DESCRIPTIVE AND CALCULATION MEMORY OF

MY HOUSING PROGRAM PROJECT

MULTIFAMILY HOUSING

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GENERAL INDEX

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL ASPECTS

1.1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..................................................................... 4

1.2. EMPLOYED STANDARDS .................................................................................... 4
1.3. DESIGN LOADS... ..................................................................................... 4
1.4. MATERIALS...................................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER 2 STRUCTURING

2.1. GENERALITIES............................................................................................... 7
2.2. STRUCTURING OF THE BUILDING ........................................................... 7

CHAPTER 3 PREDIMENSIONING

3.1. PRE-DIMENSIONING OF REINFORCED SLABS........................................ 8

3.2. PRE-DIMENSIONING OF CAMBERED BEAMS ..................................... 8
3.3. PRE-DIMENSIONING OF COLUMNS...................................................... 9

CHAPTER 4 LOAD MEASUREMENT

4.1. MEASUREMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS ......................... 10

CHAPTER 5 SEISMIC ANALYSIS

5.1 STRUCTURAL MODEL................................................................. 31

5.2 PARAMETERS, FACTORS AND STRUCTURAL COEFFICIENTS............... 34
5.3 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENTS AND RELATIVE MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENTS...... 35

CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

6.1 DESIGN OF A LIGHTENED SLAB................................. 39

6.1.1 BENDING DESIGN...............................................................................39
6.1.2 CUT DESIGN .................................................................. 39
6.1.3 LOAD MEASUREMENT…………............................................................... 40
6.1.4 METHOD OF LOAD ALTERNATION............................................... 40

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6.2 BEAM DESIGN..............................................................41
6.2.1 BENDING DESIGN.................................................................41
6.2.2 CUT DESIGN............................ 42
6.2.3 CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE MOMENT AND ULTIMATE SHEAR................ 43
6.2.4 6.2.4 DESIGN OF BEAM V-106 TO V-806 (30X60)…………...……… 44

6.3 COLUMN DESIGN .............................................................46

6.3.1 FLEXURAL COMPRESSION DESIGN.........................................................46
6.3.2 DESIGN BY CUTTING............ 47
6.3.3 EXAMPLE OF COLUMN DESIGN C5.................................................. 48

6.4 DESIGN OF PLATES .................................................... 51

6.4.1 DESIGN BY FLEXOCOMPRESSION......................................................... 51
6.4.2 DESIGN BY CUTTING ......................................................................... 51

6.4.3 EXAMPLE OF PLATE DESIGN 1............................ 53

6.5 DESIGN OF FOOTINGS.......................................................... 56

6.5.1 STEPS TO DESIGN THE FOUNDATION.............................................. 56
6.5.2 DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING ON AXIS 11-G.......................... 58

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 CHAPTER 1:
GENERAL ASPECTS

1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The present calculation report aims to design structural reinforced concrete and
steel of the 20-story building installation and 3 basements intended for multifamily housing
property of PANDO ENGINEERING AND SERVICES SAC located on Teodoro Cárdenas street
Santa Beatriz urbanization, Cercado de Lima district.
According to the soil study conducted by Eng. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx with CIP No. xxxxx,
we have the following, the bearing capacity of the soil is 5.70 kg/cm2 and corresponds to a soil of
poorly graded gravel (GP). The foundation depth is 1.70 below the natural surface.
of ground -5.70. The foundation of the structure will adopt the system of isolated footings and
continuous foundations.

1.2 EMPLOYED STANDARDS

The gravity and seismic loads that will be used for the structural analysis of the building and in the
design of the different structural elements must comply with the provisions in the
National Construction Regulations (N.C.R.) in the Technical Standard for Buildings E-020
Structures, E-030 of Seismic-resistant Design, E-060 of Reinforced Concrete, E-050 of Soils and
Foundations, E-070 Masonry. As well as the ACI-318 Code (latest edition).

1.3 DESIGN LOADS

The Technical Standard E-020 recommends minimum values for the loads that must be considered
in the design of a structure, depending on the use for which it is designed. The loads to
consider are the so-called: dead, alive, wind, and earthquake.
We consider dead load (DL) as the weight of materials, equipment, partitions, and others.
elements supported by the structure, including their own weight that are assumed to be
permanents. As live load (LL), the weight of the occupants, materials, equipment, furniture, and others
mobile elements. On the other hand, wind loads are obtained from the pressure exerted by the wind
about the lightweight coverings. Finally, the seismic loads (CS) are those that are generated
due to the seismic action on the structure.

