Cyber Physical Systems

CONTACT SESSION 3
Dr. Lucy J. Gudino
BITS Pilani WILP & Department of CS & IS
Pilani Campus
 Types Of Embedded Systems

Types Of Embedded
Systems

Based On Performance and Functional Based On the Performance of

Requirements the microcontroller

Stand Alone Real Time Networked Mobile Small Scale Large Scale Sophisticated

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 Types Of Embedded Systems

Types Of Embedded
Systems

Based On Performance and Functional Based On the Performance of

Requirements the microcontroller

Stand Alone Real Time Networked Mobile Small Scale Large Scale Sophisticated

• Standalone Embedded Systems • Networked Embedded Systems

• works for itself as a device • Network of embedded devices
without host machine • Connected via wired or wireless
• Example: microwave ovens, network connection
video game console, Mp3 • Example: Home automation
players, digital cameras, system
• Real Time Embedded Systems • Mobile Embedded Systems
• Embedded system + real time • Used in portable embedded
computing devices
• Example: Traffic light • Example: Mp3 players, digital
monitoring and control cameras etc.,
system
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
 Types Of Embedded Systems

Types Of Embedded
Systems

Based On Performance and Functional Based On the Performance of

Requirements the microcontroller

Stand Alone Real Time Networked Mobile Small Scale Large Scale Sophisticated

• Small scale embedded systems

• Meant for small tasks and usually use 8 bit or 16 bit microcontrollers
• Minimum hardware and software
• Typically battery-powered
• Medium scale embedded systems
• Use either one or a few 16 bit or 32 bit microcontrollers
• More complex hardware and software as compared to small scale embedded
systems
• Sophisticated embedded systems
• Most complex of the three classifications mentioned
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Components of Embedded
Systems
• Three main components
• Hardware
• Software (Application)
• Real Time Operating System
FPGA/ASIC/DSP/SoC
Microprocessor/controller Embedded
Firmware

Memory

Communication Interface

System
I/p Ports Core O/p Ports
(Sensors)
(Actuators)

Other supporting
Integrated Circuits &
subsystems

Embedded System

Real World
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Hardware Components of
Embedded Systems
Input Device Interface and Driver
Circuits
Power Supply, Reset and Oscillator Circuit

System Application Specific Circuit

Processor
Serial
Interrupt
Communicatio
Controller
n Ports
Parallel Ports
Program
Memory and
Timer
Data Memory

Output Device Interface and Driver

Circuits

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 Software Components of an
Embedded System
 An embedded system has software designed to keep in view
of three constraints:
 Availability of processor speed
 Availability of System Memory
 The need to limit power dissipation when running the
system continuously in cycles of wait for events,
run, stop, and wake up.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Components of Embedded
Systems: Processor
• Two options
• Microprocessor
• Microcontroller
• Evaluation
• Size
• Cost
• Speed of operation
• Power consumption

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Components of Embedded
Systems: Processor Architecture
• Von-Neumann Vs Harvard Architecture
• Von-Neumann Architecture
1. Data and instructions are stored in a
single read – write memory
2. The contents of this memory are
addressable by location, without regard
to the type of data contained there
3. Execution occurs in a sequential fashion
(unless explicitly modified) from one
instruction to the next
• A single path between the CPU and main
memory.
– This single path is known as the von
Neumann bottleneck.
– Side effect : reduced throughput
(Data Rate)
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Components of Embedded
Systems: Processor Architecture
• Von-neumann Vs Harvard Architecture
• Harvard Architecture
• Uses two memory systems and two separate busses
– Instruction Memory
– Data Memory

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 Components of Embedded
Systems: Processor Architecture
• CISC Vs RISC
• CISC : Complex Instruction Set for Computer
• Complex instructions, requires multiple cycles for
execution
• Supports variable length instructions with variable
format
• Few registers
• Supports operations on memory operands
• Intended to simplify compilers (for HLL)
• May result in slower performance due to the
complexity of instructions
• Microprogrammed Control Unit
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 Components of Embedded
Systems: Processor Architecture
• CISC Vs RISC
• RISC : Reduced Instruction Set for Computer
• Simple instructions, requires one cycle for execution
• Supports fixed length instructions, fixed format
• Supports majorly register operands
• Huge register file
• Can increase the overall speed of the processor due to
the simplicity of instructions
• Hardwired Control Unit

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 Components of Embedded
Systems: Memory
• Requirements :
• Capacity – Range of
application
• Form Factor
• Cost
• Speed
• Power Consumption
• Types of memory
• Volatile Vs Non
volatile
• Memory Hierarchy :
Register, Cache
Main Memory BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
 Semiconductor Memory

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229081786_Emerging_memories_Resistive_s
witching_mechanisms_and_current_status/download

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Structure of DRAM and
SRAM

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Cache Memory
• Small, fast memory
• Sits between normal main memory and CPU
• May be located on CPU chip or separate module
• Locality of reference

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Temporal vs Spatial locality
of reference
• Temporal locality: Locality
in time
• If an item is referenced,
it will tend to be
referenced again soon
• Spatial locality: Locality in
space
• If an item is referenced,
items whose addresses
are close by will tend to
be referenced soon.

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Cache and Main Memory Structure

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 START
Cache Read Operation
Receive address (RA)
From CPU

Is block No Access main memory

containing RA for block containing
word in Cache? RA word
Yes
Fetch RA word and Allocate cache line
deliver to CPU for main memory
block

Load main memory Deliver RA word to

block in to cache line CPU
DONE
Performance of cache

• Hit ratio : Number of Hits / total references

to memory
• Hit
• Miss

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 Cache Memory

• Multiple levels of cache – L1, L2 ….to improve timing

• In the event of a miss: a block of data is fetched from main
memory and stored in cache
• Mapping function
• Direct Mapped cache
• Associative mapped cache
• Set associative cache (popular)

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 Semiconductor Memory

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229081786_Emerging_memories_Resistive_s
witching_mechanisms_and_current_status/download

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 Clocks
• Clocks for Synchronization of various activities.
• Example oscillators : RC oscillators, Crystal oscillators,
Ceramic resonators etc.
• Significance of clocking
• IoT / WSN devices need to be synchronized to a
common notion of time
• Lack of stability in clock - frequent resynchronization of
network leading to increased energy consumption
• Selection of clocking schemes have an impact on the
overall power consumption of the system

CSI** ZG528
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 The Embedded System
design process
• Top-down vs. bottom-up design

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