12.2 Final
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ScribdTranslations12.2 Final
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ScribdTranslations12.2 Using the data from Problem 12.1, calculate the size of a capacitor.
vertical 1-2 for the same conditions as exercise 12.1.
62,000 lb/h of pure ethanol at 2 psi must be condensed with water at 85 to
120 °F. An obstruction factor of 0.003 should be considered. A allowance is permitted.
pressure drop of 2 psi for steam and 10 psi for water. There are pipes of 1
with an outer diameter of 14 BWG, 16 ft long, and a triangular arrangement of 1.25 in.
Solution
To solve this problem, the algorithm presented in the
example 12.1 and 12.2 of the Kern.
Data
Properties of fluids
Hot Fluid Ethyl Alcohol
W(lb/h) 62000
T1(ºF) 178
T2(°F) 178
Cold Water Fluid
Latent Heat (Btu/lb) 317,035
w(lb/h) 561604.8571
Average Temperature (ºF) 178
t1(ºF) 120
ko (BTU/hpie²F) Table 4 0.0870 t2(ºF) 85
Ge (s) 0.7900 tmedia 102.5
s(vap) 0.0055 ki (BTU/hpie²F) Table 4 0.33
µvap(figure 15) 0.0110
cp 1
µ(lb/ft*h) 0.0266
µcP (fig. 14) 0.3400 Ge(s) 1
µ(lb/ft*h) 0.8218 µcP(figure 14) 0.74
Vapor density 0.3438 µ(lb/ft*h) 1.79
Density (lb/ft³) 49,2960 Density (lb/ft³) 62.5
Design specifications
Diameters Cross-sectional areas to the flow (ft²)
DO(pie) 0.0833
Ai(pie²) 0,00379
BWG 0.0069
DI(pie) 0.0695 Ao(pie²) 0.00545
Long (l) 16.0 A.Lateral 4.1888
Triangle arrangement (foot)
0.1042
Of 0.0602
C' 0.0208
We start with the idea that we have a 1-2 exchanger.
Exchanger
1 2
Now, for the viscosities of the substances we use in our
exchanger, we realize that the hot fluid is a substance
light organic that interacts with water. With this, we refer to Table 8 of
Kern's appendix, and we found that the heat transfer coefficient must
to have a range between 75<U<150
D .
With these ranges of the heat transfer coefficient, we assume a high Ud.
to obtain a smaller area but the equation for the film coefficient
condensing of higher values for horizontal pipes than for vertical ones. This
It is necessary not to increase your value too much.
We assume UD = 138 Btu/h*ft^2*F
With the pressure given by the exercise, we use the Antoine equation to
determine the boiling temperature
B
T=
¿¿
Obtaining a temperature of 178 °F. With this temperature, we evaluate in the
literature and reliable internet pages to determine latent heat:
Latent heat: 317.035 Btu/lb
Q=62000∗317.035=19656170 Btu/h
With the heat, we calculate the mass flow of water:
Q 19656170
w= = =561604,8571 lb/h
Cp (t−t
2 1 ) 1(120−85)
With the cross-flow equation, we determine the DMLT obtaining:
(t 2 −t 1 )
DMLT=
Tp−t 1
ln( ¿)=74.13° F¿
Tp−t 2
With the DMLT, the heat and the assumed UD we determine the area with the following
equation:
Q 19656170
A= →A= =1921, 488ft2
UD∗DMLT 138∗74,133
With equation 5 we determine the number of tubes (Nt):
1921,488
Nt= =458.72 ≈ 459
4.1888
Referring to Table 9 of the Kern, we find that the shell diameter is more
Close to this value was 31 inches or 2.58 feet.
With the number of tubes that corresponds to that diameter of the shell, it is corrected the
value of Ud:
With a diameter of 31 in, there are 472 tubes.