Reinforced Concrete Design

To determine the required nominal resistance, the following combinations were used
loads:

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 1.4 M + 1.7 V M = dead load
1.25 (M + V) + S V = live load
1.25 (M + V) - S S = seismic load
0.90 M + S
0.90 M - S.

In addition, the regulation establishes factors for reducing resistance in the following cases:

Request Factor of Reduction

Flexion 0.90
Traction and Traction + Flexion 0.90
Cutting 0.85
Twist 0.85
Shear and Torsion 0.85
Compression and Flex Compression
Elements with spirals 0.75
Elements with Stirrups 0.7

In summary, the design of the structural elements must comply with the following:

Design Resistance Required Resistance (U)

Design Resistance = Nominal Resistance

1.4 MATERIALS

To carry out the design, the following materials have been considered:

A- Reinforcement Steel

Corrugated steel bars and/or plain steel bars of grade 60 were used. The main
the properties of these bars are as follows:
Yield Limit: 4,200 kg/cm2
Elasticity Module: Es = 2,000,000 kg/cm2

B- Reinforced concrete

Called this way because within the concrete there is reinforced rebar so that both
they are a single material, can withstand the stresses applied to the structural elements. Their
properties vary according to the type of concrete and steel:

Specified compressive strength: f'c = 280 kg/cm²

Poisson's modulus: = 0.15
Modulus of Elasticity: Ec = 15,000 f'c = 250,998 kg/cm2

Components of reinforced concrete

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Cement Portland. - The cement to be used for the preparation of concrete will be Cement
Portland, which must comply with the requirements imposed by ITINTEC for Portland cement.
Peru.

Water. - The water to be used in the preparation of concrete must be free of matter.
organic matter, sludge, acidic salts and other impurities, and if there is any doubt about the water to be used, carry out the

chemical tests for quality determination.

Aggregates. - The characteristics of density and strength are essential in aggregates.

porosity and the volumetric distribution of particles also known as grain size distribution or
gradation.

Additives. - They will be used according to the modifications of the properties of the concrete that one
less resistance is desired, the additives are very sensitive and depend on the sand, stone, water and
cement used.

C- Masonry

Structural material made up of masonry units with defined characteristics laid out
with specified mortars. Among the types of masonry used in our building
we have the following:

Non-load-bearing walls. -Wall designed and constructed in such a way that it only carries loads coming from

of its own weight. This type of masonry is used in parapets and walls.

Components of masonry

Mortar. -Composed of a mixture of binders and aggregate (Type P1) in the following
proportion: cement: sand, 1: 4.

Masonry units. -Each masonry unit must meet the requirements.

minimums given in the current Standard E.070 Masonry. In this case, they will be Type III units.

CHAPTER 2:

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 STRUCTURING AND STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

2.1 GENERAL

In the structuring of this project, the location and characteristics of all were defined.
structural elements, such as solid slabs, beams, columns, plates elements
metallics of the lightweight cover of the upper level in such a way that it has a behavior
suitable for requests for gravity loads, seismic loads, and wind loads.
The following structuring parameters were followed to achieve an appropriate structure:

- Simplicity and symmetry

- Resistance and ductility
- Hyperstaticity and monolithism
- Uniformity and continuity of the structure
- Lateral rigidity
- Existence of rigid diaphragms
- Analysis of the influence of non-structural elements.

2.2 STRUCTURING OF CONCRETE BUILDINGS

The building has a structural system made up of reinforced concrete structural walls.
both directions. All the walls and columns of the typical floors have vertical continuity. The
the thickness of the plates is 25 cm.
The beam system is flat and cambered. The cambered beams have a width of 25 cm, and the
Beams are 45 cm. The ceilings are made up of 20 cm lightened slabs in general.
All calculations of reinforced concrete elements are performed with the following
specifications:

Concrete strength (f’c): 280 Kg/cm2

Structural steel strength (fy): 4200 Kg/cm2
Overloads:
- Parking: 250 Kg/m2
- Offices: 250 Kg/m2
- Housing 200 Kg/m2

CHAPTER 3:
PRE-DIMENSIONING

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This pre-sizing consisted of giving a tentative or definitive dimension, according to
certain criteria and recommendations established based on the practices of many engineers and
to the provisions of the Technical Building Standard NTE-060 for Reinforced Concrete, NTE-090 for
metal structures or between the Architectural and Occupancy Requirements. After the analysis of
These elements will show whether the assumed dimensions are suitable or if they need to be changed.
to then move on to their design. Only the elements that are part of the building will be analyzed.

