Cow Nutrition
hard medicine
management -
preventitive ,
min
. material losses , safe food production
related
advantages are to purposes
-
concentrate identify evaluate
SWOT-straights ,
weaknesses
, opportunities ,
threats
self-protection
SWOT issues calves shelters fertilit
->
, , y...
75 % of
expenses are feeds
·
control points of feeding managements :
hygiene manger management,
grouping , Feed ,
water
-of
reces
management.. ,
body condition score and milk
bes at
calving >
-
275-3 25 ,
1 BCSN -
930lb milk produces
related with health , reproduction ,
Dr. Özge SIZMAZ
FEEDING DAIRY
29.08.2019
CATTLE
Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 1
&
Terms and definitions
• Lactation period= milk production …….. Dry period (305 d)
• Lactation peak = max. Milk yield (wks 3-8)
NUTRIENTS
• Carbohydrate--Nutrient supplying most of the energy needs for animals; usually easily digested and absorbed
• Fiber--Carbohydrate with a digestibility of less than 50%
• Lignin--Non-digestible portion of fiber that provides the "bulk" necessary for dairy animals
• Protein--Nutrient made up of chains of amino acids which contain nitrogen; "building blocks" of muscles
• NE--Net energy or energy left in feeds after energy used in digestion has been subtracted
• NElac--Net energy value used for maintenance and milk production in lactating cows
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 2
Stages of A Dairy Cow
• Calf
• Heifer
• Dry Cow
• Close-up Cow
• Lactating Cow
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 3
In high yielding cows, 4 important
factors effect the milk yield:
1.Genetic power
2.Feeding programme
3.Herd management
4.Health
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 4
Factors affecting success in dairy cattle
• Proper shelter proper feeding programme
effective insemination programme
• Quality breeder
• Milking programme MONEY
• Quality personel
• Herd health programme
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 5
Feeding of rumen microorganisms
MICROPS HAPPY
COWS HAPPY
FARMERS HAPPY
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ
Nutritional areas of concern in balancing a
dairy ration
• A. Dry matter intake
• B. Crude protein
• C. TDN
• D. Calcium
• E. Phosphorus
• F. Fiber
• G. Trace mineral salt
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 7
Feeding mistakes
1. Enough protein+not enough energy; (-) Energy
2. Inadaquate prot.+E energy; (-) Nitrogen
3. Inadaquate Prot.+Not E energy; (-) Energy and (-) Nitrogen
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 8
Dry Matter
• 100 % waterless part of feed material or ration.
• DMI have (+) positive correlation with milk yield.
• High DMI=high nutrients intake=High milk yield
• DMI was expressed as % of BW
• Max. DMI at 12-16. wks after calving
not take ?
poultry
can
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 9
DM Needs
•DM, kg=(BW/100)+5+MYx0.3
2-3 week milk
yield peak
intake peak
BW=Body Weight
4-5 week ->
dry matter
MY=Milk Yield
nutrition & milk relationships
yield in thi Lactation &
gestitation cycle > tablo ver
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 10
Energy Defficiency
• In Youngs
Decreasing growth performance
Weakness
Late puberta
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 11
Energy Defficiency
• In high yielding cows
Lose of BW, rapidly after calving
Decresing the lactation peak
Reducing the milk yield
Fertility disorders
Metabolism diseases (like ketosis)
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 12
Energy Excess
• Youngs
Fatty udder at 4-10 months period
Decreasing the performance
• Cows
Fatty body
Problem in calving
Fertility disorders
Metabolism diseases
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 13
Energy need;
• NEL(MJ/day)= (BW/20)+5+MYx3.17
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 14
Protein
• Maintanance
• Growth+milk yield+foetus growth
• Formation of enzymes and hormones
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 15
Protein
• Microbial Protein
(Synthesized in rumen)
• RDP
• RUP-By pass protein
• NPN (Ürea)
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 16
Mrunen bacteria it
Urea so we
give
can
it
use
• Should be mixed homogenousely in the feed
• Should be given to cows by habituate
• Should be used with easy soluble carbonhydrates sources
(molasses, cereal grains etc.)
