SDE Readiness Training

Empowering Tomorrow’s Innovators

 Module I
Java Software Development:
Effective Problem Solving

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Learning Level: Basic

DATE : 13.02.2025
 Contents

01

Introduction
to Java
02

Java Tokens
03

Read User
Input

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Please download pictures in

suitable size here and insert them
by clicking the symbol above.

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What is Java?

• Java is a general-purpose, object-oriented, concurrent, and secured programming language.

• It is a widely used robust technology.

• It is a platform – Has a runtime environment (JRE) and a comprehensive set of APIs that allow

developers to build and run Java applications across different hardware and operating systems.

• James Gosling – the father of Java.

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History

• Java’s initial work started in 1990 by Sun Microsystems engineer Patrick Naughton as a part of the
Stealth Project.

• The Stealth Project soon changed to the Green Project, with Mike Sheridan and James Gosling
joining the ranks, and the group began developing new technology for programming next-generation
smart appliances.

• James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June
1991.

• Gosling attempted to modify and extend C++ but quickly abandoned this approach in favor of creating an
entirely new language.

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History

• Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling, and file extension was .gt. After that, it was called
Oak, named after the tree that stood outside his office.

• Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-top boxes. Then
incorporate some changes based on emergence of World Wide Web, which demanded portable
programs.

• In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a trademark by Oak Technologies.

• The first publicly available version of Java (Java 1.0) was released in 1995.

• In 2006 Sun started to make Java available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Sun
Microsystems was acquired by the Oracle Corporation in 2010. Oracle continues this project called
OpenJDK.

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Where it is used?

• Java is almost everywhere and more than 60 billion devices run Java.

• It is used create desktop Applications, Web Applications, Enterprise Applications such as banking

applications, mobile applications.

• Web services and Cloud-based applications.

• Embedded System

• Games etc.,

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Editions

J2SE J2ME J2EE

(JavaPlatform, Standard (Java Platform, Micro (Java Platform, Enterprise
Edition) Edition) Edition)

•Java 2 Standard Edition •Java 2 Micro Edition •Jakarta EE/Java 2 Enterprise

• Used to create applications for •Used to create applications for Edition

Desktop Environment mobile Devices •Used to create applications for

Enterprise.

•Community driven Edition.

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Environment

• Java includes many development tools, classes, and methods.

• Development tools are part of Java Development Kit (JDK)

• The classes and methods are part of Java Standard Library (JSL), also known as Application

Programming Interface (API).

• It includes hundreds of classes and methods grouped into several packages according to their

functionality.

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Environment - JDK

• Java Development Kit(JDK) : It is a software development kit used by Java developers for building Java

applications.

• Includes tools, libraries, and documentation necessary for Java development.

• JDK consists of :

• Java Compiler (javac): Translates Java source code into bytecode.

• Java Runtime Environment (JRE): Includes a version of the JRE, which provides the runtime environment for

executing Java applications. The JRE consists of the JVM and libraries required for running Java bytecode.

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Environment - JDK

• JDK consists of :

• Java Development Tools:

• Java Debugger (jdb): A tool for debugging Java programs.

• Java Archive (JAR) tool: A utility for creating and managing JAR files, which are compressed archives that
contain Java classes and resources.

• JavaDoc tool: A tool for generating HTML documentation from Java source code comments

JDK = Java Runtime Environment (JRE) + Development Tool

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Environment - JRE

• JRE (Java Runtime Environment) is a software package that provides Java class libraries, Java Virtual Machine

(JVM), and other components that are required to run Java applications.

• JRE is the superset of JVM.

JRE = Java Virtual Machine (JVM) + Library Classes

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Environment - JVM

• Java Virtual Machine(JVM) : It's a virtual machine that allows a computer to run Java programs.

• JVM is a runtime environment that loads, verifies, and executes Java bytecode, and converts bytecode to

machine-specific code.

• JVM consists of three distinct components:

1.Class Loader

2.Runtime Memory/Data Area

3.Execution Engine

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Environment - JVM

• Class loader:

• Responsible for loading classes into the JVM.

• When you run a Java program, the class loader searches for the necessary classes and loads them into the
runtime data area.

• Runtime data area:

• JVM stores data in the runtime data area during program execution.

• It consists of several different areas:

• Method area: Where class and method information is stored

• Heap: Where objects are stored.

• Stack: Where method calls and local variables are stored.

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Environment - JVM

• Execution engine :

• Responsible for executing the bytecode (compiled Java code) with the help of Java interpreter and JIT
compiler that is loaded into the JVM.

Java Interpreter + Just-In-Time Compiler(JIT)

• The JVM also includes a garbage collector, which automatically frees up memory that is no longer being used by the
program.

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Environment - JVM

Interpreter

• The interpreter reads and executes the bytecode instructions line by line. Due to the line-by-line execution, the
interpreter is comparatively slower.

• Another disadvantage of the interpreter is that when a method is called multiple times, every time a new
interpretation is required.

JIT Compiler

• The JIT Compiler overcomes the disadvantage of the interpreter. The Execution Engine first uses the
interpreter to execute the byte code, but when it finds some repeated code, it uses the JIT compiler.

• The JIT compiler then compiles the entire bytecode and changes it to native machine code. This native machine
code is used directly for repeated method calls, which improves the performance of the system.

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Environment

JDK (JRE + Development Tools)

javac, jar, debugging tools,javap

JRE (JVM + JSL)

java,javaw, libraries, jar

JVM
(Java Interpreter + Just-In-Time
Compiler )

Note
• JVM, JRE and JDK are ported to different platforms to provide hardware and operating system-
independence.
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Difference - JDK vs JRE vs JVM

JDK JRE JVM

Full From Java Development Kit Java Runtime Environment Java Virtual Machine

Abstract machine that

Software development kit Software package that provides
provides an environment for
Definition provided for developing the runtime environment for
the execution of Java
Java applications executing Java applications.
Bytecodes.
Includes tools and libraries
Includes the JVM, class libraries,
for developing, debugging, Does not include any software
Tools and other runtime components
and profiling Java tools
required to run Java applications
applications.

JDK : JRE + Development JVM : provides a runtime

Implementation JRE : JVM + Class libraries
tools environnent.

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Features

• Simple – Java syntax based on earlier languages like C and C++. Designed considering the pitfalls of

earlier languages

• Object Oriented – Java supports all the Object Oriented features.

• Secured – No explicit pointer support, run inside the java virtual machine sandbox. The class

loader, byte code verifier and security manager component of JVM enable the secured environment.

Java also supports application developer to use other security mechanism like SSL, JAAS,

Cryptography, etc.

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Features

• Robust – Java have strong memory management, lack of pointers that avoids security problems,

automatic garbage collection, exception handling and the type checking.

• Platform Independent - Once compiled ,code will be run on any platform without recompiling or any kind

of modification -“Write Once Run Anywhere(WORA)”. This is made possible by making use of a Java

Virtual Machine(JVM).

Note
• JVM, JRE and JDK are ported to different platforms to provide hardware and operating system-
independence.