A=472∗4.1888=19772
Q 19656170
UD= = =134.12 Btu/h∗ft 2∗F
A∗DMLT1977,109∗74,133
To continue, we calculate the flow areas, the flux (G), Reynolds, and the factors of
friction
For the cold substance, that is, WATER, we use the following formulas:
Ai∗Nt
a t=
internal area of the tubes
w of∗G cold
G coldo = , ℜ=
at μi
0.0316
f= smooth hydraulic tubes with 3000< ℜ< 105
0.25
ℜ
Cold fluid on the side of the tubes.
at (ft^2) Gfrio(lb/h*ft^2) Re Ff cold
0.87012 645434.6 25080.93 0.002511
For the hot substance, ethanol, we use the following formulas:
'∗Ds
(B∗C )
Pt
af=
internal area of the tubes
W
G Hot= , Pt=C ' + do
af
To calculate the af it was necessary to assume a distance between speakers. In this case,
The distance between speakers was assumed to be maximum, equal to the diameter of the shell.
Hot fluid
B(f) af (ſt) Gcal(lb/h*ft^2)
2.58 1,3347 46451,6129
The flow of hot fluid is used to calculate the velocity.
Gcold
V= =2.8686 ft/s
ρ∗3600
With this speed, the transfer coefficient is calculated from figure 25.
heat and with the diameter ratio, hio is calculated:
hi∗of
hio=
do
hi (figure 25) hio
780 650.52
To determine Ho, one must first make an assumption that with the following
calculations will be corrected.
We assume a Ho= 200 BTU/h*ft^2
To correct it, the load of a vertical capacitor and the properties are calculated.
with the film temperature.
W
G'=
π∗Nt∗do
h0
tw=ta+
( hi0+h 0
∗(Tv−ta)
)
(Tv+tw)
tf=
2
G' vertical tw t
516,267 120.25 149.13
With these temperatures, the thermal conductivity of the fluid is determined,
viscosity and specific gravity represented in the table of initial data
of ethyl alcohol.
With those properties and the load of the vertical capacitor, we refer to the
Figure 12.9 or we use equation 12.42 to correct the value of ho, obtaining
the following:
ho (fig 12.9)
180
To verify that our UD is correct, we determine uc and the factor of
obstruction and if it gives us an obstruction factor result of less than 0.003, the
You are the correct one:
hio∗ho
Uc=
hio+ho
1 1
Rd= −
UDU C
UC Rd
140.988296 0.00036335
In this case, our UD is correct because we obtained a Rd value lower than
requested
Finally, to determine if our design is appropriate, the ΔP are calculated.
in the shell and in the tubes, with the following relationships:
2
foGThe Ds( N +1)
∗1
5.22∗1010Des∗
∆ Po = ,∆P=La+∆
tP le Pr
tD
2
f iG i2ln 4nVi262.5
∆PL = , ∆ P r=
5.22∗1010 d is i∅i si2g144
N: number of speakers or deflectors, s: specific gravity of the substance.
To determine the pressure delta on the shell side, it must be taken into account
that work is being done with steam, therefore viscosity is calculated,
density and specific gravity with a vapor temperature of 178°F.
This data can also be found at the beginning of the ethyl alcohol data table.
With those properties, Reynolds and the friction factor were calculated.
Re Hot ff
105255.5881 0.001754
0.0316
f= smooth hydraulic tubes with 3000< ℜ< 105
0.25
ℜ
To find the pressure delta, the amount of
baffles and crosses on the armor
baffles crosses
6,19 7.19
It is obtained:
ΔHot ΔPl ΔPr ΔPt
2,034 9,227 0.444 9,671
As can be seen, the two ΔP comply with the restriction of being less than 10 psia.
It is at 2 psi, therefore, all the previously calculated values are correct.
for the thermal design of this vertical condenser.
Design:
So the capacitor would look like this:
Armor
DI = 31 in
Spacing of the deflectors = 31 in
Pasos = 1
Tubes
Number and length = 472, 16'0", 1 ¼ in array in triangle.
DE, BWG = 1 in, 14
Pasos = 2
