Journal Pre-proof

IoT based Smart Water Quality Monitoring System

Varsha Lakshmikantha , Anjitha Hiriyannagowda ,

Akshay Manjunath , Aruna Patted , Jagadeesh Basavaiah ,
Audre Arlene Anthony

PII: S2666-285X(21)00090-X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gltp.2021.08.062
Reference: GLTP 86

To appear in: Global Transitions Proceedings

Received date: 1 June 2021

Accepted date: 2 July 2021

Please cite this article as: Varsha Lakshmikantha , Anjitha Hiriyannagowda , Akshay Manjunath ,
Aruna Patted , Jagadeesh Basavaiah , Audre Arlene Anthony , IoT based Smart Water Quality Mon-
itoring System, Global Transitions Proceedings (2021), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gltp.2021.08.062

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition
of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of
record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published
in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that,
during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal
disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

© 2021 The Authors. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co.
Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
P
A
G
IoT based Smart Water Quality Monitoring System E
6

Varsha Lakshmikanthaa, Anjitha Hiriyannagowdab, Akshay Manjunathb, Aruna Pattedb,

Jagadeesh Basavaiahb*, Audre Arlene Anthonyb
a,b
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru, India

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]*,

[email protected]

Abstract

Pollution of water is one of the main threats in recent times as drinking water is getting contaminated and polluted. The polluted water can
cause various diseases to humans and animals, which in turn affects the life cycle of the ecosystem. If water pollution is detected in an early
stage, suitable measures can be taken and critical situations can be avoided. To make certain the supply of pure water, the quality of the
water should be examined in real-time. Smart solutions for monitoring of water pollution are getting more and more significant these days
with innovation in sensors, communication, and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. In this paper, a detailed review of the latest works that
were implemented in the arena of smart water pollution monitoring systems is presented. The paper proposes a cost effective and efficient
IoT based smart water quality monitoring system which monitors the quality parameters uninterruptedly. The developed model is tested with
three water samples and the parameters are transmitted to the cloud server for further action.

Keywords: Arduino, Cloud Server, Controller, Sensors, Water Quality

1. Introduction

Water pollution ensues when lethal materials move into water sources like ponds, rivers, lakes, seas and oceans, gets
dissolved and suspends in water or gets deposited on the bed. Pollution will degrade the quality and purity of water. Ensuring
pure and safer water is really challenging due to undue sources of chemicals and contaminants. Pollution of water can be
instigated by numerous ways; one of the main reasons for pollution is industrial waste discharge and city sewage. Secondary
sources of pollution are pollutants that enter the water from soils or from atmosphere via rain or from groundwater systems.
Usually, soils and groundwater comprises of residues of modern practices in agriculture and also indecorously disposed
wastes from industries. The major pollutants of water include viruses, bacteria, fertilizers, parasites, pharmaceutical products,
pesticides, nitrates, fecal waste, phosphates radioactive substances and plastics. These materials will not alter the color of the
water always, but they might be indiscernible contaminants.
 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
Hence small quantity of water from such water resources and marine organisms are examined for determining the water P
quality. A
G
E
Declining quality of water is detrimental to the health, environment and economy. David Malpass, President of the World 6
Bank cautions about the influence on economy: "Deteriorating water quality is stalling economic growth and exacerbating
poverty in many countries". It means that, if the biological oxygen demand, the pointer used for measurement of organic
pollution in water, surpasses the threshold, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of the constituencies surrounded by the
allied water basins will decrease by a third. The consequences of water pollution or poor water quality are:
● Destruction of biodiversity: Pollution of water reduces aquatic ecosystems and initiates unrestrained increase of
phytoplankton in water resources.Food chain contamination: Fishing carried out in polluted water resources and
utilization of waste water for agriculture and livestock husbandry may lead to addition of toxins or contaminants into
foods that are injurious to the health after consumption.
● Scarcity of drinkable water: If pollution of water increases or quality of drinking water is not maintained, then
there will be no clean water for drinking or public health or sanitization, in rural as well as urban areas.
● Disease: According to WHO (World Health Organization) information, roughly 2 billion people across the world do
not have any option for pure water resources, but they have to drink water polluted by excrement, which exposes
them to many ailments.
● Infant mortality: As per WHO, diarrhoeal diseases associated with lacking of hygiene results in death of nearly
1,000 children per day across the world.

Water quality monitoring is demarcated as the assortment of data at set or desired places and at periodic intervals for
providing information that might be accustomed to describe present conditions of water. The objectives of smart water
quality monitoring system are:

a) To measure perilous quality metrics like physical, chemical and microbial properties.

b) To find the deviations in measured metrics and give timely warning in recognition threats or hazards.

c) To provide real-time analysis of the sensor data and recommend appropriate corrective measures.

