Albert Einstein (pronounced in German [ˈalbɐ t ˈaɪ nʃ taɪ n] Listen) was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, in the

Württemberg (German Empire), and died on April 18, 1955, in Princeton, New Jersey (United States),
is a theoretical physicist. He was successively German, stateless (1896), Swiss (1901) and dual
Swiss-American nationality (1940)[N 1]. He married Mileva Marić, then his cousin Elsa Einstein.

He published his theory of special relativity in 1905 and his theory of gravitation, known as relativity.
general, in 1915. He significantly contributed to the development of quantum mechanics and of the
cosmology, and received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the effect
photoelectric[N 2]. His work is particularly known to the general public for the equation E=mc2, which
establishes an equivalence between the mass and energy of a system.

He is today regarded as one of the greatest scientists in history, and his fame
far exceeds the scientific community. He is the personality of the 20th century according to Time magazine.
In popular culture, his name and persona are directly linked to notions of intelligence,
knowledge and genius.

LIFE AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE SCIENTIST ALBERT EINSTEIN

SCIENCES

Albert Einstein

March 14, 1879

Physicist

Biography

American physicist of German origin, Albert Einstein changed through his fundamental theory of
relativity, the human conception of time, space, and the universe, revolutionizing thought
scientific and philosophical.

Science without religion is lame; religion without science is blind.

his personal conviction in these terms, then he specified: "A religious person is a believer in
she does not doubt at all the existence of supra-personal purposes that require neither
not admitting any racial foundation." In his existence, he made room for neither prayers nor
the adoration. Yet he was driven by deep faith, without rational foundation, that there remained laws of
Nature to discover. He dedicated his life to their discovery.
Biography of Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein is often cited as one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. His work
continuing to help astronomers study everything from gravitational waves to the orbit of Mercury.

The equation of the scientist who contributed to explaining special relativity E = mc² is famous even
among those who do not understand its underlying physics. Einstein is also known for his
theory of general relativity (an explanation of gravity), and the photoelectric effect (which explains the
behavior of electrons under certain circumstances); his work on this latter earned him a
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.

Einstein also vainly tried to unify all the forces of the universe into a single theory, or a
theory of everything, which he was still working on at the time of his death.

Einstein's early years

Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany, a city that today has a little more than
120,000 inhabitants. There is a small commemorative plaque at the location where his house used to be.
was destroyed during World War II). The family moved to Munich shortly after its
birth, then in Italy when his father had trouble managing his own business. The father
Einstein, Hermann, managed an electrochemical factory and his mother Pauline took care of Albert and his
young sister, Maria.

Einstein will write in his memoirs that two 'wonders' deeply marked his early years.
years, according to Hans-Josef Küpper, a specialist on Albert Einstein. The young Einstein met his
first wonder, a compass at the age of 5: he was mystified that invisible forces could
deviate the needle. This would lead him to a lifelong fascination with invisible forces.
the second wonder came at the age of 12 when he discovered a book on geometry that he
he revered it, calling it his 'holy book of geometry'.

Contrary to popular belief, young Albert was a good student. He excelled in physics and
In mathematics, but was a more 'moderate' student in other subjects, wrote Küpper on his site.
web. However, Einstein rebels against the authoritarian attitude of some of his teachers and
dropped out of school at 16. He then took an entrance exam for the Federal Polytechnic School of
Zurich, and although his performances in physics and mathematics were excellent, his grades
in other areas were mediocre, and he did not pass the exam. The budding physicist took
additional courses to fill gaps in knowledge. He was admitted to the School
Swiss Federal Polytechnic in 1896 and, in 1901, he received his teaching diploma in physics and
mathematics.

However, Einstein does not find a teaching position and starts working in an office.
patents in Bern in 1901. It was there, between two analyses of patent applications, that he developed his
works on special relativity and other areas of physics that later made him famous.

In 1903, Einstein married Mileva Maric. Their children, Hans Albert and Eduard, were born in 1904 and
Einstein divorced Maric in 1919 and soon after married Elsa Löwenthal. Löwenthal died in 1933.

Highlights of his career

Einstein's career took him to many countries. He obtained his doctorate from the University of Zurich.
in 1905, then became a professor in Zurich (1909), in Prague (1911), and again in Zurich (1912).
He then moved to Berlin to become the director of the Emperor Wilhelm Institute of Physics and
Professor at the University of Berlin (1914). He also becomes a German citizen.

A major validation of Einstein's work took place in 1919, when Sir Arthur Eddington, secretary of the
Royal Astronomical Society is leading an expedition in Africa that measures the position of the stars during
a total solar eclipse. The group discovered that the position of the stars was shifted due to the
bending of light around the sun.

Einstein stayed in Germany until 1933, when the dictator Adolf Hitler came to power.
The physicist then renounced his German citizenship and settled in the United States to become
theoretical physics professor at Princeton. He became a U.S. citizen in 1940 and retired.
in 1945.

Einstein remained active in the physics community throughout his later years.
In 1939, he wrote a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt to warn him that uranium could be
used for an atomic bomb.
Towards the end of his life, Einstein engages in a series of private debates with physicist Niels Bohr on the
validity of quantum theory. Bohr's theories have held up, and Einstein subsequently integrated
quantum theory in its own calculations.