3.1 PRE-SIZING OF LIGHTENED SLABS

The practical rule for determining the thickness of this slab that practically works in a single
The direction is to measure the light at 25. The slab thickness can have the following values.

h Lni/25

For the most important cloths we have the following:

Free light approx. (L) Crown (h=L/25)

4.05 0.162

Because it is considered that there are loads of 200 Kg/m on the housing.2what
they cover all uses and since the 15 cm brick is the most available nationwide and
it allows for embedded drainage pipes to be placed in that 20 cm thickness. Due to these criteria
we use 20 cm.

3.2 PRE-SIZING OF CAMBERED BEAMS

To pre-dimension these beams, it is generally considered a rule of thumb to use a depth

of the order of the tenth or twelfth of the largest free light between supports to avoid the check of
deflections, but due to an architectural criterion, it was decided to use higher ratios of up to a
fifteenth of the free light with its respective check on deflections.
For the width or base of the beam, a length greater than 0.3 times the depth should be considered, without exceeding

it can reach less than 25 cm. It is recommended not to have a width greater than 0.5 of the height, due to
that the width is less important than the camber to provide inertia to the beam.

In summary: h ln/10 ó h ln/12

Beam Sizing Calculations:

H(cm) B(cm)

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 L(cm) L/12 L/10 Chosen <0.5*H
777.5 64.79 77.75 60 30

In general, all beams will have a height of 60 cm with widths of 25 and 30 cm at the base.
according to the requirement for resistance and deflection; in some cases, the superelevations will be
adults.
On the other hand, the National Building Regulations (RNE) in the NTE-060 in its section
[Link] states that the condition for not verifying deflections in a beam is that the depth must be
greater than or equal to the sixteenth of free light.
For L = 7.775 m, L /16 =48.60 h 48.60 cm ok

3.3 PRE-SIZING OF COLUMNS

The columns were pre-dimensioned considering basically the compression load, rigidity of
beams that reach these elements and because the lights between columns are in the order of 6.475 and
7.75 m. Therefore, for pre-dimensioning, a practical rule was considered to use a total area such
what:
For exterior columns
For interior columns
For columns subjected to flexural compression that withstand seismic forces, the minimum width must be
be 25 cm. In this case, all the columns are rectangular, which will be affected.
essentially by gravity loads and the elements that resist seismic forces will be
essentially the plates.
For this building, the columns will be pre-dimensioned considering a resistance of
concrete of 280 kg/cm2Applying the criteria outlined above and having made a
load measurement by tax area approximately considering a uniformly distributed unit load
distributed at 1.00 Tn/m2for all floors except the top floor which will have a load
distributed unit of 0.50 Tn/m2, as service load, we have:
Column C4 is the most critical column.
Weight = Distributed load x Taxable area
12.55m21.00Tn/m2(Basement 3 to 19th Floor) + 12.55m20.50 Tn/m2(20th Floor)
Weight = 282.38 tons

Column area required = 282.38 Tn / 0.45 f’c = 2.241 cm2

But it was decided to place rectangular columns of 25x60 cm increasing the amount of steel.
up to values of the order of 4.08% of the amount.

CHAPTER 4:
LOAD MEASUREMENT

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4.1 MEASURING REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS:

In this chapter, the calculation of the gravitational loads applied to the structure will be shown.
The gravity loads are the Dead Load and the Live Load.
As a general rule, when measuring loads one should think about how an element is supported.
About another, the existing loads at one level are transmitted through the ceiling slab to the
beams that support it, then these beams, when resting on the columns, transfer their load to them,
subsequently the columns transfer the loads to their supporting elements which are the
Footings, finally the loads begin to act on the foundation soil.
The measurement will be done using the tax area method or influence zones separating the
dead load of the live load. The values for loads and unit weights to be used are the
following and have been taken from the NTE-020 of Loads of the National Regulations
Buildings.
Unitary Pesos Overload
Armed slab (20cm) 480 Kg/m2 Offices 250 Kg/m2
Lightened slab (20cm) 300 Kg/m2 Parking lots 250 Kg/m2
Finished Floor 100 Kg/m2 Housing 200 Kg/m2
Reinforced Concrete 2400 Kg/m3
Steel 7850 Kg/m3
Hollow Masonry (1350x0.15) 200 Kg/m2
Earth 1900 Kg/m3

The analysis has been developed using the ETABS v.9.7.4 program created by Computers
and Estructures Inc. and allows placing the gravity loads and defining the seismic load.
Additionally, by specifying the dimensions of the elements and defining the density of the concrete
as a parameter allows me to model these elements in a way that is very close to reality.