The requisite for involvement of the user for sustaining the quality of water and beholding at additional aspects like hygiene,
environment sanitation, disposal and storage are crucial components in maintaining the quality of water bodies.

2. Related Works

Sathish Pasika and Sai Teja Gandla [1] proposed a monitoring system which consists of a number of sensors used to measure
several quality parameters like turbidity, pH value, water level in the tank, dampness of the adjoining environment and
temperature of the water. The sensors are interfaced with the Microcontroller Unit (MCU) and additional processing is
executed by the Personal Computer (PC). The acquired data will be directed to the cloud by means of Internet of Things (IoT)
based ThinkSpeak application for monitoring the quality of the water under test. As a future directive, work should be
extended for analyzing some other parameters such as nitrates, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen in the water and free
residual chlorine.

Monira Mukta et al [2] developed an IoT based Smart Water Quality Monitoring (SWQM) system which helps in incessant
measurement of quality of water on the basis of four different parameters of water quality i.e., pH, temperature, turbidity and
electric conductivity. Four different sensors are coupled to Arduino Uno in order to sense the quality parameters. The data
collected from all the four sensors are communicated to a desktop application which is developed in .NET platform and the
extracted data are matched with the standard values. On the basis of the collected data from sensors, the developed SWQM
model will efficaciously examine the water quality parameters by employing fast forest binary classifier for classification of
the sample of water under test is whether potable or not.

Santosh Konde and Shankar Deosarkar [3] proposed a method for developing a Smart Water Quality Monitoring (SWQM)
system with reconfigurable sensor interface device using IoT environment. Sensors, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
board, Zigbee based wireless communication module were used in the proposed model. Six different water quality parameters
like turbidity, pH, humidity, water level, water temperature and carbon dioxide (CO 2) on the surface of water were considered
in real-time. The proposed method will provide assistance in guarding the safer and balanced environment of water bodies. The
SWQM system reduces the cost and time in determining the quality of water in water resources as part of managing
 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
environmental and ecological balance. In the suggested future work, WSN network will be developed involving of additionalP
number of nodes to encompass the coverage area. A
G
E
Kulkarni Amruta M and Turkane Satish M [4] proposed a Solar Powered Water Quality Monitoring system by employing 6
wireless Sensor Network. Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is the elementary component in the water quality
monitoring using wireless sensor network (WSN) technology which is powered by photovoltaic panels or solar panel. For
monitoring quality of water in real-time over various locations, exceptional system architecture is proposed that consists of a
base station and distributed sensor nodes. All the nodes and base station are linked with the use of Zigbee WSN technology.
Designing and implementing a prototype model by using a node which is power- driven by solar panel and WSN technology is
a perplexing task. The collected data at each node such as turbidity, oxygen level and pH values from different sensors will be
sent to the base station through WSN. The collected data from the different locations can be shown in some readable form and
analysis can be done at base station using various simulation tools. This developed novel water quality monitoring system has
various advantages like consumption of less power, no carbon emission and higher limberness for

deployment at different locations.

Tha.Sughapriya et al [5] developed a method for determining the quality of water using IoT and different sensor modules. This
system uses different sensors for monitoring the water quality by determining pH, turbidity, conductivity and temperature. The
Arduino controller used will access the sensor data. With the use of IoT, the collected data is analyzed and the pollution of
water can be investigated by a stringent mechanism. Additionally, the developed system sends alerts and notifications to the
people and apprehensive authorities about the quality of water. The task of water quality monitoring could be achieved by with
people having less training also. Installation of the water quality monitoring system could be achieved effortlessly adjacent to
the water resources (target area). The proposed developed model comprises of different sensors that computes quality
parameters of water in real- time for immediate plan of action. Also the developed model is accurate, economical and requires
less manpower.
Unnikrishna et al [6] proposed a method for water quality monitoring in rivers which is developed based on wireless sensor
networks that aids in incessant and remote monitoring of water quality parameters. In this system, wireless sensor node is
designed to monitor the pH of water continuously, which is the key parameter that affects the water quality. The sensor node
design primarily consists of a processing module, signal conditioning module, power module and wireless communication
module. The sensed data from the pH sensor is communicated to the base station with the use wireless communication module
i.e., using Zigbee module after the necessary signal processing and signal conditioning techniques. The circuit is developed
for the sensor node by designing, simulating and the hardware prototype is built with the use of suitable circuit components.
This minimizes requirement of power for the system and a low cost platform is provided for monitoring the water quality of
water resources.