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Features

• Architecture-neutral – the size of primitive types is fixed

• Distributed – Java enable to create distributed application with the help of RMI and EJB

• Multi-threaded – Java run application concurrently.

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Environmental Setup

• To run Java applications, we need to prepare the environmental setup. For installing Java we need
the following:

• The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) (Includes Java Virtual Machine (JVM))

• The Java Developer Kit (JDK) ( Includes the Java Compiler)

• A text editor

• If JDK is installed, you automatically get the JRE

It can be downloaded here: Java Downloads | Oracle India

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Environmental Setup

Click here to download

the JDK17(LTS) version

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Eclipse IDE

• Using a text editor is the basic way of creating a Java program, but there are tools available to make it

easier to create Java programs called IDEs like Eclipse.

• Eclipse is a third-party open-source IDE that is very powerful and popular.

•It can be downloaded here: http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/

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Eclipse IDE

Eclipse download page

Click Download packages

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Eclipse IDE

Choose an option from the list Download this package

Other Versions to
download from
here

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Eclipse IDE

After download, right click and extract the eclipse file

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Eclipse IDE

Configuring Eclipse: Select a directory to create a workspace for projects

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Eclipse IDE

Once the workspace is chosen, you will get the welcome page

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Eclipse IDE

After closing the welcome screen ,the project explorer and other options will be shown up.
Now you are ready to start working.

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Eclipse IDE

Start working by creating the Java Project as FirstJavaProject

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Eclipse IDE

Create First Java Program with file extension .java Example: HelloworldApp.java

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Eclipse IDE

After creating the application, run the application with a run command

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Eclipse IDE

After execution, in the console, the output is displayed as Hello World!

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First Java Program

/**

* The HelloWorldApp class implements an application that

* simply prints "Hello World!" to standard output.

*/

class HelloWorldApp {

public static void main(String[] args){

System.out.println("Hello World!"); // Display the Hello World!

}
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Need of Coding standards

• Code conventions are important to the programmer for the following reasons

• To facilitate the copying, changing, and maintenance of the code.

• To maintain the readability of the code.

• Helps to understand the code quickly and thoroughly.

• Helps to well package the code when deploying as the product.

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General coding practice

• All code should have the following attribute:

• Simplicity: Code should be easily understood and be concise.

• Readability: Describe the code with comments and name the Identifiers relative to the objective of
the code and ensure other people can understand the code.

• Modularity: When there is a need to redo the small fraction of code then practice using the existing
or reusing the code.

• Efficiency: The code should be fast and economical. When using data files, read a value once and
store it in a variable – don’t go back and forward for the same value. Close connections if they are
not required. Do not hold onto references to variables if not required, so as not to impose a memory
leak.

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Java source files

• Source file of java can be saved with the extension or suffixes “Filename.java”.

• Java source file has the following order:

• Comments

• Package and import statements

• Class and interface declaration

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Indentation

• In Java, the exact construction of the indentation is unspecified.

• so, set the tabs exactly for every 8 spaces.

• The line length should not exceed 80 characters.

• When the statement is not fit in a single line, then wrap the lines based on the following principles.

• Break the lines after a comma.

Example:
public void Cart(string product_name, double cost,
int quantity, string description)

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Indentation

• Break the line before an operator.

• Prefer higher-level breaks to lower-level breaks.

Example: //Breaking an arithmetic expression before an operator and outside the parenthesized
expression at a high level.
Calculation = a*(b + c - d)
+4*b

• Align the new line with the beginning of the expression at the same level on the previous line.

• If the above rules lead to confusing code or to code that's squished up against the right margin, just

indent 8 spaces instead.

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Indentation

Example: //8 space indentation is used to breaking the if statements

if ((condition1 && condition2)
|| (condition3 && condition4)
||!(condition5 && condition6)) {
Method();
}

• The ternary expression can be formatted as below:

Variable = Expression1 ? Expression 2 : Expression 3;

Variable = Expression1 ? Expression 2
: Expression 3;
Variable = Expression1
? Expression 2
: Expression 3;

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Indentation

Blank Lines:

• Blank lines improve readability.

• Two blank lines should always be used in the following circumstances:

- Between sections of a source file.

- Between class and interface definitions

• One blank line should always be used in the following circumstances:

- Between methods

- Between the local variables in a method and its first statement

- Before a block or single-line comment.

- Between logical sections inside a method.

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Indentation

Blank Spaces:

• Black Spaces are used to improve the reliability of the code and can be used in the following
circumstances

• A keyword followed by a parenthesis should be separated by a space.

Example:
while (false){
}

• It should not be used between a method name and its opening parenthesis. This helps to
distinguish keywords from method calls.

• This can be included after commas in an argument list.

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Indentation

• Except ‘.’ and unary operators all the binary operators should be separated their operands by spaces.

• Expression in the for statement should be separated using space.

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Comments

• Comments are the overview or description of the code.

• In Java, the comments can be implemented in four styles as follows

• Block comments:

• Block comments (/***/) are used to provide descriptions of files, methods, data structures,
and algorithms.
• Block comments may be used at the beginning of each file and before each method and also
within methods.
• Block comments inside a function or method should be indented to the same level as the
code they describe.

Example:
/*
*Here is a block comment
*/

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Comments

• Single-Line comments:

• A short description of a block of code can be given using single-line comments (/*..*/).

• If a comment can't be written in a single line, it should follow the block comment format.

Example:
if(condition) {
/* Description about bock of code in a single line */
}

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Comments

• Trailing comments:

• Trailing comments (/*..*/) are very short comments that describe the statements.

• These comments can be included in the same line of the statement but should be separated

from the statement using spaces.

• If more than one short comment appears in a code, they should all be indented to the same tab.
Example:
class HelloWorldApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!"); /* Display the Hello World! */
}
}

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Comments

• End - Of - Line comments:

• This comment line (//) can be used as a single-line comment or a short comment for a statement.

• These comments can be included in the same line of the statement but should be separated from the

statement using spaces.

• This can be used in consecutive multiple lines for commenting out sections of code.

Example:
class HelloWorldApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!"); // Display the Hello World!
}
}

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Documentation Comments

• Documentation comments are generally used when writing code for a project/software package.

• It helps to generate a documentation page for reference, which can be used for getting information

about the present method, its parameters, class, variables, etc..,

• The JavaDoc tool is used to process the doc comments that come with JDK and it is used for generating

Java code documentation in HTML(HyperText Markup Language) format from Java source code, which

requires documentation in a predefined format.

• It is made up of two parts: a description and Javadoc tags.

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Documentation Comments

Javadoc Tag:

• Special tag embedded within a Java doc comment.

• These doc tags enable you to autogenerate a complete, well-formatted API from your source code.

• The tags start with an "at" sign (@) and are case-sensitive (i.e).,they must be in upper and lowercase

letters as shown in the below table.

• A tag must start at the beginning of a line (after any leading spaces and an optional asterisk) or it is

treated as normal text.

• By convention, tags with the same name are grouped together.

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Documentation Comments

Two Types of Javadoc tag :

• Block tags - Can be placed only in the tag section that follows the main description.

