reality of cities in the 20th century demonstrated the dichotomy between reason and passion.
in these three models. They were not able to bring solutions to the vast majority of conflicts
urban, since they were unaware of the power of social and economic relations in the organization of space.
The evolution of urbanism indicates attempts to overcome these limitations by incorporating the emerging ones.
planning techniques.

The main currents of urban planning in the 19th and 20th centuries
CURRENTS THINKERS CHARACTERISTICS
Humanist Pugin, Ruskin, It is anti-industrial, in favor of the city of the past,
Morris, Geddes, especially regarding its architecture and culture.
Munford, Howard Highlight for Howard's garden city project
UnWin (European) (1898), which seeks to combine the advantages of the city and of
field. In it, the urban encompasses a space in the center,
commercial and administrative, then an annular zone
intended for the residences, each provided with its own garden,
 finally an industrial zone on the outskirts. There would be avenues
long and tree-lined paths that would lead to a park
central; T intersections were used instead of
crossings to reduce accidents. Valued a life
communal and autonomous because located at a distance
of the existing cities, in an area of about 6,000
acres, of which 5,000 would be allocated for cultivation
(a kind of green belt surrounding) and the others
thousand acres designated for the city itself. To that end
there would be strict control over the services and number of
inhabitants: future growth - only up to 32 thousand
It would lead to the construction of a new garden city.
It was like a cooperative; over time the
inhabitants could become owners of the soil, not it
being of the houses and companies.
Naturalist Wrigt (American) Entitled Broadacre City, the unbuilt project
envisions individual housing, usually low-rise, with
sporadic isolated buildings, a wide landscape and
democratic. Democratic because decentralized, with
small farms, small workshops for the industry,
small factories and schools and everyone could have some
acres, ensuring access to the natural world. It would have
low population density. It is anti-industrialist.
Progressive Toni Garnier, He/she shows disdain for the old city, except for the
Le Corbusier conservation of some important monuments (not
(European) without struggle, without protests). It is obsessed with modernity,
should the landscape configure the technical advances-
scientists in equipment and use of materials
(airports, glass, concrete, frames...). It is based on
in the analysis of urban functions and accompanied by a
zoning: the functions of housing, work, and leisure are
assigned to specific areas. The giant collective property
apartment blocks and/or offices - represents the
ideal to be implemented, with wide avenues and increase
two open spaces.
Source: Costa (2001:46)

Urbanization: Conceptualization
According to Monfré (2009, p. 70), urbanization is a "process of creation or of
development of urban organisms according to the principles of urbanism.

Phenomenon characterized by the increasingly dense concentration of population in

urban agglomerations (Ferreira, 1999 apud Monfré, 2009)

Still, according to the same author, only the word urbanization refers to the 'creation',
explicitly the action of urbanizing, making a territory urban, which can occur through
of a project that arranges occupancy in advance or without a project or design
computers, as is the case with numerous urban settlements in Brazil.
The creation of urbanization that organizes and establishes criteria is a project and a design. The
urbanization proposes and defines models, defines forms and conceptually an 'object'.
intended to be reproduced by imitation” (Argan, 2004 cited in Monfré, 2009).

Fonseca (2011) states that:

In a primary approach, urbanization can be seen as a process of distancing from

rural characteristics of a human settlement or region to urban characteristics. In
In general, this process is associated with the development of civilization, industrial production and
of technology. In demographic terms, the concept refers to the redistribution and flow of
populations from rural areas to urban settlements.

The term can also refer to the action of equipping an area withinfrastructures e equipment
urbanThe Aurélio Dictionary - 21st Century defines Urbanization as the "set of works
necessary to equip an area with infrastructure (for example, water, sewage, electricity)
and/or urban services (for example, transportation, education, health).

(Fonseca, 2011:3)

In Mozambique, according to Decree 60/2006 of December 26 that regulates the Land Law
in urban areas, Urban Land is defined as: "all the area encompassed within the perimeter of
municipalities, towns and legally established communities.
According to Carvalho (2010), urbanization is the process by which a population settles and
multiplies in a given area, which gradually structures itself as a city. It can also be defined as
how the increase of the urban population compared to the rural population is historically linked to
evolution of capitalism, especially in its industrial phase.