• Should be added with low protein and high energy level diets.
• Sholud be supplied max 33 % N of cow’s need
• Should be added to the total ration max1% in DM, to
concentrate 3% why weadd additional ? to feed
carbs >
-
in rund more to -
> ammonia
microbies energy
in
vrea
Usage
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 17
Protein deficiency
• Decreasing feed intake
• Reducing cellulose degradation
• Starting to consume body prot.
• Decreasing the milk yield
• Decreasing the BW
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 18
Protein excess
• Fertility disorders
• (-) energy balance
• Protein is used as a source of energy
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 19
The Role of Fiber in Dairy Cow Nutrition
NDF important Programs
• The fiber component of the feed is the lignin, cellulose and hemi cellulose in the
plant. The fiber level is quoted in three terms; Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Neutral
Detergent Fiber, and Lignin. In some cases the term Crude Fiber is quoted, but it is
an inaccurate measure of the amount of fiber in the feed. Crude Fiber is not
accurate because during the testing process a portion of the ADF and NDF is lost in
the process. The only accurate measures are ADF and NDF.
• ADF indicates the amount of cellulose and lignin that are in the feed. These
components are highly non digestible but are essential for rumen function. The
higher the level of ADF that is in the feed, the more feed is being put in the rumen
that can not be used. The correct amount of ADF in the ration is 16% to 19%. Most
--
of this will come from thee forages in the ration.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 20
The Role of Fiber in Dairy Cow Nutrition
Programs
• NDF represents all of the fiber in the plant, including hemi cellulose,
cellulose, and lignin. NDF is an indicator of how much the cow can eat
before feeling “full” and not eating more. The correct amount of NDF in
the ration is 27% to 30%. It is also recommended that 75% of the NDF
be derived from the forages in the ration. Higher levels of NDF will
discourage feed intake and this will result in a deficiency in protein and
energy. Too much NDF will discourage intake because not enough
buffers are produced to offset the acid produced by the fermentation in
the rumen. It is important to remember that too much fiber or too little
fiber can cause the cow to “go off feed” and this will reduce production
and performance of the cow.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 21
Particle size and structure of the fiber are also
important,
• The ration provided to the cow may have enough NDF, but if the fiber is
too long or if it lacks structure, NDF will not be effective and rumen
problems will be common in the herd. This will also result in lower milk
production, loss of body condition, and difficult in getting the cow bred
back.
• The correct particle size can be determined by doing a particle test on
the feeds. The ration when delivered to the cow should not have more
than 8% of the forage in pieces longer than 2.5 cm.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 22
Fiber deficiency
• Abomasum displacement
• Acidosis
• Rumen paraceratosis
• Reducing milk fat
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 23
Fiber need
• In ration DM;
• Min. 15-18% CF
min. 19-21% ADF
min. 25-35 % NDF
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 24
TMR total mix ration
=Forage+Cereal+feed with protein+Vitamin+Mineral
Advantages
1. is effective to increasing milk production
2. Optimum ration formulation is supplied
3. Stable ration compozition is provided
4. Tasteless feed are masked
5. Registering is controlled
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 25
Advantages,
6. Mik fat improves
7. Risk of abomasum displacement, acidosisis, ketosis decrease
8. Fertility affected positively
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 26
Disadvantages
1. It is ·
not suitable for baled grass varieties
2. High cost of the equipment (mixer, silage transporter)
-
3. Ration formulation must be effective, otherwise a mistake
-
affects all cows.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 27
Feeding programme to stages of lactation
period
• I. Period: first 10 wks after calving
• II. Period : wks of 10-20 after calving
• III. Period: 21-42. wks after calving
• IV. Period: Dry period, last 2 months of gestation
• Transition period: last 3 wks of gestation (close up dry period)
and first 3 wks of lactation (early fresh period)
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 28
I. Period (0-70. days of Lactation)
• Milk yield peak
• DMI doesn’t reach peak (-) Energy Balance
yag Zullanler
↑ etkisi
by-pass
- azaltiler
zellible palm yaindan
elde edilir -
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 29
I. Period
• It is common knowledge that the early lactating cows do not
eat as much feed as they do between the second and third
months of lactation period, even though the level of milk
production may be the same. Feed intake lags behind peak
milk production by about two to four weeks. This results in a
negative energy balance and, as such, body reserves are
mobilized to overcome the energy deficit, which results in
some body weight loss. Although it is normal for high-
producing cows to lose weight in early lactation, the energy,
and especially the protein, available from body stores can
supply only a limited amount of the animals needs.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 30
I. Period
• As body fat is mobilized to produce more milk,
proportionally more energy is available than protein.
