JUAN PABLO DUARTE

The ideology
revolutionary

From Exile to Restoration

After a first exile in Hamburg, Juan Pablo Duarte
he set off to the Caribbean island of Saint Thomas; then he continued
Pedro Santana served as president two more times: between
1853 and 1856 and between 1858 and 1861. At the end of this last one.
heading to Venezuela, a country where he was for twelve years.
mandate, President Santana decided to annex the country to
Little is known about the life of Juan Pablo Duarte during
Spain, putting an end to the First Dominican Republic.
this period. It is very likely that I had no news from the
I intended to end the Haitian threat and perpetuate it.
amnesty decree in favor of him and his
in power, as he accepted in return the position of first
companions, I had promulgated at the beginning of
governor of the Spanish Province of Santo Domingo.
September 1848 the government ofManuel
Jimenes(1848-1849), successor of Santana.
Then the so-called Restoration War (1863-
During the First Republic, the Haitians tried in
1865) among the supporters of maintaining the annexation to Spain and
numerous occasions regain control over the part
Dominican from the island, but they were defeated time and again.
the separatists, whose goal was to restore the Republic and
what they had inGregorio Luperón your most capable leader
The political power passed to the conservative group of
haters and former boyerist officials influenced by French culture, military. Juan Pablo Duarte returned to his homeland on March 25 of
1864 and was commissioned to traverse South America in search of
thanks to the control of the presidency of the Central Board
help for the independence cause.
Governorship by Tomás Bobadilla and the Liberating Army
by General Pedro Santana, who governed
In November, he was already in Venezuela, where he would receive the
dictatorially in various periods. The alternation in the GABRIELA CAMACHO DURAN
news of the triumph of the restoring government and the birth of
power of Pedro Santana andBuenaventura Báez,I hate you
the Second Dominican Republic. But, after several presidents
southwestern wood cutter of the country, more cunning and not
ephemeral, the generalJosé María Cabralhe took charge of the new No.07
less annexationist than the first, characterized this stage.
government, and Juan Pablo Duarte was again sentenced to
ostracism, this time by his own supporters, who do not
they recognized their contribution to the independence cause. COURSE
Sick in body and soul, his life gradually faded away in his retreat. 3rd year of Middle School
forcibly from Caracas, where he passed away on July 15, 1876.
Professor
Johanka Grullon

January 28, 2019

 * The First Republic
Despite this, Duarte's independence ideas had taken root and
Juan Pablo Duarte The Trinitarian continued to gain followers, and on February 27, 1844, their
followers declared the country's independence. Under the leadership
Dominican liberator. Founder of the society La Unlike other liberators, Juan Pablo Duarte did not
from Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, and after capitulating the garrisons
Trinitarian and principal ideologist of independence, for two had to fight against a European metropolis to achieve the
Haitians in the capital and other cities, the independence cause
sometimes Juan Pablo Duarte saw succeed the cause for which independence from the former Spanish part of the island, but against
triumphed; the Haitians were expelled to the former French part
fought all his life: in 1844, when the country achieved the the Haitian domination.
of the island and the current borders between Haiti and the
independence of Haiti, and in 1865, when, after the annexation
Dominican Republic.
Spanish, the Dominican Republic was restored. It was within the urban middle class where the
Duarte's proposals found greater resonance. But, due to
On March 14, 1844, Juan Pablo Duarte was received by the
at that time, almost all the aristocracy and other groups
new provisional government (the Central Governing Board) as a
leaders were in agreement with the Haitian regime, reason
national hero and named army general. The triumph of
for which it was impossible to obtain, in the early years, its
the independence movement propelled the new Haitian president
cooperation. Euthymia is a normal, calm mood.
Charles Hérard (1843-1844) invaded the newly created Republic
It is commonly used in psychiatry to define the phase of
Dominican Republic with an army divided into two corps, of which
normality situated between episodes of mania or depression in one penetrated from the north and the other from the south. It was up to Peter.
patients with bipolar disorder.
Santana to face this last one and achieve a resounding victory.
in Azua, on March 19. most of the time.
As the movement broadened, Duarte
understood that it became essential to create an organization
that, following the model of European societies from the
Biography Carbonarios would take on the responsibility of leading the
activities. Thus, the society La Trinitaria (1838) was formed, whose
Born into a Spanish family of origin the objective was to free the country from the domination of Haiti. The motto of this
humble, at the age of fifteen, he was sent by his society was "God, Fatherland and Freedom". Then the society emerged
parents to England via New York to complete The Philanthropic Organization, which carried out an important propaganda work
his studies; from there he went to France and subsequently to through the representation of theatrical plays.
Spain.

In Europe, convulsed during those times by the

romanticism, liberalism, nationalism, and the
utopian socialism became infused with the environments
revolutionaries of the time. Juan Pablo Duarte was a witness Thus, the Central Governing Board ordered Duarte to
of the new regimes of freedoms and rights that have emerged he headed to Baní, with a military force organized by Pedro
afterthe French Revolution;showed special interest in the Alejandrino Pina, in order to reach an agreement with Pedro Santana
changes produced in Germany and in France, but about about the strategy to follow against Haiti. As this is not possible
everything because of the events in Spain and the reforms that agreement, Duarte required from the Board the necessary authority to
they had tried to introduce the Cortes of Cádiz. From their act on their own. But the Board was dominated by Tomás
it is known that he resided in Barcelona, where Bobadilla, representative along with Santana of the sector called
It is possible that I studied law. colonialist, who considered an independent republic unfeasible
and was in favor of submitting to a European metropolis.
It was then that his ideology began to take shape.
political, in which nationalism and liberalism are Meanwhile, the presidentJean-Pierre Boyer it had been done The Board ordered Juan Pablo Duarte to return.
they melted over a romantic background: Juan Pablo Duarte enormously unpopular due to the increase in taxes, which with his troops to the capital: the disagreement among the sector
destination was a payment demanded by France to accept the conservative colonialist and the liberal and independence-promoting duartism
he understood that the Dominican people had an identity
independence of Haiti. In 1843 Juan Pablo Duarte supported the made it evident, and ended with the triumph of the former. Pedro Santana
own and had the right to political independence.
Once this is reached, and in accordance with liberal thought, the revolution that succeeded in overthrowing Boyer. But Duarte's objective he was appointed the first president of the Dominican Republic
it was the independence of the Spanish part of the island, so (1844-1848) and eliminated the rival faction by declaring them traitors and
nation should be organized on the basis of
institutionalism of representative democracy. In 1833 he continued his fight after the president's fall. Pursued by the sending into exile Juan Pablo Duarte and his most significant
he returned to his country ready to put these into practice new Haitian government, on August 2, 1843 had to go into exile followers, among them Francisco del Rosario Sánchez andRamón
ideas. in Caracas. Mella.