- Example: @tag

• Inline tags - Can be placed anywhere in the main description or in the comments for block tags and

Inline tags are denoted by curly braces

- Example: {@tag}

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Documentation Comments

Javadoc Tags:

• Below table describe the Javadoc tag that is used in documentation comments.

Tag Description Syntax

@author Adds the author of a class. @author name-text
Displays text in code font without interpreting the text as
{@code} {@code text}
HTML markup or nested javadoc tags.

Represents the relative path to the generated document's

{@docRoot} {@docRoot}
root directory from any generated page.
Adds a comment indicating that this API should no longer
@deprecated @deprecated deprecatedtext
be used.

Adds a Throws subheading to the generated

@exception @exception class-name description
documentation, with the classname and description text.

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Documentation Comments

Tag Description Syntax

Inherits a comment from the nearest inheritable class or Inherits a comment from the
{@inheritDoc}
implementable interface. immediate surperclass.
Inserts an in-line link with the visible text label that
{@link} points to the documentation for the specified package, {@link package.class#member label}
class, or member name of a referenced class.

Identical to {@link}, except the link's label is displayed in {@linkplain package.class#member

{@linkplain}
plain text than code font. label}

Adds a parameter with the specified parameter-name

@param followed by the specified description to the "Parameters" @param parameter-name description
section.

@return Adds a "Returns" section with the description text. @return description

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Documentation Comments

Tag Description Syntax

Adds a "See Also" heading with a link or text entry that
@see @see reference
points to reference.
@serial field-description | include |
@serial Used in the doc comment for a default serializable field.
exclude

Documents the data written by the writeObject( ) or

@serialData @serialData data-description
writeExternal( ) methods.

@serialField field-name field-type

@serialField Documents an ObjectStreamField component.
field-description

Adds a "Since" heading with the specified since-text to

@since @since release
the generated documentation.

@throws The @throws and @exception tags are synonyms. @throws class-name description

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Documentation Comments

Tag Description Syntax

When {@value} is used in the doc comment of a static
{@value} {@value package.class#field}
field, it displays the value of that constant.
Adds a "Version" subheading with the specified version-
@version text to the generated docs when the -version option is @version version-text
used.

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Documentation Comments

• Format of Documentation comments.

• Each line above is indented to align with the code below the comment.

• The first line contains the begin-comment delimiter (/**).

• Write the first sentence as a short summary of the method, as Javadoc automatically

places it in the method summary table (and index).

• The inline tag can be used anywhere that a comment can be written, such as in the text

following block tags.

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Documentation Comments

• If we have more than one paragraph in the doc comment, separate the paragraphs with a <p>

paragraph tag.

• Insert a blank comment line between the description and the list of tags.

• The first line that begins with an "@" character ends the description.

• There is only one description block per doc comment; we cannot continue the description following

block tags.

• The last line contains the end-comment delimiter (*/).

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First Java Program using Documentation Comments

/**
* The HelloWorldApp class implements an application that
* simply prints "Hello World!" to standard output.
* Doc comment

* @author SmartCliff
*/
class HelloWorldApp {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!"); // Display the Hello World!
}
}

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First Java Program in Detail

• Class: keyword is used to declare a class in java.

• public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility, it means it is visible to all.

• static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is known as static method.

• The core advantage of static method is that there is no need to create object to invoke the static

method.

• The main method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require to create object to invoke the main

method. So it saves memory.

• void is the return type of the method, it means it doesn't return any value.
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First Java Program in Detail

• main represents startup of the program.

• String[] args is used for command line argument.

• System.out.println() is used print statement.

- System is a final class defined in the java.lang package.

System.out.println();

Is a Class name Is a Static variable present Is a method present in

in System Class of type PrintStream Class
PrintStream

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Package: Introduction

• Package: It is a mechanism to organize related classes, interfaces, and sub-packages according to

their functionality. It is like a folders in a file directory.

Java Package
Sub-Packages (lang, io, util, etc.,) interfaces

Each sub-packages have lot of related classes

Each class have lot of methods

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Package: Introduction

There are two types of Packages:

1. Built-in Packages: The already defined package in Java API like java.io.*, java.lang.* etc. are known

as built-in packages. It is simply import based on your application needs.

2. User-defined Packages: The package created by user and use based on application needs is called

user-defined package.

Note:

• Programmers typically use packages to organize classes belonging to the same category or providing

similar functionality.
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Package: Introduction

• Example: java.lang.System (System class is a one of the class of lang package)

System.out.println();

Is a Class Is a Static variable Is a method

name present in System present in
Class of type PrintStream Class
PrintStream

Note:

• As per Java 1.8 standard version, Java have 14 predefined packages, 150 sub packages, 7000
classes and 7 lakh methods.

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Compiling and Executing

• To run java application both compiler and interpreter involves.

• The source code of Java will be created with file extension .java, Example: HelloworldApp.java

• The java Compiler compiles a java file and convert into bytecode / classfile.

• The byte code will be in a file with extension .class

• The .class file is interpreted by the JVM and morphed into machine specific code.

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Compiling and Executing

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Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiler

• The Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler is one of the integral parts of the Java Runtime Environment.

• It improves the performance of Java applications by compiling byte codes to native machine code at

run time.

• The JIT compiler is enabled by default. When a method has been compiled, the JVM calls the compiled

code of that method directly instead of interpreting it.

• Theoretically, if compilation did not require processor time and memory usage, compiling every method

could allow the speed of the Java program to approach that of a native application.

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Please download pictures in

suitable size here and insert them
by clicking the symbol above.

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Introduction

• The tokens are the small building blocks of a Java program that are meaningful to the Java compiler.

• The Java compiler breaks the line of code into text (words) is called Java tokens.

• The Java compiler identified these words as tokens.

• These tokens are separated by the delimiters and delimiters are not part of the Java tokens.

• It is useful for compilers to detect errors.

Example: In program, we will be using many statements and expressions to perform the operation. These

statements and expressions are made up of tokens.

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Introduction

• Java supports 5 types of tokens as follows:

1. Keywords

2. Identifiers

3. Literals

4. Operators

5. Special symbols

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Keywords

• Keywords are predefined or reserved words that have special meaning to the Java compiler.

• Each keyword is assigned a special task or function and cannot be changed by the user.

• We cannot use keywords as variables or identifiers as they are a part of Java syntax itself.

• A keyword should always be written in lowercase as Java is a case-sensitive language.

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Keywords

• They are some available keywords in Java

Keywords
abstract continue for new switch
assert default goto package synchronized
boolean do if private this
break double implements protected throw
byte else import public throws
case enum instanceof return transient
catch extends int short try
char final interface static void
class finally long strictfp volatile
const float native super while
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Identifiers

• An identifier is the name given by the user for the various programming elements like variables,
classes, methods, interface, etc.

• Rules for defining Identifiers

• Allowed characters for identifiers are all alphanumeric characters([A-Z],[a-z],[0-9]), ‘$‘(dollar sign)
and ‘_‘ (underscore).

–Example: “blue@” is not a valid as it contain ‘@’ special character.

• Identifiers should not start with digits([0-9]).