Therefore, the percent of protein in the ration during
early lactation period should be higher in order to
maximize the efficiency of energy utilization and to
meet the added protein needs. Because high-producing
cows lose body weight in early lactation, a number of
studies have attempted to correlate body-weight losses
to performance.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 31
I. Period
• Both the extent of negative energy balance and
the rate of recovery of energy balance appear to
be important. In well-fed cows, the negative
balances of energy begin to improve at about
week four of lactation.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 32
I. Period
• Recovery in energy balance from its most negative state may
be a signal for initiation of ovarian activity.
• 19 % CP
• 1.67 mcal/kg NEL
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 33
II. Period (70-140. days of lactation)
• DMI peak
• Energy in balance
• Energy need for milk is taken by DM
• Cow stop the consume of body store
• Cow should taken high quality forages
• Concentrate should given max. 2-3% of BW
• 14% CP, 1.65 mcal/kg NEL
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 34
III. Period (140-305. days of lactation)
• (+) energy balance =cow consume energy exceed of her need
• Milk yield and DMI continue to reducing
• Body reserve put in place
• BW increase
• 13% CP, 1.52 mcal/kg NEL
• High quality forage-less concentrate
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 35
Body reserve put in place
1. The conversion rate of intaken energy to body energy is 82 %.
In other words, feed is evaluated economically. Whereas, this
rate is 59% in dry period.
2. Increasing the BW in late lactation period is better than in dry
period.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 36
IV. Period (Dry Period)
• Low energy diet (less expensive)
• Pasture often used (not in Turkey)
• Important for successful lactation
• Restore body energy and nutrient reserves
• Should maintain 3 to 4 body condition score
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 37
Dry Cow Nutrition
• A sound dry cow program should be designed to accomplish
the following objectives:
• Properly nourish the developing calf.
• Maintain optimum body condition.
• Prepare the mammary gland for the next lactation.
• Prepare the digestive tract for the next lactation.
• Minimize digestive, metabolic, and infectious diseases.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 38
Dry Cow Nutrition
• The purpose of a dry period is to allow the cow’s udder an
opportunity to regenerate secretory tissue and to allow the
digestive system to recover from the stress of high levels of
feed intake.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 39
Dry Cow Nutrition
• The optimum length of the dry period may vary from one cow
to another. General recommendations are that a 60-day dry
period is associated with highest lactation yield. Dry periods
less or greater than 60 days results in less production in the
next lactation.
• Short dry periods do not allow for adequate udder involution,
and long dry periods tend to result in over-conditioned dry
cows. The end result in both cases is less milk in the next
lactation.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 40
Drying off the Cow
• The recommended method of drying off is to stop milking the
cow abruptly. Cows should not be milked partially for several
days or milked every other day as a means to dry off.
• This practice will actually prolong the drying off process and
may increase the incidence of mastitis.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 41
Dry Cow Nutrition
• The four primary goals for feeding the dry cow from dry off to
three weeks prior to calving include:
• Maintain optimum dietary fiber content
• Limit energy intake
• Avoid overfeeding protein
• Meet mineral and vitamin requirements
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 42
Dry Cow Nutrition
Dry cows must be separated from the milking herd in order to be
fed properly. Additionally, dry cows are best managed in two
groups.
