Homogeneous SLEs
Homogeneous SLEs
a11x + a12y + a13z = 0 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑥 0
a21x + a22y + a23z = 0 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑦 = 0
a31x + a32y + a33z = 0 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑧 0
A X = 0
1 𝑎12′ 𝑎13′ 0 a33’’≠ 0 r(A) = r(A/0) = 3
𝐴/0 ≅ 0 1 𝑎23′′ 0 a33’’= 0 r(A) = r(A/0) = 2
0 0 𝑎33′′ 0
In any case r(A) = r(A/0)
Therefore, HSLEs are always consistent.
Consistency of Homogeneous SLEs
• Always Consistent as r(A) = r(A/0) is always there for HSLEs
• If r(A) = n (number of variables) then SLE has unique solution =
Zero Solution = Trivial Solution
• If r(A) < n then SLE has infinitely many solutions = Non Zero
Solution = Non Trivial Solution
1 𝑎12′ 𝑎13′ 𝑥 0
a33’’ ≠ 0, r(A) = r(A/0) = 3, Unique Solution 0 1 𝑎23′′ 𝑦 = 0
0 0 𝑎33′′ 𝑧 0
a33’’z = 0 z = 0/a33’’= 0
y + a23’’z = 0 y = 0 - a23’’z = 0 - a23’’(0) = 0
x + a12’y + a13’z = 0 x = 0 - a12’y - a13’z = 0 - a12’(0) - a13’(0) = 0
Example 1 Solve the following SLEs using Gauss Elimination
Method: x + 2y – z = 0
-2x + 2y - 3z = 0
3x + y + 4z = 0
1 2 −1 𝑥 0
In Matrix form SLEs is, −2 2 −3 𝑦 = 0 AX= 0
3 1 4 𝑧 0
1 2 −1 0
Augmented Matrix, 𝐴/0 = −2 2 −3 0
3 1 4 0
1 2 −1 0
R2 R2 + 2R1, 𝐴/0 ≅ 0 6 −5 0
3 1 4 0
1 2 −1 0
R3 R3 - 3R1, 𝐴/0 ≅ 0 6 −5 0
0 −5 7 0
1 2 −1 0
R2 R2 + R3, 𝐴/0 ≅ 0 1 2 0
0 −5 7 0
1 2 −1 0
R3 R3 + 5R2, 𝐴/0 ≅ 0 1 2 0
0 0 17 0
1 2 −1 0
R3 R3/17, 𝐴/0 ≅ 0 1 2 0
0 0 1 0
r(A) = 3 = n
Therefore, Solution of the system is trivial and it is (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0).
Example 2 Solve the following SLEs using Gauss Elimination
Method: 3x - y - 10z = 0 3 −1 −10 𝑥 0
-2x + y + 8z = 0 −2 1 8 𝑦 = 0
7x - 2y - 22z = 0 7 −2 −22 𝑧 0
AX= 0
3 −1 −10
𝐴 = −2 1 8
7 −2 −22
1 0 −2
R1 R1 + R2, 𝐴 ≅ −2 1 8
7 −2 −22
1 0 −2
R2 R2 + 2R1, 𝐴 ≅ 0 1 4
7 −2 −22
1 0 −2
R3 R3 - 7R1, 𝐴≅ 0 1 4
0 −2 −8
1 0 −2
R3 R3 + 2R2, 𝐴≅ 0 1 4
0 0 0
r(A) = 2 < 3 = n Therefore, Solution of the system is non trivial.
i.e, z = k, k є R, 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = −𝟒𝒛 = −𝟒𝒌
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒛 = 𝟐𝒌 ∴ 𝒙, 𝒚 , 𝒛 = {(𝟐𝒌, −𝟒𝒌, 𝒌)/𝒌 є R}.
Example 3 Solve the following SLEs using Gauss Elimination
Method: x - 3y + 7z + 6w = 0 1 −3 7 6 𝑥 0
2x - 2y + 5z + 3w = 0 2 −2 5 3 𝑦 = 0
3x - y + 3z + 0w = 0 3 −1 3 0 𝑧 0
4x + 0y + z - 3w = 0 4 0 1 −3 𝑤 0
AX= 0
1 −3 7 6
𝐴= 2 −2 5 3
3 −1 3 0
4 0 1 −3
1 −3 7 6
R2 R2 - 2R1, 𝐴 ≅
0 4 −9 −9
3 −1 3 0
4 0 1 −3
1 −3 7 6
R3 R3 - 3R1, 𝐴 ≅
0 4 −9 −9
0 8 −18 −18
4 0 1 −3
1 −3 7 6
R4 R4 - 4R1, 𝐴≅ 0 4 −9 −9
0 8 −18 −18
0 12 −27 −27
1 −3 7 6
R3 R3 - 2R2,
0 1 −9/4 −9/4
R4 R4 - 3R2, 𝐴≅
R2 R2/4, 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
r(A) = 2 < 4 = n Therefore, Solution of the system is non trivial.
i.e, w = k1 є R, & z = k2, k2 є R, 𝒚 − 𝟗𝒛/𝟒 − 𝟗𝒘/𝟒 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒚 = (𝟗/𝟒)𝒌𝟏 + (𝟗/𝟒)𝒌𝟐
𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝟕𝒛 + 𝟔𝒘 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟕/𝟒 𝒌𝟏 + 𝟐𝟕/𝟒 𝒌𝟐 − 𝟕𝒌𝟐 − 𝟔𝒌𝟏 = (𝟑/𝟒)𝒌𝟏 − (𝟏/𝟒)𝒌𝟐
∴ 𝒙, 𝒚 , 𝒛, 𝒘 = {(𝒌𝟏(𝟑/𝟒, 𝟗/𝟒, 𝟎, 𝟏) + 𝒌𝟐(−𝟏/𝟒, 𝟗/𝟒, 𝟏, 𝟎)/𝒌𝟏 є R, k2 є R}.
Example 4 Solve the following SLEs using Gauss Elimination
Method: 2x + 2y + 4z = 0 𝑤
0 2 2 4 0
w - y - 3z = 0 1 0 −1 −3 𝑦 = 0 𝑥
2w + x - y - 2z = 0 2 1 −1 −2 𝑧 0
0 2 2 4 AX= 0
𝐴 = 1 0 −1 −3
2 1 −1 −2
R1 R2, 1 0 −1 −3
𝐴≅ 0 2 2 4
2 1 −1 −2
1 0 −1 −3
R3 R3 - 2R1, 𝐴≅ 0 2 2 4
0 1 1 4 1 0 −1 −3
R2 R3, 𝐴≅ 0 1 1 4
0 2 2 4
1 0 −1 −3
R3 R3 - 2R2, 𝐴≅ 0 1 1 4
0 0 0 −4 1 0 −1 −3
R3 R3/(-4), 𝐴 ≅ 0 1 1 4
0 0 0 1
r(A) = 3 < 4 = n Therefore, Solution of the system is non trivial.
i.e, y = k є R, 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟒𝒛 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = −𝒌, 𝒘 − 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒘 = 𝒌
∴ 𝒘, 𝒙, 𝒚 , 𝒛, = {(𝒌(𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟎)/𝒌 є R}.
Next Lecture : Reduced Row Echelon
Form & Gauss Jordan Method to find
Inverse of Matrix