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Figure 1. Dead loads distributed over the slab of Basement 3.

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Figure 2. Dead loads distributed over the slab of Basement 2.

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Figure 3. Distributed dead loads on the slab of Basement 1.

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Figure 4. Distributed dead loads on the First Floor slab.

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Figure 5. Distributed dead loads on the slab of the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th floors.

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Figure 6. Distributed dead loads on the slab of the 3rd, 5th, and 7th floors.

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Figure 7. Distributed dead loads on the slab of the Ninth Floor.

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Figure 8. Distributed dead loads on the slab from the 10th to the 18th floor.

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Figure 9. Distributed dead loads on the slab of the 19th Floor.

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Figure 10. Distributed dead loads on the slab of the 20th Floor.

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Figure 11. Live loads distributed over the slab of Basement 3.

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Figure 12. Distributed live loads on the Basement 2 slab.

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Figure 13. Live loads distributed over the slab of Basement 1.

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Figure 14. Live loads distributed over the slab of the First Floor.

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Figure 15. Distributed live loads on the slab of the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th floors.

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Figure 16. Distributed live loads on the slab of the 3rd, 5th, and 7th floors.

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Figure 17. Distributed live loads on the slab of the Ninth Floor.

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Figure 18. Distributed live loads on the slab from the 10th to the 18th floor.

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Figure 19. Distributed live loads on the slab of the 19th floor.

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Figure 20. Distributed live loads on the 20th floor slab.

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 CHAPTER 5:
SEISMIC ANALYSIS

5.1 STRUCTURAL MODEL:

In the case of the Building, the analysis has been conducted using the ETABS v.9.7.4 program.
prepared by Computers and Structures Inc. The total seismic load has been calculated by taking the
100% of the dead load, 50% of the live load, and 25% of the live load for roofs as it is
point out the NTE-030 standard for seismic-resistant design.

The seismic analysis was developed according to the guidelines of the Peruvian Design Standard.
Seismic Resistant NTE-030.
A spatial model with rigid diaphragms was used in each floor system. Such
dynamic coordinates considered 3 translations and 3 rotations. Of these 6 degrees of freedom, the
Horizontal displacements and vertical rotation were established depending on the diaphragm.
Axial force, shear, bending, and torsion deformation were considered.
The NTE-030 standard indicates that when performing seismic analysis using the method of
spectral superposition should be considered as a superposition criterion based on weighting between the
sum of absolute values and the root mean square as indicated in the following equation:

r 0.25ri 0.75 r2i

Alternatively, a quadratic combination can be used as a superposition criterion.

complete (CQC). In the present analysis, this latter criterion was used.

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 29.12 Tn 37.53 tons 33.61 Tn

24.83 Tn

Static earthquake in X-X:

(100%CM+25%CV+25%RoofCV)
392.42 Tn
174.28 Tn

13.36 tons

11.69 Tn

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61.74 Tn
49.47 Tn

1.78 Tn

2.01 Tn

0.55 tons

98.52 Tn

321.99 Tn

2.80 Tn

1.90 Tn
Static seismic in Y-Y:
(100%CM+25%CV+25%CVroof)

46.70 Tn
1082.08 Tn

1.72 Tn

514.39 Tn

6.13 Tn

8.75 tons

91.94 Tn
2.82 Tn

11.10 tons

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5.2 PARAMETERS, FACTORS, AND STRUCTURAL COEFFICIENTS:

Seismic parameters according to Standard E.030, soil study and building conditions:
Zone factor (Zone 4): Z = 0.45 g
Soil Profile (Type S1): 1.00
Category Factor (Category C): U = 1.00
Reduction Factor: Rxx = 6.80 (Reinforced concrete porticos with
discontinuity of diaphragm.
Ryy = 5.10 (Reinforced concrete walls with
diaphragm discontinuity.
An irregularity system has been considered due to diaphragm discontinuity:

Figure 21. Virtual model of the concrete structure.

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5.3 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENTS AND RELATIVE MAXIMUMS:

For both directions of the building, the maximum interfloor distortion is less than the established limit.
by the Peruvian Standard (0.007).
Below, Tables 1 and 2 present the maximum displacements and periods of
fundamental vibrations obtained:

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Table 1. Maximum inelastic displacements of each level
h: height of the first (floor) 2.85 and the rest of the floors 2.75.

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Table 2. Torsion Verification

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Table 3. Fundamental vibration period in each direction

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 CHAPTER 6:
DESIGN IN REINFORCED CONCRETE

6.1 DESIGN OF A LIGHTENED SLAB

Based on the coefficient method provided by the Peruvian standard NTE-060. It is

applicable to this case because it works for slabs supported on beams.