The first group should contain all dry cows except those within
two to three weeks of calving. Dry matter (DM) intake by the first
group is usually in the range of 1.8 to 2.2% of body weight. Dry
matter intake of cows within two weeks of calving decline to
about 1.5 to 1.8% of body weight. Due to this decrease in dry
matter intake, cows within two to three weeks of calving should
be placed on a more nutrient-dense diet in order to meet their
nutrient needs
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 43
Dry Cow Nutrition
Forage intake should be a minimum of 1.0% of body weight or
50% of the dietary DM intake.
High quality forages are best reserved for early lactation cows
with high energy requirements.
Feeding forage of adequate particle length will aid in
rehabilitating the rumen and maintain normal rumen function.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 44
Dry Cow Nutrition
A grain mix should be formulated to meet the nutrient needs of
the dry cow that are not supplied by the forage portion of the
ration. If high quality hay or finely chopped silages are fed, it is
usually beneficial to have grain mixtures higher in fiber to offset
the low fiber intake from these forages.
On medium quality forage diets, usually a minimal amount of
grain is needed to meet the energy and protein needs of dry
cows.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 45
Dry Cow Nutrition
The primary goal when feeding minerals during the dry period is
to avoid excessive calcium and keep the calcium to phosphorus
ratio between 2.0:1 to 1.5:1. The control of calcium and
phosphorus is important for the prevention of milk fever.
Additionally, potassium levels greater than 1.5% of the ration dry
matter may interfere with magnesium absorption and calcium
mobilization, also resulting in milk fever, as well as retained
placenta, and downer cow problems at calving.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 46
Dry Cow Nutrition
Recommendations concerning management of the dry cow could
be summarized as follows:
1. Keep accurate records on breeding and calving dates.
2. Feed cows during late lactation so that they will be in adequate
body condition at drying off.
3. Dry off each cow to allow for a dry period of 60 days.
4. Provide enough forage and some grain, if needed, to insure that
the dry cow will be in proper condition at calving.
5. Provide supplemental minerals and vitamins as needed for
adequate nutrition of the cow.
not use
high Fiber -
high (a
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 47
Dry Cow Nutrition
Remember that the dry period is both the end of one lactation
and the beginning of the next. Careful attention to proper
feeding and management are critical to obtaining maximum dry
matter intake, good health, increased reproductive efficiency,
and optimum milk production in the following lactation.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 48
Require of Protein and Energy Level
CP, % Energy, mcal/kg NEL
I. Period 19 1.67
II. Period 14 1.65
III. Period 13 1.52
IV. Period 12 1.25
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 49
Transition Period[last 3 wks of gestation (close up dry period) and first 3
wks of lactation (early fresh period)]
• The term transition is to underscore the important
physiological, metabolic, and nutritional changes occurring in
this time frame. It constitutes a turning point in the productive
cycle of the cow from one lactation to the next. The manner in
which these changes occur and how they are managed are of
great importance as they are closely linked to lactation
performance, clinical and subclinical postpartum diseases, and
reproductive performance that can significantly affect
profitability.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 50
Close up dry period
To provide to reach peak in 5-6 wks and to ensure a long-lasting
in high yielding dairy cows.
geribir
.
hestake bu donende
zogr
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 51
Early (pre)fresh period
The nutrition and management of the cow during the three
weeks before and after calving determine in large part the cow's
production for her entire lactation.
During the pre-fresh period, the cow's nutritional requirements
increase while dry matter intake decreases.
Nutrient concentration of the ration must increase. The mineral
balance of the ration is critical at this time. Also, the rumen
microbes and rumen papillae benefit from a gradual adjustment
to more concentrates.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 52
Early (pre)fresh period
There are many advantages of a pre-fresh ration.
1. metabolic problems decrease because of an improved mineral
balance. If all dry cows are in one group, it is often difficult to
provide the appropriate minerals because of supplement
costs and forage inventory.
2. clinical and sub-clinical ketosis is reduced. This is
accomplished by increasing dietary energy concentration.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 53
Nutritional strategy
• Preventing the decline in DMI prepartum
• Increasing DMI rapidly postpartum
• Making certain that energy density is as high as possible
in both transition phases are the most important control
points for these cows.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 54
Nutritional strategy
• Non-Fiber Carbohydrate
The level of non-fiber carbohydrate needs to be higher in pre-
fresh diets for four different reasons.