– Example: “123blue” is a not a valid

• Java identifiers are case-sensitive.

–Example: test and Test both are different

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Identifiers

• There is no limit on the length of the identifier, but it is advisable to use an optimum length of 4 – 15

letters only.

• Reserved Words can’t be used as an identifier.

– Example: int while = 20; is an invalid statement as while is a reserved word.

• Some Valid Identifiers Some Invalid Identifiers

test, Test, _name, name100 int, 100name, test@123

ABC, File_100, _abc_ Test.txt,

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Naming Convention of Identifiers

• All the identifiers such as classes, interfaces, packages, methods, and fields of Java programming

language are given according to the Java naming convention.

• By using this naming convention, we can achieve readability and can also easily understand the code.

• In programming, we often remove the spaces between words because programs of different sorts

reserve the space (‘ ’) character for special purposes.

• Because the space character is reserved, we cannot use it to represent a concept that we express in

our human language with multiple word

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Naming Convention: Identifiers

Example
• That is in programming we cannot refer, user login count=5.
• We can represent as userLoginCount=5.
• Java follows the CamelCase for identifiers naming conventions.
CamelCase
- Combines the compound words and removes the space between the words.
- Two types: UpperCamelCase and lowerCamelCase.
- UpperCamelCase: The first letter of each word is capitalized.
Example: Product, ProductDescription, CountValue.
- LowerCamelCase: The first letter of the compound words is lowercase.
Example: product, iPad, countValue, productDescription

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Naming Convention : Variables

• A variable's name can be any legal identifier i.e., begins with a letter, the dollar sign "$", or the
underscore character “_“.
• The variable name should be short and meaningful.
• The choice of a variable name should be mnemonic- that is, designed to indicate to the casual
observer the intent of its use.
• One-character variable names should be avoided except for temporary variables.

• The temporary variables can be i,j,k,m, and n for integer and c,d,e for characters.

• The variable name should be in lowerCamelCase.

Example:
String firstName;
int orderNumber ;
int count;
float price;
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Naming Convention : Variables

• Private class variables should have an underscore prefix.

• Apart from its name and its type, the scope of a variable is its most important feature.

• Indicating class scope by using underscore makes it easy to distinguish class variables from local
scratch variables.

• This is important because class variables are considered to have higher significance than method
variables, and should be treated with special care by the programmer

Example:
class Login{
private String _userName;
…
}

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Naming Convention : Constants and Methods

Constants:

• The names of variables declared class constants and should be in uppercase.

• If we specify the constant with two words, then separated by underscores ("_").

Example:
static final int MAX_HEIGHT = 70;
static final int MAX_WIDTH = 100;
static final int LENGTH = 20;

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Naming Convention : Constants and Methods

Methods

• Method should be in the verb.

• Method name should be lowerCamelCase.

Example:
void calculateTax()
String getSurname()
void draw()

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Naming Convention : Package and Import statements

• The first non-comment line of the java source file is a package followed by import statements.

• The prefix of a unique package name is always written in all-lowercase ASCII letters.

Example:
package java.util.*;
import java.util.Scanner;

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Naming Convention: Class and interface

• Class names should be nouns and must be simple and descriptive.

• Use whole words-avoid acronyms and abbreviations.

• Class name should be in UpperCamelCase.

Example:
class Customer
class CustomerAccount
class Login

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Naming Convention: Class and interface

• Interface tends to have a name that describes an operation that a class can do.

• Name of the interface should be UpperCamelCase.

Example:
interface Enumerable
interface CompEnumerable
interface Login

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Data Types

• Data types defines the type data a variable can hold. It specify the different sizes and values that can be
stored in the variable.

• Java is a strongly typed language

–All variables must be declared before its use.

• Two Types of Data types

1. Primitive data type

–byte, short, in, long, float, double, char, boolean

2. Non Primitive data type

- Classes, interfaces, arrays, strings

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Data Types

• byte: (1 byte):

–The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer.

–It has a minimum value of -128 and a maximum value of 127 (inclusive).

–Useful for saving memory in large arrays.

–Default value : 0

• short: (2byte)

–The short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer.

–It has a minimum value of -32,768 and a maximum value of 32,767 (inclusive).As byte ,can use
a short to save memory in large arrays

–Default value : 0

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Data Types

• int: (4 byte)
– By default, the int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer, which has a minimum value of
-231 and a maximum value of 231 -1.
– Default value : 0
• long: (8 byte)
– The long data type is a 64-bit two's complement integer.
– The signed long has a minimum value of -263 and a maximum value of 263-1
– Default value : 0L
• float: (4 byte)
– The float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point.
– Default value : 0.0f

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Data Types

• double: (8 byte)
– The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point
– Default value : 0.0d
• boolean: (1 bit)
– The boolean data type has only two possible values: true and false
– Default value : false
• char: (2 byte)
– single 16-bit Unicode character. It has a minimum value of '\u0000' (or 0) and a maximum value
of '\uffff‘
– Default value : '\u0000'

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Variables

• A symbolic name associated with a value and whose associated value may be changed.

• A variable is defined by the combination of an identifier, a type and an optional initializer.

• All variables have a scope, which defines their visibility, and a lifetime.

• There are three types of variables:

1.Local Variables

2.Instance Variables (Non-Static Fields)

3.Class Variables (Static Fields)

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Variables

Local Variables

• Variable that's declared within the body of a method.

• Will be used only within that method.

• Other methods in the class aren't even aware that the variable exists.

• A method will often store its state in local variables.

• A local variable cannot be defined with "static" keyword.

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Variables

Instance Variables (Non-Static Variables)

• A variable declared inside the class but outside the body of the method, is called instance

variable.

• It is not declared as static.

• Instance variables are created when the objects are instantiated and therefore they are associated

with the objects.

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Variables

Class Variables (Static Variables) :

• A variable which is declared as static is called static variable. It is also called as a class variable

• It cannot be local.

• You can create a single copy of static variable and share among all the instances of the class.

• Memory allocation for static variable happens only once when the class is loaded in the memory.

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Variables

/**
* The VariableApp class implements an application that
* illustrate different Java variable

* @author Smartcliff
*/
class VariableApp {
int mark = 95 ;//instance variable
static char grade = ‘S’; // static variable
public static void main(String[] args) {
float average=95.0 // local variable
}
}

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Literals

• A fixed value assigned to a variable

• Different types of literals are as follows:

Types Examples
Integer Literals
1. Decimal int decValue=56;
2. Hexa Decimal int hexaValue=0x10;
3. Binary int binVal=0b11010 ;
double d1 = 123.4;
Floating-Point Literals double d2 = 1.234e2;
float f1 = 123.4f;
Character Literals char chrlit=‘0108’;

String Literals String check=“Test” ;

Boolean Literals boolean result=true;
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Literals

• Using Underscore Characters in Numeric Literals

• In Java SE 7 and later, any number of underscore characters (_) can appear anywhere between digits

in a numerical literal.

• Enables to separate groups of digits in numeric literals, which can improve the readability of your

code.