Books

Foundations of the theory of special and general relativity - 1916

Four lectures on the theory of relativity - 1921

Why war? (with Freud) - 1933

How I See the World - 1934

Einstein: The Lives of Albert

[Link] ANTA DIOP.

Cheikh Anta Diop was born on December 29, 1923, in Thieytou, in the Diourbel region (Senegal). His
the family is of Wolof aristocratic origin. At the age of 23, he left for Paris to study physics
and chemistry but also turns to history and social sciences. He particularly attends the courses of
Gaston Bachelard and Frédéric Joliot-Curie. He adopts a specifically African perspective towards the
vision of certain authors of the time in which Africans are peoples without a past.

In 1951, Diop prepared a doctoral thesis under the direction of Marcel Griaule at the University of Paris.
in which he claims that ancient Egypt was populated by black Africans, and that the language and culture
Egyptians then spread into West Africa. He does not succeed at first.
to gather a jury but, according to Doué Gnonsoa, his thesis resonates with a 'great echo' in the form of a
book, Black Nations and Culture, published in 1954. He will finally obtain his doctorate in 1960. He continues
at the same time a specialization in nuclear physics at the nuclear chemistry laboratory of
Collège de France. Diop leverages his multidisciplinary training to combine several methods.
approach.

He relies on quotes from ancient authors such as Herodotus and Strabo to illustrate his theory according to
which the ancient Egyptians exhibited the same physical traits as black Africans
today (skin color, appearance of hair, nose, and lips). His interpretation of
anthropological data (such as the role of matriarchy) and archaeological evidence lead him to conclude
that Egyptian culture is a black culture. From a linguistic point of view, he particularly considers that the
Wolof, spoken today in West Africa, is phonetically related to the Egyptian language.
antique.

When he obtained his doctorate in 1960, he returned to Senegal to teach as a lecturer.

the University of Dakar (since renamed Cheikh Anta Diop University, UCAD). There he will obtain in 1981 the
professor. But as early as 1966, he created within this university of Dakar the first laboratory.
African carbon-dating of archaeological fossils, in collaboration with that of
French Commission for Atomic Energy (CEA) in Gif-sur-Yvette. He conducts melanin tests there.
on samples of skin from Egyptian mummies, whose interpretation would allow, according to Diop, to
confirm the accounts of ancient Greek authors on the melanin skin of the ancient Egyptians.

In the 1970s, Diop participates in the scientific committee that leads, within the framework of UNESCO, the
writing a General History of Africa. For the writing of this work, he participated in 1974 in
International conference in Cairo where he confronts the methods and results of his research with those
of the main global specialists. Following this international conference, he is entrusted with the writing
from the chapter dedicated to the origin of the ancient Egyptians.

The final report of the conference highlights the agreement of the specialists — except for one of them —
on the contributions made by Cheikh Anta Diop and Théophile Obenga regarding the relationship between the
ancient Egyptian culture and African cultures. Thus, for Professor Jean Vercouter, "
Egypt was African in its writing, in its culture, and in its way of thinking." The professor
Leclant recognized this same African character in the temperament and way of thinking of
Egyptians. Nevertheless, the scientific community remains divided on the nature of the settlement of
Ancient Egypt: mainly composed of Black people until the loss of independence for some,
mixed according to other experts.
Furthermore, from 1947, Diop became politically involved in favor of the independence of African countries and
of the constitution of a federal state in Africa. "Until 1960, he fights for the independence of Africa
and from Senegal and contributes to the politicization of many African intellectuals in France. Between 1950 and
1953, he is the general secretary of the students of the African Democratic Rally and strongly denounces
early, through an article published in The Voice of Black Africa, the French Union, which, "regardless of the angle
under which it is envisaged, appears to be unfavorable to the interests of Africans." Continuing the struggle
on a more cultural level, he participates in various congresses of black artists and writers and, in 1960, he
publish what will become his political platform: The economic and cultural foundations of a future
Federal state in Black Africa.

According to Doué Gnonsoa, Diop will be one of the main instigators of the democratization of political debate.
in Senegal, where he will lead the institutional opposition to the regime of Léopold Sédar Senghor, through the
creation of political parties (the FNS in 1961, the RND in 1976), of an opposition newspaper (Siggi, renamed
later Taxaw) and a farmers' union. His confrontation, in Senegal, with the champion of the
Négritude would be one of the most significant intellectual and political episodes in history.
contemporary of Black Africa.

Cheikh Anta Diop died in his sleep in Dakar on February 7, 1986. Along with Théophile Obenga and Asante
Kete Molefe is considered one of the inspirers of the epistemological movement of
Afrocentricity. In 1966, during the first World Festival of Black Arts in Dakar, Diop was honored.
as "the African author who had the most influence on the 20th century".

On February 8, 2008, the Minister of Culture of Senegal, Mame Birame Diouf, inaugurated a mausoleum.
perpetuating the memory of the researcher in Thieytou, his homeland where he rests. This mausoleum appears on the
list of classified sites and monuments of Senegal.

Realization.

Civilization or barbarism

Alert under the tropics, articles 1946-1960. Culture and development in Black Africa.

Precolonial Black Africa.

Cultural Unity of Black Africa.

The economic and cultural foundations of a federal state in black Africa.