6.1.1 BENDING DESIGN:

For the design of the reinforced slabs, a thickness of 20 cm was adopted and f´c =
280 Kg/cm² at all levels.
It is carried out with the amplification of loads (Wu=1.4cm+1.7cv) by multiplying the coefficients
they are used to calculate the maximum positive and negative moments, based on
border conditions of each panel and the length/width ratio.
Once the ultimate moment values are obtained, the calculation of the reinforcement proceeds to
necessary steel.
To calculate the steel area (As), the following expression will be used: As = where
amount of steel required to support the ultimate bending moment
d = effective slope of the slab (d = h - 3 cm)
b = 10 cm for negative moments and 40 cm for positive moments.
The reinforcement must be greater than the minimum reinforcement.

For the case of rectangular sections:

min = 0.7 √ f’c / fy
The amount (ρ) must not exceed 0.75 ρb. Where: ρb is the Balanced amount.
A continuous reinforcement will be placed on the underside of the lightweight structure along with supports if they are

Necessary, on the top surface, continuous iron and/or only sticks will be placed.

6.1.2 CUT DESIGN:

The shear force must be fully absorbed by the concrete, since it does not
It will provide steel reinforcement that can withstand shear stress; if this is not the case, it will
It will have to carry out widenings.

Vu < ø Vc
Vc = 1.10 x (0.53√f’c bw d)
Where:
bw: Width of the slab Vu: Ultimate shear force (in kg)
Effective slope Shear force resisted by concrete.
ø: Reduction factor (ø = 0.85)

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6.1.3 LOAD MEASUREMENT

Assuming it works in one direction, the following is true:

Dead Load
210 Kg/m2x 0.40 m
Finished floor = 100 Kg/m2x 0.40 m
124 Kg/m
Partitioning
200 Kg (Punctual)
Live Load
S/C = 200 Kg/m2x 0.40 m
80 Kg/m

6.1.4 LOAD ALTERNATION METHOD

Figure 22. Distribution of dead load and partitioning.

Figure 23. Distribution of live loads for the first span

Figure 24. Live load distribution for the second span

Figure 25. Live load distribution for the third span

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 Figure 26. Bending Moment Diagram enclosing alternating loads.

Figure 27. Shear Force Diagram enveloping alternating loads.

Figure 28. Distribution of Steels resulting from the Analysis

6.2 Beam Design

The design concept used is known as design for breaking that selects the
dimensions of the concrete sections and the amount of reinforcement, so that the strength
suitable for sustaining resultant forces from certain hypothetical states of charges,
considerably greater than those expected to actually act during normal service.

6.2.1 DESIGN BY BENDING

It will be designed following the design procedure for rectangular sections. To calculate the
The steel area (As) will follow the following procedure:

Mu(Tn-m)
Ku = Mu / bd^2
C = Ku / (F * f`c)
W = (1- (1-4*0.59*C)^0.5) / (2*0.59) 41
= w*f`c/ fy
As(cm2) = * b * d
Where:
Mu = Ultimate moment.
b = width of the beam defined in the pre-dimensioning.
d = (d = h - 6 cm) for flanged beams; (d = h - 3 cm) for flat beams
F=0.9 (Due to bending)
amount of steel required to support the ultimate bending moment
280 Kg/cm²
4200 Kg/cm²
The maximum and minimum quantities of steel are as follows:
Minimum = 0.7 * Square Root (280) / 4200 = 0.0024 b d
As maximum = 0.75*Asb = 0.0159 b d (Equivalent to saying that Ku > 49)
The beams are designed to have a ductile failure that is caused by creep of the
steel, appears gradually and is preceded by visible signs of danger such as
example the widening and lengthening of cracks and the noticeable increase in deflections,
behavior that significantly differs from a brittle failure, which involves a failure initiated
due to the crushing of concrete, which is almost explosive and occurs without any warning.
Yes, in the results of the structural analysis by gravity loads, it will be noted that at the supports
extremes the moments are practically zero, it will be considered in the design that there is a
negative moment equals "wu Ln"2/24" at these points.