Example:

long creditCardNumber = 1234_5678_9012_3456L;

long socialSecurityNumber = 999_99_9999L;

long bytes = 0b11010010_01101001_10010100_10010010;

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Literals

• You can place underscores only between digits; you cannot place underscores in the following

places:

–At the beginning or end of a number

–Adjacent to a decimal point in a floating point literal

–Prior to an F or L suffix

–In positions where a string of digits is expected

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Unicode

• It is Computing industry standard designed to encode characters of the world's written languages.

• Unicode System?

–Before Unicode, there were many language standards:

–ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) for the United States.

–ISO 8859-1 for Western European Language.

–KOI-8 for Russian.

–GB18030 and BIG-5 for Chinese, and so on.

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Unicode

• Problems:

–A particular code value corresponds to different letters in the various language standards.

–The encodings for languages with large character sets have variable length.

– Some common characters are encoded as single bytes, other require two or more byte.

• Solution:

–To solve these problems, a new language standard was developed i.e. Unicode System.

–In Unicode, character holds 2 byte, so java also uses 2 byte for characters.

– The range of a char is 0 to 65,536

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Operators

• An operator in Java is a special symbol that signifies the compiler to perform some specific

mathematical or non-mathematical operations on one or more operands.

• Value that the operator operates on is called operand.

• Java supports 8 types of operators.

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Expression

• An expression in Java is any valid combination of tokens like variables, constants and operators.

• An expression may consist of one or more operands, and zero or more operators to produce a value.

Examples:
-a+b*c
- (a * b) / (c + d)
- 10 – 4 * 5
- Etc.,

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Operators & Expressions

• Below table we have listed down all the operators, along with their expressions:
Type Operators Expressions
Unary Operator ++,--,+(unary),-(unary), ~,! a++,--a, -a, ~a, !a

Arithmetic Operator +,-,%,*,/ a=b+c, a=b%d

Shift Operator <<,>>,>>> a=a>>2
Relational Operator >,>=,<,<=,==, !=,instance of a=10>5,5!=10,8==8

Bitwise Operator &,^,| a =2&3

Logical Operator &&,|| (2>5)&&(10>8)
Ternary Operator ?: a=(b>c)?1:0
Assignment Operator = ,+=, -=, *= ,/= ,%= .&= ,^= a=b a+=b a^=b
,|= <<= ,>>=,>>>

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Precedence and Associativity

Precedence

• Operator precedence determines the order in which the operators in an expression are evaluated.

Example: int num = 6 -3 *8;

To evaluate the above expression Java, consider the precedence of the operator. Here, Multiplication (*) has the
highest precedence over subtraction (-). So multiplication will be performed before the subtraction.

Associativity

• If an expression has two operators with similar precedence, the expression is evaluated according
to its associativity.

• That is either left to right or right to left.

Example: X=Y=Z; Operator has same precedence. Here, the value of Z is assigned to variable Y. Then the value
of Y is assigned of variable X because the associativity of = operator is from right to left
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Precedence and Associativity

Operators Precedence Associativity

postfix increment and

++ -- left to right
decrement

prefix increment and

++ -- + - ~ ! right to left
decrement, and unary

multiplicative */% left to right

additive +- left to right

shift << >> >>> left to right

relational < > <= >= instanceof left to right

equality == != left to right

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Precedence and Associativity

Operators Precedence Associativity

bitwise AND & left to right

bitwise exclusive OR ^ left to right

bitwise inclusive OR | left to right

logical AND && left to right

logical OR || left to right

ternary ?: right to left

= += -= *= /= %=
assignment right to left
&= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=

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Expression Evaluation
Example 1 : 10 – 3 % 8 + 6 / 4 Example 2: 6 - ( 5 – 3 ) + 10 Example 3 : 3+4*4>5*(4+3) -1

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BITWISE OPERATOR

Please download pictures in

suitable size here and insert them
by clicking the symbol above.

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Introduction

• Bitwise operators are used to perform operations at the bit level and help to manipulate data at the

bit level which we can call bit-level programming.

• Bit-level programming contains 0 and 1.

• These can be done by first converting a decimal value to its binary form. This binary form is nothing

but a sequence of bits. Bitwise operators perform operations on these bits.

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Types

• There are 6 bitwise operators in Java language. They are

Operator Meaning
& Bitwise AND operator
| Bitwise OR operator
^ Bitwise exclusive OR operator

~ Binary One’s Complement Operator

<< Left shift operator

>> Right shift operator

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Types : AND(&)

• The bitwise AND operator is denoted using a single

ampersand symbol,(&) and it needs two operands to Result=Num1 &

Num1 Num2
Num2
work on.
0 0 0
1 0 0
• It takes the binary values of both the left and right
0 1 0
operands and performs the logical AND operation over 1 1 1
Truth table for Bitwise AND operator
them on the bit level, i.e. if both the operands have 1 on

the specified position then the result will also have 1 in

the corresponding position or else there will be 0.

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Types : AND(&)

• Example: Let's take a look at the bitwise AND operation of two integers 12 and 25.

• Now move from left to right, and perform logical AND operations on the bits, and store the result
in the corresponding position.

12 = 00001100 (In Binary)

25 = 00011001 (In Binary)

// Bitwise AND Operation of 12 and 25

00001100

& 00011001

____________

00001000 = 8 (In Decimal)

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Types : AND(&)

// Bitwise AND
class Main { Output: 8
public static void main(String[] args) {

int number1 = 12, number2 = 25, result;

// bitwise AND between 12 and 25

result = number1 & number2;
System.out.println(result); // prints 8
}
}

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Types : OR(|)

• The bitwise OR operator is much similar to the bitwise

AND, i.e. if at least any one of the operands has 1, then Result=Num1 |
Num1 Num2
Num2
the result will also have 1 in the corresponding position,
0 0 0

and 0 if they both have 0 in the corresponding position. 1 0 1

0 1 1
• This is denoted using the vertical bar or pipe symbol, 1 1 1
Truth table for Bitwise OR operator
i.e. |.

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Types : OR(|)

• Example: Let's take a look at the bitwise OR operation of two integers 12 and 25.

• Now move from left to right, and perform logical OR operations on the bits, and store the result in
the corresponding position.

12 = 00001100 (In Binary)

25 = 00011001 (In Binary)

Bitwise OR Operation of 12 and 25

00001100

| 00011001

____________

00011101 = 29 (In Decimal)

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Types : OR(|)

// Bitwise OR
Output: 29
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int number1 = 12, number2 = 25, result;

// bitwise OR between 12 and 25

result = number1 | number2;
System.out.println(result); // prints 29
}
}
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Types : XOR(^)

• This is similar to the other two, but the only difference is

that they perform logical XOR on the bit level, i.e., if Result=Num1 ^
Num1 Num2
Num2
exactly one of the operands has 1 and the other has 0
0 0 0

then the result will have 1 in the corresponding position, 1 0 1

0 1 1
and 0 if they have the same bits such as both 0s or both 1 1 0
Truth table for Bitwise XOR operator
1s.

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Types : XOR(^)

• Example: Let's take a look at the bitwise OR operation of two integers 12 and 25.

• Now move from left to right, and perform logical AND operations on the bits, and store the result
in the corresponding position.

