MATH IN A MODERN WORLD
INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Module Title: Language of Relations and Functions
Learning Objectives:
By the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Define relations and functions using appropriate mathematical language.
2. Differentiate between a relation and a function.
3. Represent relations and functions in various forms (e.g., set of ordered pairs, tables, mappings,
graphs, equations)
INTRODUCTION TO RELATIONS
What is relation?
Relations abound in daily life. People are related to each other in many ways as parents and children,
teachers and students, employers and employees, and many others. In business things that are bought are
related to their cost and the amount paid is related to the number of things bought.
A RELATION is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of values
(called the range). A relation is simply a set of ordered pairs. An ordered pair is a pair of values written in
the form (x, y), where:
x is called the input or domain element.
y is the output or range element.
A relation describes how one quantity is related to another. It’s like a rule or a pattern that links inputs to
outputs.
Example: R = {(1, 2), (3,4), (5,6), (1, 7)}
This relation includes four ordered pairs.
Domain: The set of all first elements (inputs): {1, 3, 5}
Range: The set of all second elements (outputs): {2, 4, 6, 7}
There are four ways to represent relations
1. Set of ordered pairs.
2. Table
3. Mapping Diagram
4. Graph: Points plotted on the coordinate plane
What is a Function?
A FUNCTION is a special kind of relation where each input has exactly one output.
That means: for every value of xxx, there is only one corresponding value of y.
Functions are predictable — if you input the same value, you always get the same result.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no two ordered pairs have same x-value but different y-
values.
Functions can be represented in different ways.
1. A table of values
2. Ordered pairs
3. Graph
4. An equation
FUNCTION TEST
A relation is a function if no input is repeated with different output
Example: F = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} – FUNCTION because each input maps to one output.
Domain: {1, 2, 3,}
Range: {2, 3, 4}
Example: G = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4)} NOT FUNCTION – the input “1” maps to two different putputs: 2 and 3
VERTICAL LINE TEST (FOR GRAPHS)
- If a vertical line crosses the graph more than once, it’s not a function. (Sa face-to-face ko na
ipapakita ang hirap gumawa dito ng graph hahaha)
QUICK CHECK
Which of the following relations are functions?
f = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 5)}
g = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), 3, 7)
h = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), …, (n, 3n), …}
TYPES OF RELATIONS BETWEEN INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
1. One-to-one (1:1)
o Each input maps to one unique output and each output also comes from one unique input.
{(1, A), (2, B), (3, C)}
1 A
2 B
3 C
No input or output is repeated. This is a function, and it is one-to-one. FUNCTION
2. One-to-Many
o A single input maps to more than one output.
{(1, A), (1, B), (2, C)}
1 A and B
2 C
The same input (1) gives multiple outputs – this violates the rule of a function. NOT FUNCTION
3. Many-to-One
o Two or more different inputs map to the same output.
{(1, A), (2, A), (3, B)}
1 A
2 A
3 B
Different inputs map to the same output - but each input still has only one output. FUNCTION
4. Many -to-Many
o Multiple inputs map to multiple output, and some inputs map to more than one output.
{(1, A), (1, B), (2, A), (2, C)}
1 A and B
2 A and C
Each input is paired with more than one output, and some outputs are shared by multiple inputs.
