Introduction to Digital Electronics (Basic Level)
Number system
Decimal number system: 604 = (6 × 100) + (0 × 10) + (4 × 1)
Binary number system :101 = (1 × 22 ) + (0 × 21 ) + (1 × 20 )
=5
Hexadecimal Number system Octal Number System
Binary: 01101100011111111000110011110010
Octal: 15437706362
Binary: 0110 1100 0111 1111 1000 1100 1111 0010
Hex : 6C7F8CF2
Logic gates
Combinational circuits
4: 1 mux
4: 1 mux using 2:1 mux
8: 1 mux using 4:1 mux
Encoder:
An encoder in digital electronics is a combinational circuit that has 2 to the power n inputs and n outputs.
A decoder in digital electronics is a combinational circuit that has n inputs and 2 to the power of n outputs.
Design 3 to 8 decoder can be implemented using 2 to 4 decoders
Combination and sequential circuit
• Combinational circuit: It is a type of circuit that generates an output by relying on the input it
receives at that instant, and it stays independent of time.
• Sequential circuit: It is a type of circuit in which the output does not only rely on the current input.
It also relies on the previous ones.
Clock signal
Sequential circuits
Edge and level triggered D flip flop timing diagram
Synchronous and asynchronous counter
• Synchronous Counter: All the flip-flops are
controlled by a single common clock signal.
• Asynchronous Counter: Each flip-flop is
triggered by the output of the previous one, not
by a common clock signal.
Ripple counter
Ripple counter counts values up to 2n
Register
A register is a small and temporary storage unit inside a computer’s (CPU). It plays a vital role in holding
data required by the CPU for immediate processing and is made up of flip-flops
Practice questions
1. Hexadecimal number (1E.53)16 is equivalent to ()8
2. Octal equivalent of the decimal number (417)10
3. Convert hexadecimal number (1E2)16 to decimal
4. Convert binary number (01011.1011)2 into decimal
5. Convert (0.345)10 into an octal number
6. XOR gate design using NAND gate
7. NOT gate design using XOR gate
8.
9. Convert SR to J-K flipflops.
10. What is the maximum possible range of bit-count specifically in n-bit binary counter consisting of
‘n’ number of flip-flops?
11. Generally Which Flipflop is used to construct shift register.