6.2.2 SHEAR DESIGN FOR SEISMIC RESISTANT BEAMS

When the beams do not withstand seismic loads, flat beams or non-seismic raised beams,
the ultimate shear force is calculated from the shear force diagram, but if the beams are
Special care will be taken with seismic-resistant structures to induce ductile failure. This is achieved by providing

greater resistance to cutting than to bending. To achieve this goal, the force is calculated
last shear (Vu) through the sum of the shear forces associated with the development of the
nominal bending resistances (Mn, nominal moments) at the ends of the free span of the
element and the isostatic shear force calculated for the permanent loads. Then, the
expression to use will be:
Vu = Isostatic Vu + (Mni + Mnd) / ln

"Mni" and "Mnd" are the nominal moments of real flexion of the element on the left extreme.
and right, respectively; 'ln' is the distance of the free light of the beam section.
It will be designed following the design procedure for rectangular sections. For
To calculate the spacing of the stirrups, the following procedure will be followed:

See you face to face

Vc = 0.53* f'c * b * d (ton)
You / 42
Vs = Vu /  You
S (cm) = Av * Fy * d / Vs
Where:
F=0.85 (Because it is by Cut)
Av = Total area of stirrups (commonly used 2 stirrups of 3/8" = 2*0.71= 1.42 cm2)
Vc = Shear resistance provided by the concrete
Vs = Shear resistance provided by reinforcement
Checking that the shear resistance provided by reinforcement is less than:
Vs max = 2.1* f`c * b *d
Vs < Vsmax

The special requirements for flexural seismic-resistant elements demanded by must be verified.
norm and ensure a ductile behavior. It is required to have a confinement area equal to
twice the camber of the element (2h). In this area, the maximum spacing will be the lowest value
from the following:
S < d/4
S < 8db
S < 30 cm
S < 30 cm

Where:
d = effective camber, (d = h - 6 cm) for cambered beams.
Minimum bar diameter value
Note that the smallest spacing value is chosen among the three indicated by the standard.
found by the calculations.
Outside the confinement zone, the maximum spacing will be:

S = 0.5 * d

For the final design, the first strut will be placed 5cm from the surface and the rest according to the calculations.

6.2.3 CALCULATION OF THE ULTIMATE MOMENT AND THE ULTIMATE SHEAR

The NTE E-060 standard establishes that the ultimate moment and the ultimate shear (Mu, Vu), for loads
deaths (CM), alive (CV) and from earthquake (CS) will be obtained from the most critical combination of those that

the following are cited:

U = 1.4 CM + 1.7 CV CM: dead weight.

U = 1.25 (CM + CV) ± CS CV: live load.
U = 0.9 CM ± CS CS: earthquake load.

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6.2.4 DESIGN OF THE BEAM V-106 to V-806 (30x60)

The design procedure begins with obtaining the results of the live load and
dead, then these are used along with the earthquake loads to make the combinations of
Load and find the shear force and bending moment envelopes shown in the chapter
previous
Características Geométricas:Base = 30 cm, Altura=60 cm, Peralte=51 cm.
Bending Design:
280 Kg/cm2

44
Shear design:
280 Kg/cm²

45
FIRST SECTION
The shear at a distance 'd' from the face with the greatest cut is 11.96 Tn.
You/ = 18.77/0.85 = 22.08 Tn
Vc = 0.53* 280 *30*51 = 13.57 Tn
You  Y
 ou
Vs = 22.08 - 13.57 = 8.51 Tn
s = (0.71 * 2) * 4200 * 51 / 6580 = 22.41 cm

46
We can appreciate that the shear forces in both cases of distance 'd' from the face are located
inside its opposite 'd' from the face at the other end for this stretch, therefore it will be considered
stirrups at 10 cm.
Final design: A first pair of stirrups 5 cm from the face and 12 stirrups at 10 cm and the rest at 25 cm.

Figure 29. Beam V-106 to V-806 (.30x.60) Analyzed.

Note: It is observed that the shear forces are not so high and the same distribution was used for
All the beams, as well as the distribution of steel in flexion were used according to the calculations.
through the Etabs, which will be attached in the following chapter

6.3 COLUMN DESIGN

In the design of the columns, it is considered that two effects act simultaneously, the one that
they exert the bending moments and axial loads. This effect is called bending
compression. The same design assumptions for bending are made, keeping in mind a problem.
Additionally, the slimness of the element.
The design is made by flexo compression and by shear considering the amplified loads with
the same five beam design combinations, since these elements support loads of
additional earthquakes to those of gravity, as observed in the seismic analysis.
One way to differentiate a column from a beam, regardless of its location in the
structure, it is due to the level or intensity of the axial load it supports. It is accepted that when the
axial load Pu is less than:
Pu < 0.1 f´c Ag

Where: Ag is the gross area of the cross-section of the element that should be designed and detailed.
as a single bending element (beam) rather than as a flexural compression element
(column).

