Data Display and Analysis
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
• represent raw data on a frequency table with a tally
column
• represent data on a pictograph, bar chart, pie charts and
frequency table
• find the mean, median, mode and range of a short
distribution
• find the mean and mode from a frequency table
Frequency table with a tally column
A frequency table is a chart that summarizes all
the data under two columns - categories, and
their frequency. It has two or three columns.
Usually, the first column lists all the outcomes as
individual values or in the form of class intervals,
depending upon the size of the data set. The
second column includes the tally marks of each
outcome. The third column lists the frequency of
each outcome. The second column is optional.
Illustration
We represent the frequency using the five-bar
gate notation.
For example:
How to Construct a Frequency Table
In order to draw a tally chart:
1.Draw a data table with 3 columns.
2.Write the category names into each row of the
table.
3.Record the data into the table using five-bar
gate tally marks.
4.Work out the frequency for each category by
counting the tally marks.
Example 1: journey to school
Below is a list of the methods of transport used to
get to school by class 9A.
bus, bus, bus, walk, bus, walk, bike, bus, walk,
bus, car, car, walk, walk, walk, walk, bus, bus,
bike, bus, car, walk, bus, walk, bus, bike, walk,
bike, bike, car, walk, walk, car, walk, bike, bus,
walk, walk, car, car.
Draw a tally chart to display this information.
Example 1 cont…
Here we are looking at modes of transport, so the
title of the first column is ‘Transport’, then we
have our ‘Tally’ column, and then the ‘Frequency’
column. The data can be divided into four
categories: walk, bus, car and bike.
Example 1 cont…
Tally each value in the data one at a time. Work out the
frequency for each category by counting the tally marks.
Remember that a five-bar gate represents 5 tally marks.
Example 2: shoe size
A children’s shoe shop took a survey of their
customers shoe size over one day.
Here is a list of their responses.
Draw a frequency table (tally chart) to show the
results.
Example 2 cont…
Work out the frequency for each category by
counting the tally marks.
Bar charts/graphs
Bar Graphs: consists of two or more parallel vertical
(or horizontal) bars (rectangles).e.g. between two
grades, two companies, etc.
Pie charts
Pie charts are circular charts divided into sectors
according to the value they represent. The arc
length of each sector is proportional to the
quantity it represents.
Pictograph
A pictograph conveys statistical information through
pictures and symbols.
For example, here is a pictogram to show the number of
parcels an office sends in a week.
Example
Suppose a class was asked what their favorite
soft drink is and the following is the results:
Dr.
Coke Pepsi Mt. Dew Coke Pepsi Sprite Coke Mt. Dew
Pepper
Dr. Dr.
Pepsi Pepsi Coke Sprite Mt. Dew Pepsi Coke
Pepper Pepper
Dr.
Pepsi Mt. Dew Coke Pepsi Pepsi Sprite Pepsi Coke
Pepper
Dr.
Mt. Dew Sprite Coke Coke Pepsi
Pepper
Create a frequency distribution for the
data
To do this, just list each drink type, and then count
how often each drink comes up in the list. Notice
Coke comes up nine times in the data set. Pepsi
comes up 10 times. And so forth.
Mt Dr.
Drink Coke Pepsi Sprite
Dew Pepper
Frequency 9 10 5 5 4
Draw a bar graph of the frequency
distribution
Along the horizontal axis you place the drink. Space
these equally apart, and allow space to draw a
rectangle above it. The vertical axis contains the
frequencies. Make sure you create a scale along that
axis in which all of the frequencies will fit. Notice
that the highest frequency is 10, so you want to
make sure the vertical axis goes to at least 10, and
you may want to count by two for every tick mark.
Using Excel, this is what your graph will look like.
Pie chart example
Imagine you survey your friends to find the kind of
movie they like best:
Table: Favourite Type of Movie
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi
4 5 6 1 4
Pie chart example cont…
Now to figure out how many degrees for each "pie slice"
(correctly called a sector).
A Full Circle has 360 degrees, so we do this calculation:
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi TOTAL
4 5 6 1 4 20
4/20 × 360° 5/20 × 360° 6/20 × 360° 1/20 × 360° 4/20 × 360°
360°
= 72° = 90° = 108° = 18° = 72°
Pie chart example cont…
Now you are ready to start drawing!
• Draw a circle.
• Then use your protractor to measure the degrees of
each sector.
• Here I show the first sector ...
• Finish up by colouring each sector and giving it a label
like "Comedy: 4 (20%)", etc.