12 = 00001100 (In Binary)

25 = 00011001 (In Binary)

// Bitwise XOR Operation of 12 and 25

00001100

^ 00011001

____________

00010101 = 21 (In Decimal)

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Types : XOR(^)

// Bitwise XOR
Output: 21
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

int number1 = 12, number2 = 25, result;

// bitwise XOR between 12 and 25

result = number1 ^ number2;
System.out.println(result); // prints 21
}
}
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Types : Complement (~)

• We have seen three bitwise so far, if you have noticed, all

of them were [binary i.e. they all require two operands to
perform their functions. Result=Num1 ^
Num1
Num2
• But complement operator (~), is the only bitwise operator 0 1
that requires only one operand. 1 0

• The bitwise complement operator takes a single value Truth table for Bitwise Complement
operator
and returns the one’s complement of the value.

• The one’s complement of a number is obtained by

changing all the 0’s in its binary value to 1’s and by
changing the 1’s to 0’s.

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Types : Complement (~)

• It is important to note that the bitwise complement of any integer N is equal to - (N + 1).

• For example :Consider an integer 35. As per the rule, the bitwise complement of 35 should be -(35 +
1) = -36. Now let's see if we get the correct answer or not.

35 = 00100011 (In Binary)

// using bitwise complement operator

~ 00100011

__________

11011100

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Types : Complement (~)

• In the above example, we get that the bitwise complement of 00100011 (35) is 11011100. Here, if we
convert the result into decimal we get 220.

• However, it is important to note that we cannot directly convert the result into decimal and get the
desired output. This is because the binary result 11011100 is also equivalent to -36.

• To understand this we first need to calculate the binary output of -36.

2's Complement

• In binary arithmetic, we can calculate the binary negative of an integer using 2's complement.

• 1's complement changes 0 to 1 and 1 to 0. And, if we add 1 to the result of the 1's complement, we get
the 2's complement of the original number. Example as Follows

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Types : Complement (~)

// compute the 2's complement of 36

36 = 00100100 (In Binary)

1's complement = 11011011

2's complement:

11011011

+ 1

_________

11011100

• Here, we can see the 2's complement of 36 (i.e. -36) is 11011100. This value is equivalent to the bitwise
complement of 35.Hence, we can say that the bitwise complement of 35 is -(35 + 1) = -36.

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Types : Complement (~)

// Bitwise Complement
class Main { Output: -36

public static void main(String[] args) {

int number = 35, result;
// bitwise complement of 35
result = ~number;
System.out.println(result); // prints -36
}
}

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Types : Shift Left (<<)

• The left shift operator (<<) is a bitwise operator that shifts the bits of a binary number to the left by

a specified number of positions.

• In other words, it multiplies the number by 2 raised to the power of the shift count.

• Here's how the left shift operation works:

– Each bit in the binary representation of the number is shifted to the left by the specified number of

positions.

– The vacant positions on the right are filled with zeros.

– The leftmost bits that are shifted out (if any) are discarded.

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Types : Shift Left (<<)

Vacated bit
Left Shift Operator

filled bit

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Types : Shift Left (<<)

// Left shift Operators

Output: 8
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number = 2;
// 2 bit left shift operation
int result = number << 2;
System.out.println(result); // prints 8
}
}

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Types : Shift Right (>>)

• The right shift operator (>>) is a bitwise operator that shifts the bits of a binary number to the right
by a specified number of positions.

• In other words, it divides the number by 2 raised to the power of the shift count, discarding the
remainder.

• Here's how the right shift operation works:

– Each bit in the binary representation of the number is shifted to the right by the specified number
of positions.

– The vacant positions on the left are filled with the sign bit (for signed integers) or with zeros (for
unsigned integers).

– The rightmost bits that are shifted out (if any) are discarded.

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Types : Shift Right (>>)

Right Shift Operator Vacated bit

filled bit

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Types : Shift Right (>>)

// Right shift Operators Output:

Right shift of 12 by 2 is 3
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num = 12;
int result = num >> 2;
System.out.printf("Right shift of %d by 2 is %d\n", num, result);
}
}

• In the example, the value of num is 12, and the result of num >> 2 is 3.
• The binary representation of 12 is 0000 1100, and after right-shifting by 2 positions, it becomes
0000 0011, which is 3 in decimal.
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Bit Masking

• BIT MASKING: Bit masking is a technique in programming used to test or modify the states of the bits of
a given data.

• Here we have to decide what should be the Mask_value, and then take that Mask_value and do a
bitwisewise operation with a given data to get the output.

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Bit Masking

• Bit fields in programming are used to pack multiple data fields within a single word or byte, allowing for
more efficient use of memory.

• Bitwise operators are particularly useful when working with bit fields because they enable manipulation
and extraction of specific bits within a bit field.

• Here's how bitwise operators can be helpful for bit fields:

1.Setting and Clearing Bits: Bitwise OR (|) is commonly used to set specific bits within a bit field. You
can create a mask with the desired bit set to 1 and perform a bitwise OR with the existing value.

Bitwise AND (&) with the complement of a mask can be used to clear specific bits within a bit field.

2. Checking Bit Values: Bitwise AND (&) can be used to check the value of a specific bit within a bit
field. If the result is non-zero, the bit is set; otherwise, it is clear.

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Bit Masking

3.Toggle Bits: Bitwise XOR (^) can be used to toggle specific bits within a bit field. XORing with a mask

toggles the corresponding bits.

4.Extracting Bit Fields: Right shifting (>>) can be used to extract a specific bit field from a larger bit field.

By creating a mask with the relevant bits set to 1 and using it in a bitwise AND operation, you can obtain the

desired bit field.

5.Combining Bit Fields: Bitwise OR (|) can be used to combine multiple bit fields into a single value. This

is useful when you have separate values for different attributes packed into a single variable.

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TESTING OF BITS:

• Testing a bit refers to checking the value of a specific bit within a binary representation of a number
or data.

• In the context of programming and bitwise operations, testing a bit typically involves checking whether a
particular bit is set (equal to 1) or clear (equal to 0) within a binary value.

• Lets us understand with the below example:

Write a program to find out whether a user entered a number is even or odd. Print an appropriate message on

the console.Use testing of bits logic.

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LOGIC:

• How this works is, let’s consider a number an integer, let’s say 46.

• If you write 46 in binary form, you get 00101110, and here the least significant bit is 0.

For an EVEN number, the LSB is always 0.

• Let’s consider the odd number 47. 00101111 is a binary form of 47. Here the least significant bit is 1.

For the ODD number, the LSB will always be 1.

• That’s why by checking or by testing the least significant bit(LSB) of a number, we can find out
whether a number is even or odd.