• 1. the pre-fresh diet needs to contain a higher concentration of
energy. It is usually most economical to meet this need in the
form of NFC.
• 2. propionate, a volatile fatty acid (VFA) primarily produced
from the fermentation of NFC, increases the length of the
rumen papillae.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 55
Nutritional strategy
• The rumen papillae are the finger-like projections that absorb
VFA from the rumen. Stimulating their growth prior to calving
increases VFA absorption after calving. The VFA are used as an
energy source for the cow and propionate is specifically
needed to reduce ketosis.Elimination of rumen acids is also
important for controlling rumen acidosis.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 56
Nutritional strategy
• 3. higher NFC levels help to transition the rumen microbes
towards a lactating ration again. Increasing the growth of the
NFC-fermenting microbes before calving will further reduce the
incidence of acidosis and “off-feed” problems once the cow
calves and consumes a diet with more NFC.
Finally, propionate is used to derive energy from body fat and
reduce ketosis
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 57
Nutritional strategy
• Non-fiber carbohydrate levels need to rise to 32-33% of the dry
matter during the pre-fresh period.
• As with milking cow diets, it is important to provide a blend of
NFC sources, some which ferment fairly rapidly (such as sugars
and high-moisture corn) and some that are more slowly
fermented (such as cornmeal).
• This will increase overall digestion of NFC, the number of
rumen bacteria, and the amount of rumen microbial protein
available for use by the cow.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 58
Nutritional strategy
• The forages in the ration must be fresh and mold-free.
• Do not use the sweepings from the milking cows as part of the pre-
fresh ration.
• Do not feed the pre-fresh TMR every other day. Have fresh TMR
available at least once per day, better yet, twice per day.
• Never let the pre-fresh bunk remain empty during the day. 10%
refusals are recommended. Be careful to minimize and gradually
introduce anionic salts, bypass fats, and animal proteins that are not
very palatable. Include forages to be fed in the milking ration in the
pre-fresh ration to minimize adjustment after calving.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 59
dengesi ?
-o
Anion-Cation difference in rations (DCAD)
-Na
-In Lactation = cationic = +300 +400 mEq
-
-K
-Cl mEq/kg DM -In dry period = anionic = -100 -150 mEq
- -
anion-cation dergesi :
-S
uypo-kalsami inin ovemli
-
katyanik
Negative DCAD == acidic ration Youca
-
7 yemler
zuru - anionic
kullanlr
Positive DCAD == alcaline ration Laktasyon -katyonic
DCAD = 0 == balance of anion cation
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 60
BCS
• Using body condition scoring to fine tune herd nutrition and
health management has become a widely accepted practice.
• BCS at calving
– < 2.75 reduced milk yield
– > 3.25 reduced milk yield
• BCS change after calving
– Decrease of 1 BCS unit increase of 930 lb milk in 305-d lactation
– Body reserves essential to support milk production
• 1 lb=0.45 kg
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 61
BCS and Increased Health Risk
Excess Body Condition Thin Body Condition
– Fat Cow Syndrome - Lameness
– Ketosis
– Displaced Abomasum
– Milk Fever
– Metritis
– Mastitis
– Lameness
– Limited Dry Matter Intake
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 62
BCS and Reproduction
Cows > 3.75 BCS at dry off were 2.8 times more likely than cows with
average BCS to experience the following reproductive problems in their
next lactation
– Dystocia
– Retained placenta
– Uterine infection
– Cystic ovaries
– Abortion
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 63
In Summary. . .
BCS changes can cause problems when they are
– Too Little
– Too Much
– Too Rapidly Changed
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 64
Dairy Cow Nutrition
• Cow nutrition is important in order to be profitable in the dairy
industry from growth of the calves through milk production in
lactating cows.
29.08.2019 Dr. Özge SIZMAZ 65