6.3.1 DESIGN BY FLEXO-COMPRESSION

If a cross section subjected to flexural compression is analyzed, for a certain

steel distribution, different values of load and moment resistance can be obtained
as the position of the neutral axis varies. The curve that indicates this resistance is called
Interaction Diagram. To construct it, the equilibrium of the
section, varying the location of the neutral axis.

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In an interaction diagram, the point Po corresponds to the case in which the
the acting moment is zero and the axial load is maximum. To calculate the value of this point, it is done
use of the following formula:
øPno = ø (0.85*fc' (Ag-As) + Asfy)
Where:
Po Nominal resistance in pure compression
F Resistance reduction factor (F = 0.70)
Ag Gross cross-sectional area of the element
As Area of longitudinal steel reinforcement
Additionally to this analysis, the standard establishes certain provisions for columns that
resistant to seismic forces, these are:
The specified strength of the concrete (f´c) shall not be less than 280 kg/cm. 2

The quality of the reinforcement steel shall not exceed that specified for steel grade ARN 420.
The amount of longitudinal reinforcement (r) shall not be less than 0.01 nor greater than 0.05.

6.3.2 CUT DESIGN

The shear design is similar to that performed for beams, the calculation of the design Vu is done with the
nominal moments of the column which are obtained from the interaction diagram.
Where: (Mni + Mns) / hn
Minimum nominal moment
Mns: Nominal superior moment
light free from the column

In addition, it must be met: See < Vn

Vn < Vc + Vs
Vs = Av * y * d / s
Vs máx = 2.1 f'c bw d
Nominal resistance
Vc: Nominal resistance of concrete to shear stress
Vs: Nominal resistance of the reinforcement to shear force

Design Resistance

The calculation of the nominal concrete resistance to shear force is similar to that of beams with the
the only difference is that in this case this resistance increases due to the axial load.
Where:
Nu = Acting axial Vc = 0.53 f'c b d (1 + 0.0071 Nu / Ag)

Gross area

48
Required Resistance
The shear force Vu must be determined from the nominal moments in bending.

6.3.3 EXAMPLE OF COLUMN DESIGN C5

Axial Forces:

Bending Moment Diagram

49
50
 Mx-Pchart

400
L1
350 L2
L3
300 L4
L5
L6
250 L7
L8
L9
200 L10
L11
150 L12
L14L15 L13
L16
100 L17
L18
L20L19L21
50 L22 L23

0
-50
-100
-150
-200

Mx [tm]

Figure 30. Interaction diagram of column C5 (Basement 3 to 20th Floor).

DETAILED BY DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS

In addition to the cutting design, the detailing of reinforcement established by the standard was considered.
to give ductility to the element:
The duration of confinement must be greater than:
Ln/6 = 285/6 = 47.5 cm
Max (B, H) = 75 cm
Therefore, a value (it) of 75 cm was adopted.

Spacing within 'It'(s)

Min (B/2, H/2) = 15 cm or 37.50 cm A value of (s) equal to 10 cm is adopted.

Spacing outside of Lo (s')

Considering that there is vertical reinforcement of∅1", it must be less than:
16db = 40.64 cm, min (B, H) = 30 cm, Not more than 30 cm
I choose the smallest of 40.64cm, 30cm, 30cm
The spacing (s”) to be considered will be 20 cm.

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 Figure 31. Column C3 box.

6.4 PLATE DESIGN

The slabs, or also called shear walls, are those elements of the structure that
they resist axial loads and seismic lateral loads. Their design is very similar to that of a column,
With the caveat that, due to their great lateral stiffness, they absorb large shear forces that in turn
they produce great moments. And precisely for this reason, they are known by the name of walls
of cut.
The plates will be designed by flexo-compression and shear, the procedures are similar,
both cases, to those addressed in the design of columns

6.4.1 DESIGN BY FLEXOCOMPRESSION

For the plates to be considered slender walls and therefore designed for flexure.
compression, the standard states that the ratio between the total height of the plate and its length must be
greater than 1, (H /L 1).
The vertical reinforcement is distributed along the wall, concentrating more reinforcement in the
extremes, areas referred to as cores, which are designed as columns subjected to bending
compression due to gravity and seismic load moments.