We can show that on a bar graph like this:
Table: Favourite Type of Movie
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi
4 5 6 1 4
Draw a pie chart of the frequency
distribution - of Favorite Soft Drink
To draw a pie chart, multiply the relative frequencies
by 360°. Then use a protractor to draw the
corresponding angle. Or, it is easier to use Excel, or
some other spreadsheet program to draw the graph.
Dr.
Drink Coke Pepsi Mt Dew Sprite
Pepper
Frequency 9 10 5 5 4
(10/33)*36
(9/33)*360 (5/33)*360 (5/33)*360 (4/33)*360
Angles 0
=98.2° =54.5° =54.5° =43.6°
=109.1°
Draw a pictograph of the frequency
distribution - of Favorite Soft Drink
Here you can get creative. One thing to draw would
be glasses. Now you would not want to draw 10
glasses. So what you can do is let each glass be
worth a certain number of data values, let’s say one
glass = frequency of two. So this means that you will
need to draw half of a glass for some of the
frequencies. So for the first drink, with a frequency of
nine, you need to draw four and a half glasses. For
the second drink, with a frequency of 10, you need to
draw five glasses. And so on.
Mean Median and Mode in Statistics
Mean, median, and mode are the measures of
central tendency, used to study the various
characteristics of a given set of data. A measure
of central tendency describes a set of data by
identifying the central position in the data set as
a single value. We can think of it as a tendency of
data to cluster around a middle value.
Mean
To find the mean of ungrouped data we must
add up all the numbers we’re finding the average
of, and then divide by how many numbers there
are in that list:
Sum of items
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
Total number of items
Mode
The mode is the most common value. To find it, look for
which value appears most often. There might be two
values which are tied for the most appearances, in
which case we say the data is bimodal, or alternatively
there might be no repeats at all, in which case there is
simply no mode.
Median
The median is the middle value of a data set, which
separates the highest and lowest values equally.
Put the numbers in order from smallest to largest and
find the middle value/middle two values. Cross out the
smallest number and the largest number, then cross out
the next smallest and largest, keeping going crossing
out pairs of number like this until you have one or two
left. If there is one left, then that is the median; if there
are two values, left then the median is the halfway point
between the two.
Range
The range is not another average – it is a measure of
spread. This means the range is a way of telling us how
spread out the data is.
To calculate it, we subtract the smallest value from the
biggest value.
• Range=Biggest value−Smallest Value
Finding the Mean, Median and Mode
9 people take a test. Their scores out of 100 are:
56,79,77,48,90,68,79,92,71
Work out the mean, median, and mode of their scores.
• Mean: There are 9 data points. First add the numbers together
and then divide the result by 9.
56+79+77+48+90+68+79+92+71=660
660
Mean = = 73.3(1 𝑑𝑝)
9
• Median: Firstly, put the numbers in ascending order.
48,56,68,71,77,79,79,90,92
9+1
There are 9 numbers, and = 5,so the median must be the 5th
2
term along.
Counting along the list, we get that the median is 77.
• Mode: We can see very clearly from the ordered list that there
is only one repeat, 79, so the mode is 79.
Calculating the Range
Find the range of 12, 8, 4, 16, 15, 15, 5, 15, 10, 8
A good way to make sure you haven’t missed any
numbers in determining the biggest and smallest value is
to order them. Doing this, we get:
4,5,8,8,10,12,15,15,15,16
Range = Largest − Smallest =16−4=12
So the range is 12.
Mean and mode from a frequency table
To find the mean from a frequency table:
• Set up a new column to multiply each category by its
frequency.
• Find the sum of the new column. This finds the total of
all the values in the frequency table.
• Add the frequencies to find how many values there
are.
• Divide the total of all the values by how many values
there are.
The mode from a frequency table is the value that has
the highest frequency.
Example 1: Mean Number of Wins
The following frequency table shows the total
number of wins for 30 soccer teams in a certain
league:
Find the mean and mode.
Example 1 cont…
The modal number of wins is 3.
For the mean we create an extra column
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠 × 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
0 2 0 × 2=0
1 3 1 × 3=3
2 7 2 × 7 = 14
3 8 3 × 8 = 24
4 7 4 × 7 = 28
5 3 5 × 3 = 15
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 30 84
Example 1 cont…
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑛
84
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
30
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 2.8
Example 2: Mean Number of pets
owned by different families
The following frequency table shows the total
number of pets owned by 20 different families in a
certain neighborhood:
Find the mean and mode.
Example 2 cont…
The modal number of wins is 3.
For the mean we create an extra column
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠 × 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
0 2 0 × 2=0
1 10 1 × 10 = 10
2 4 2 ×4=8
3 3 3 ×3=9
4 1 4 ×1=4
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 20 31
Example 2 cont…
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑛
31
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
20
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 1.55