As both a demographic and social phenomenon, urbanization is one of the most powerful.
manifestations of the economic relations and the prevailing way of life in a given community
historic moment.
Phenomena such as urbanization and demographic growth are determinants in the formation of
cities, which result, however, from the integration of various dimensions – social, economic,
cultural and psychosocial - in which the political conditions play relevant roles
nation.
According to Maniçoba (2006:75), "the most commonly associated definition of the term urbanization refers to this
as being the growth of the number of cities and the increase of the urban population." Souza (1996:5
apud Maniçoba, 2006:75) confirms this statement "according to which urbanization, considered in its
quantitative sense, it is the increase in the percentage of the population living in urban spaces, as well as
the growth of these

Becker (1991:52 apud Maniçoba, 2006:76) "refers to urbanization as a strategy of the State for the
occupation of a given territory. According to this author, the relevance of urbanization as an instrument of
occupation is linked to three fundamental roles played by urban centers: the attraction of flows
migratory, the organization of the labor market and social control, which attributes to urbanization a
new meaning.

The notion of urbanization encompasses both the demographic phenomenon itself (concentration
population in urban spaces), whether the process of rehabilitation/requalification in cities
as a result of changes in the lifestyle of the population1.

Castells (1983:39 apud Maniçoba, 2006:76), in his analysis of the urban phenomenon, emphasizes that, of
Among the numerous definitions given by sociologists for the term urbanization, it is possible to distinguish two meanings.
distinguished: 1) spatial concentration of a population, starting from certain limits of dimension and
density; 2) diffusion of the system of values, attitudes, and behaviors called urban culture.

According to Sposito (n/d), understanding today's city involves grasping which processes shape it.
complexity of its organization and explain the extent of urbanization in this century, requires a return to
its origins and the attempt to reconstruct, albeit in a synthetic way, its trajectory.

Urbanization is associated with the process of industrialization that brought people from rural areas to
the center of the cities. This process spatially translates into a concentration of the population and of
activities in city centers. In the social and demographic sense, it means the transfer of
populations from these to the first, and movement of contingents from small or medium to the
large urban, with the rapid incorporation of lifestyles in cities by dispersed areas (Costa,
2010).

According to Gaspar (s/d,:285), 'urbanizing also implies access to a minimum of infrastructure - roads,
water supply, sewage, energy - and services, which will constitute the basic requirements that
allows to identify the phenomenon in different latitudes and different levels of development
economic and technological.

The concept of urbanization encompasses, in its physical sense, the connotation of land occupation, as it becomes
urban or this urban becoming denser, and its extension over urban areas, urban expansion

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It is rural. There are different forms of urbanization and dispersal of the urban fabric, as well as different forms
to characterize this process.

According to Costa e Silva (2012):

Urbanization fundamentally results from the transfer of people from the rural environment (countryside) to the urban environment.
urban (city). Thus, the idea of urbanization is closely associated with the concentration of many
people in a restricted space (the city) and in the substitution of primary activities (agriculture) by
secondary activities (industries) and tertiary (services).

(Costa and Silva, 2012:21)

Silva and Macêdo state that:
It is important to understand that urbanization is not just about the growth of cities. For it to
it is necessary for a set of changes to occur that will be expressed both in the urban landscape of the city
on the behavior and lifestyle of people. First, it is necessary for the urban population
grow more than the rural population, that is, that the urban population increases in relation to the
total population of the country or region. It can even happen that the city grows without there being
necessarily urbanization, as long as the rural population grows in the same proportion as the population
urban. In reality, the growth of cities knows no bounds, as the city can expand.
indefinitely. Urbanization, however, has its limits. In countries where the urban population
surpass 95% of the total, we can say that these countries have already reached them.

(Silva and Macêdo, 2009:3)

According to the same authors, 'another very important aspect is that urbanization is mainly a
spatial aspect. This process is the result of substantial social and economic modifications that
are at the basis of the development of capitalism itself" (Silva and Macêdo, 2009:3).

The rapid process of urbanization brings with it urban problems due to unplanned growth.
the cities. The lack of planning results in problems of an environmental and social nature. The
population swelling, caused by the accumulation of people and the lack of adequate infrastructure
causes disturbances for the urban population that, due to unplanned growth, ends up occupying
inadequate places for housing (Jordão Filho and Oliveira, 2013).

Bibliography
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