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Bit Masking

• Testing of a bit can be achieved by the technique called Bit-

Masking

• Bit masking is a technique in programming used to test

or modify the states of the bits of a given data. 46 00101110

• Here we have to decide what should be the Mask_value, Mask_value 00000001

and then take that Mask_value and do a bitwise AND(&)
operation with a given data to get the output. 00000000

• First we need to create a Mask_value: 00101110 is the input

number written in a binary format. We divide this number into
two areas: area1(0 0 1 0), and area2(1 1 1 0)

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• To find the even or odd of the number we no need to

concentrate on the area1 so we are clearing as (0 0 0 0)

and in area 2 we can determine with the LSB bit we set the 46 00101110

mask as (0 0 0 1) and performs bitwise AND. 00000001

Mask_value

• As the result if LSB is 1 denotes the number is ODD or 0

00000000
then the number is EVEN.

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Bit Masking

• If( number & 1) is a logic, Here the number is bitwise

// Even or ODD using Bitwise operation
ANDed with a mask value which is 1. if(number & 1){
print(number odd);
• If(number & 1) this whole expression turns out to be a }else{
print(number even);
non-zero value, then the expression will be true. So, in
}

that case, the print number is odd.

• If the output of if(number & 1) this expression is false,

that is 0, then you can print the number as even.

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SETTING OF BITS:

• Setting a bit means changing the value of a specific bit within a binary representation of a number or data
to 1.

• Let us understand with the below example:

Write a program to set(make bit state to 1), 4th and 7th-bit position of a given number and print the result.

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Bit Masking

• we have to use a mask value.,where the 4th and 7th bits are
set(1).

• After that, we have to decide whether you want to use 76543210

bitwise & operator or bitwise | operator. Data 00111110

• What happens if we use bitwise & operator? Mask_value 10010000

00010000 is the result you get.

00010000
• Here you can see that the output is not correct. We messed
up a lot of bits here. So, we messed up with those bits, which
we are not supposed to touch. It clearly shows that you
cannot use bitwise & operator if you require to set the bits.

That’s why the ‘&’ operator is used to ‘TEST’ not to ‘SET’.

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Bit Masking

• What happens if we use bitwise | operator?

10111110 is the result you get.

76543210
• Here you can see that the output is correct. you get this result Data 00111110

10111110. Here you can see that the un-affected data portion Mask_value 10010000

is not affected at the output. They are safe. So, only 4th and 10111110

7th-bit positions are set.

bitwise ‘&’ is used to ‘TEST’ not to ‘SET’; bitwise ‘|’ is used

to ‘SET’ not to ‘TEST’.

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Bit Masking

CLEARING OF BITS:

• Clearing a bit means changing the value of a specific bit within a binary representation of a number
or data to 0.

• In the context of programming and bitwise operations, clearing a bit involves using bitwise operations to
turn a particular bit off.

• Let us understand with the below example:

Write a program to clear(make bit state to 0) the 4th, 5th, 6th, bit positions of a given number and print the result.

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Bit Masking

• First, which bitwise operation do you use to clear the given bit position of data? Do you use the bitwise
& or bitwise | operator?

&‘ is used to ‘TEST and CLEAR’ not to ‘SET.’

‘|‘ is used to ‘SET’ not to ‘TEST.’

• In this case, certainly, we cannot use bitwise OR (|) because that is used to SET. So, you have to
use bitwise & operator. So, bitwise ‘&’ is used to ‘TEST and CLEAR’.

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Bit Masking

METHOD 1: Here, the mask value should be 1 for the

unaffected data portion of the data, and use zeroes in the mask
value to zero out the required bit positions.
76543210
• The goal is to reset the 4th, 5th, and 6th bit positions. Data 10111110

• The data is 10111110, and the 4th, 5th, and 6th portions must Mask_value 10001111
be zeroed out here.
10001110
• That’s why we keep this portion of the mask value as zero’s,
and the remaining bit positions of the given data should not
be affected.

• That’s why let’s mask those data portions with 1’s. So, in this
case, 10001110 ( the mask value) turns out to be 0x8F.
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Bit Masking

• Observe the output. Only the 4th, 5th and 6th portions are

zeroed out,
76543210
• so the 7th portion and 0 to 3 portion are not affected, as Data 10111110

shown. Mask_value 10001111

• So, the takeaway from this post is bitwise & is used to both 10001110

‘TEST’ and ‘CLEAR’.

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Bit Masking

METHOD 2: The combination of the bitwise & and

the negation(~), that is bitwise NOT.

• In this case, negate the mask value first and then perform 76543210
the bitwise &. Data 10111110

• Here, 01110000 is the mask value, and you negate that. Mask_value 01110000
When you negate that, the final output is 10001110.
10001110

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BITWISE operator Vs Logical Operator:

• The bitwise operators work at the bit level, manipulating binary representations of numbers, while
logical operators work with boolean values, evaluating conditions and controlling program flow.

• The bitwise AND, and OR use ‘&’ and ‘|’ as their operators, while the logical AND, and OR use ‘&&’

and ‘||’ as their operators.

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suitable size here and insert them
by clicking the symbol above.

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Type Conversions

• Widening or Automatic Type Conversion – lower data types are automatically convert into higher data

types. It is also known as implicit conversion.

• Automatic type conversion will take place if the following two conditions are met:

–The two types are compatible.

–The destination type is larger than the source type

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Type Conversions

• Widening primitive conversions:

byte → short, int, long, float, double

short → int, long, float, double

char → int, long, float, double

int → long, float, double

long → float, double

float → double

• Generally safe because they tend to go from a small data type to a larger one

• No automatic conversion is supported from numeric type to char or boolean

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Type Conversions

/**
* The ConversionAutomatic class implements an application that
* Illustrate the automatic type conversion
*/
class ConversionAutomatic {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i = 100;
long l = i; // automatic type conversion
float f = l; // automatic type conversion
System.out.println("Int value "+i);
System.out.println("Long value "+l);
System.out.println("Float value "+f);
}
}
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Type Conversions

• Narrowing or Explicit Conversion - If we want to assign a value of larger data type to a smaller data
type we perform explicit type casting or narrowing.

• Useful for incompatible data types where automatic conversion cannot be done.

• Here, target-type specifies the desired type to convert the specified value to.

• Narrowing primitive conversions:

byte → char
short → byte, char
char → byte, short
int → byte, short, char
long → byte, short, char, int
float → byte, short, char, int, long
double→ byte, short, char, int, long, float
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/**
* The ConversionExplicit class implements an application that
* Illustrate the explicit type conversion
*/
class ConversionExplicit {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double d = 100.04;
long l = (long)d; //convert double into long
int i = (int)l; // long convert into int
System.out.println("Double value "+d);
System.out.println("Long value "+l);
System.out.println("Int value "+i);
}
}
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Type Conversions

• Type promotion in Expressions - While evaluating expressions, the intermediate value may exceed

the range of operands and hence the expression value will be promoted.

• Some conditions for type promotion are:

1.Java automatically promotes each byte, short, or char operand to int when evaluating an

expression.

2.If one operand is a long, float or double the whole expression is promoted to long, float or double

respectively.