6.4.2 CUT DESIGN

The cut design is similar to the one described in the beam design chapter, meaning that it is based on
the following expression mentioned below:

Vu < Vn Vn = Vc + Vs 2.6 t d f’c

Vn < Vc + Vs

52
Where:

2.6f´ctd
Nominal resistance must not exceed
Nominal resistance of concrete to shear force
Vs: Nominal resistance of the reinforcement to shear force

Required Resistance
Following the philosophy of the Standard, the design of shear walls is aimed at having a failure.
ductile and not fragile, this is the reason why the shear force of the wall is amplified in such a way that the
failure is due to bending and not to shear as indicated below:

Vu > King *(Mur / Buy)

Where:
Amplified Cutting Edge Design
King: Last amplified cutting derived from analysis.
Wall
Relationship between the nominal moment of the section associated with Pu and the ultimate moment resulting from the analysis
Buy
However, dynamic amplification correction is not made because this factor requires that the
the amount of reinforcement for shear is increased to such a point that unusual quantities are obtained in
our environment.

Design Resistance

The contribution of concrete to resist the action of the ultimate shear will be:

Vc = 0.53 f'c b d
Where:
Pu Amplified axial load from seismic and gravity analysis
t Plate thickness
Also.
If (Pu/Ag < 0.1f'c) then Vc = 0

When the design shear force Vu exceeds the contribution of the concrete (φVc), the Standard
specifies that horizontal shear reinforcement must be placed. The area of this reinforcement is calculated
with the following expression:
Vs = Av * y * d / s
Where:
Av Transverse Reinforcement by Shear
s It is the minimum spacing between stirrups.
In addition, the standard states that the amount of horizontal reinforcement must be greater than or equal to

what:
the minimum 0.0025

53
and the spacing of this reinforcement shall not be greater than L/5, 3t or 45cm.
While the amount of vertical reinforcement must comply:

in min 0.0025

It is not necessary for it to be greater than the horizontal reinforcement, the spacing of this reinforcement

it must not exceed L/3, 3t or 45cm.

6.4.3 EXAMPLE OF DESIGN OF PLATE 1

Sense X (1st FLOOR)

54
Sense Y (1st FLOOR)

55
Figure 32. Final Design of BOARD 1

56
6.5 DESIGN OFA FOUNDATION

The foundation is the part of the structure that is responsible for transmitting the loads to the ground.
columns and plates. These loads (axial forces, shear forces, and moments) produce a stress in
the soil, which must not exceed the allowable soil stress provided by the study
of soils.
The design consists of two stages: the pre-sizing, which will be considered 5% to 10% of the
service loads such as the self-weight of the footing. And the design of the foundation that includes the
sizing of the crown and the required steel reinforcement.

6.5.1 STEPS TO DESIGN THE FOUNDATION.

First Step: The first step is to try to align the center of gravity with the center of loads.
Then the sizing of the foundation must be done in order to obtain pressures.
less than or equal to the permissible pressure (in this case it is 5.70 Kg/cm²).

Step 2: Next, the actual pressures due to loads and moments are evaluated.
acting with the following expression:
= P + Mx*X + 6*My < adm
Where: A Iy Ix
Vertical load in service. Reduced admissible soil effort.
A: Tentative area of the footing. Moment of inertia.
y: Distance from the neutral axis of the section to the fiber in compression that is furthest away.

3rd Step: Under no circumstances should the found efforts exceed the bearing capacity of the soil, nor
There must be efforts in traction. Subsequently, the maximum value will be taken for the design.
obtained after amplifying the acting loads ( u max).

4th Step: Design by shear force.

It is assumed that the footing acts as a beam, with a critical section located at a distance 'd' from the
face of the column or plate.

Fig. 52 Design by cutting a rectangular footing

Where:
d: effective slope of the section, equal to 'h-10 (in cm)'
Width of the shoe in the direction of analysis
f'c: Compressive strength of concrete

57
Step 5: Design by punching
The elevation of the footing is to be defined, which will be at least 60 cm to ensure.
let the anchorage length of the longitudinal bars of the vertical elements be developed. In
the calculations, the effective rise 'd' will be considered equal to the total rise of the footing minus 10 cm (d
= h - 10).
It is assumed that the footing acts as a slab in two directions, with a critical section perpendicular.
to the slab plan and located in such a way that its perimeter 'Lo' is minimized, and this is presented at
"d/2" from the face of the column or plate.

Fig. 53 Design by punching of a rectangular footing.

Where
c: Ratio of the long side to the short side of the vertical element
It is the perimeter of the critical section measured at 'd/2' from the support face.

Based on these two verifications, the elevation of the footing is obtained.

Step 6: Design by bending
The flexural design will reveal the area of the reinforcement steel that the footing needs to
support the design moment of the critical section, located on the face of the vertical elements
The bending equations previously seen in the case of beams and slabs are used.

Fig.54 Design by bending of a rectangular footing

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6.5.2 DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING ON AXIS 11-G

59
60