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/**
* The TypePromotion class implements an application that
* Illustrate the type promotion

* @author Smartcliff
*/

class TypePromotion{
public static void main(String[] args){
byte b = 50;
b = (byte)(b * 2); //promote into int
System.out.println(b);
}
}
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/**
* The TypePromotion1 class implements an application that
* Illustrate the type promotion
*/

class TypePromotion1{
public static void main(String[] args){
byte b = 42;
char c = 'a';
short s = 1024;
int i = 50000;
float f = 5.67f;
double d = .1234;
double result = (f * b) + (i / c) - (d * s); //promote into double
System.out.println("result = " + result);
}
}

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Special Symbols

• Special symbols in Java are a few characters which have special meaning known to Java compiler

and cannot be used for any other purpose.

• In the below table we have listed down the special symbols supported in Java along with their

description.

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Special Symbols

Symbols Description
These are used as an array element reference and also indicates single and
brackets []
multidimensional subscripts
These indicate a function call along
Parentheses()
with function parameters
The opening and ending curly braces indicate the beginning and end of a block
Braces{}
of code having more than one statement
Comma ( , ) This helps in separating more than one statement in an expression
Semi-Colon (;) This is used to invoke an initialization list

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 Read User Input

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suitable size here and insert them
by clicking the symbol above.

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Introduction

• There are three different ways to read input from the user:

1. Buffered Reader Class

2. Scanner Class

• Scanner Class: It is a class in java.util package used for obtaining the user input of the primitive
types like int and double. It is the easiest way to read input in a Java program.

• Scanner object is constructed from Scanner Class and System.in (input stream) object is passed
as a parameter while creating a scanner object.

• Constructing a Scanner object to read console input:

Scanner read = new Scanner(System.in);

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Methods

• After creating the scanner object, we can use below Scanner class methods for reading the
respective primitive data types from the console.

Method Description

boolean nextBoolean() This method reads the boolean value from the user.

byte nextByte() It reads the byte value from the user.

double nextDouble() It accepts the input in double datatype from the user.

float nextFloat() It takes the float value from the user.

int nextInt() It reads the integer value from the user.

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Methods

Method Description

String nextLine() This method reads the String value from the user.

long nextLong() This method reads the long type of value from the user.

short nextShort() It reads the short type of value from the user.

String next() It reads the character input from the user.

Note:

• Scanner class no specific method to read character type.

• To read a single character, we use next().charAt(0). next() function returns the next
token/word in the input as a string and charAt(0) function returns the first character in
that string.
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Example: #1
/** Output:
Enter your Name : Arun
* The ReadSomeInput class implements an application that
Hi, Arun . Welcome to the Training Program
* Illustrate reading a console input */

import java. util.Scanner; //import Scanner class from util package

public class ReadSomeInput {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter your Name : ");
String name = console.next();
System.out.println(“Hi, ” +name+“ . Welcome to the Training Program ”);
console.close();

}}
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Introduction

Read User Input from console

Connected to Send data to

InputStream
System.in BufferedReader
Reader

It represents It reads data from It reads data from

Keyboard Keyboard and send data to InputStreamReader and
BufferedReader Stores data in buffer

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Example #2
/**
*This example demonstrate read user input from console using InputStreamReader and BufferedReader class
*/
class BufferedStreamDemo{
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Accepting Different type of Input(integer,float,double,short,long, byte, char, string, boolean) values from Keyboard
Boolean bul=false;
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.println("Enter a string:");String str=br.readLine();
System.out.println("Enter a integer:");int n=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter float value:");Float ft=Float.parseFloat(br.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter short value:");Short sht=Short.parseShort(br.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter a Double value:");Double dub=Double.parseDouble(br.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter a long value:");long log=Long.parseLong(br.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter a Byte value:");Byte bit=Byte.parseByte(br.readLine());
System.out.println("Enter a character:");char ch=(char)br.read();

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Example #20

//Displaying values on console

System.out.println("Entered Values are :");
System.out.println("Integer value is: "+n);
System.out.println("Float value is: "+ft);
System.out.println("Short value is: "+sht);
System.out.println("Double value is: "+dub);
System.out.println("Long value is: "+log);
System.out.println("Byte value is: "+bit);
System.out.println("Character value is: "+ch);
System.out.println("String value is: "+str);
System.out.println("Boolean value is: "+bul);
}
}

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Quiz

1) Which of the following are primitive data types?

a) int b) float

c) double d) boolean

e) All the above

e)All the Above

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Quiz

2) A local variable stores temporary state; it is declared inside a

a) Class b) Method

c) Block d) Object

b) & c)

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Quiz

3) A _____ is a value that should not be altered by the

program during normal execution.

a) Variable b) int

c)Identifiers d) Constant

d) Constant

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Quiz

4) Which of these can not be used for a variable name in Java?

a) Identifier b) Keyword

c) Both a and b d) None of the above

b) Keyword

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Quiz

5) Which conversion also called Automatic Type Conversion?

a) Widening b) Narrowing

c) Both A and B d) All the above

a) Widening

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Quiz

6) Long Literals in java must be appended by which of these?

a) L b) l

c) D d) 0x

a) & b)

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Quiz

7) Which variables are created when an object is created and

destroyed when the object is destroyed?

a) Local variables b) Instance variables

c) Class Variables d) Static variables

b) Instance variables

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Quiz

8) Which of the following are not Java keyword ?

a) double b) switch

c) instanceof d) then

d) then

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Quiz

9) Which of these is not a bitwise operator?

a) & b) |

c) ^ d) <=

d) <=

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Quiz

10) Which operator is used to invert all the digits in binary

representation of a number?

a) ~ b) <<

c) ^ d) >>>

a) ~

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Quiz

11) It is time to buy a new phone when at least one of the

following situations occurs:

• the phone breaks

• the phone is at least 3 years old

int phoneAge; // in years

boolean isBroken;
…….. //code initializes variables
boolean needPhone =______________

(isBroken == true) || (phoneAge >= 3);

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Quiz

12) Evaluate the following expression:

(17 < 4*3+5) || (8*2 == 4*4) && !(3+3 == 6)

a) true b) false

b)false

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Quiz

13) Assume num1=10. Which of the following is not a valid

statement?

a) num1>>2 b) num1<<<2

c) num1%=2; d) num1<<2;

b) num1<<<2

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Quiz

14) In Java, after executing the following code what are the
values of x, y, and z?

int x,y=10; z=12;

x = y++ + z++;

a) x=22, y=10, z=12 b) x=24, y=10, z=12

c) x=24, y=11, z=13 d) x=22, y=11, z=13

d) x=22, y=11, z=13

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Quiz

15) Which Scanner class method is used to read integer value

from the user?

a)next() b) nextInt()

c) nextInteger() d) readInt()

b) nextInt()

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Quiz

16) Which is the correct syntax to declare Scanner class

object?

a) Scanner obj=Scanner(); b) Scanner obj=new Scanner();

c) Scanner obj= Scanner d) Scanner obj=new Scanner

(System.in); (System.in);

d) Scanner obj=new Scanner(System.in);

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Quiz

17) Consider the following object declaration statement

Scanner obj= new Scanner(System.in).

What is System.in in this declaration?

a)Class which point input b) Reference to Input

device stream

c) Reference to Computer
d)None of these
System

b) Reference to Input
stream

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 Success is the sum of
all efforts, repeated
day-in and day-out
- R. Collier

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THANK YOU