Prasad et al [7] developed a method for smart water quality monitoring system in Fiji, by employing remote sensing and IoT
technology. The quality parameters used to analyse water are Oxidation and Reduction potential (ORP) and Potential
Hydrogen (pH). With efficacious implementation of this approach of monitoring, an early warning system for water
pollution will be developed with a completely implemented system using numerous monitoring stations. The study of water
quality in Fiji Islands is also presented which necessitates recurrent data collection network for water quality monitoring
using IoT and Remote Sensing. The comparative study is presented for various parameters like Turbidity, pH, temperature
and Conductivity. The developed system has demonstrated its effectiveness by providing precise and reliable values in real-
time water monitoring. Four water sources were examined at hourly intervals over a stipulated time interval of 12 hours for
validating the accuracy of measurement of the developed system. The obtained results are compared with the

probable values. The relationship between temperature with conductivity and pH are also witnessed for samples of all four
water sources. GSM technology was efficaciously implemented for sending alarm on the basis of reference parameters to the
end user for instant action intended for ensuring water quality. Furthermore, the reference parameters acquired from all the
four various water sources are used for building classifiers that are used for performing automated analysis of water through
Neural Network Analysis.

Ajith Jerom B et al [8] proposed a Smart Water Quality Monitoring System based on IoT using Cloud and Deep Learning
methods for monitoring the water quality of various water resources. In traditional methods, the procedure of monitoring
implicates collecting the sample of water manually from different water resources, trailed by testing and analysis in the
laboratory. This process is usually ineffectual since this process is strenuous and consumes more time and it will not give
results in real-time. There should be continuous monitoring of quality of water for ensuring safe supply of water to the end
users from any water resources or water bodies. Henceforth, designing and developing a cost effective system for real-time
monitoring water quality using the IoT is a requisite. Monitoring quality of water in water resources using IoT aids for
 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
combating issues related to environment and improves the wellbeing and standard of living of all living beings. The developed P
system helps in monitoring the water quality persistently by using IoT devices and Node-MCU. The built-in Wi-Fi module A
associated with Node-MCU facilitates connectivity of internet, and transmits the data measured from the sensor to the Cloud. G
E
The designed prototype monitors a number of contaminants present in the water. Various sensors are utilized for measuring 6
different parameters for assessing the water quality from water resources. The obtained results are stowed in the Cloud and
deep learning techniques are employed for predicting if the water under test is potable or not.

S.Geetha and S.Gouthami [9] developed a low powered and naiver solution for monitoring quality of in-pipe water based on
IoT. The developed model is used to test samples of water and the data collected from the sensors is uploaded over the internet
is analyzed. This model is less complex and low cost smart water quality monitoring system with a core controller having
built-in Wi-Fi module for monitoring quality parameters like turbidity, conductivity and pH. The developed system comprises
of an alerting facility for informing the users on deviance of water quality parameters. The implementation facilitates sensors
to provide data over the internet to the end customers. The setup used for experiment can be enhanced by integrating
algorithms for incongruity detection in quality of water.

Bharathi Sengupta et al [10] proposed a cost effective technique for monitoring water quality and controlling in real-time using
IoT. The proposed system comprises of

different sensors like temperature sensor, turbidity sensor and pH sensor that are interfaced with Raspberry Pi via an Analog-to-
Digital Converter (ADC). Based on the data obtained from various sensors and processing of data by the Raspberry Pi, the
solenoid valve will be directed to either continue or stop the flow of water from the overhead tank to houses using relay
mechanism. This entire process takes place automatically without human intervention thus saving the time to handle the
situation manually. Finally its checks for weather water quality parameters are desired range or not. These all devices are low
cost flexible and high efficiency.

M. Joseph Vishal Kumar and Krishna Samalla[11] proposed a cost effective system to monitor quality of water in real-time
using IoT. The designed system used various sensors to measure the chemical and physical parameters of the water. This smart
water quality system consists of a Raspberry pi controller interfaced with various sensors like CO 2 sensor, pH sensor, turbidity
sensors, temperature sensor and water level sensors. These sensors control the entire operation and monitoring is done by
Cloud based wireless communication devices.
Demetillo et al [12] proposed a cost effective and water quality monitoring system in real-time that can be used in remote
lakes, rivers and other water resources. The major hardware in the system comprises of a microcontroller, standard
electrochemical sensors, a customized buoy and a wireless communication system. The developed system is capable of
detecting pH, dissolved oxygen and water temperature at pre-programmed periodic intervals. The developed system transmits
the collected data in tabular and graphical formats over a personalized web-based portal and registered mobile phones for
serving better to the appropriate end-users. For checking the efficiency of the system, the stability of the buoy in punitive
environmental circumstances, energy consumption of the system, transmission efficiency of data and display of information in
web based portal were evaluated prudently. The results of the experiment proved that the developed system has higher
anticipation and could be employed for monitoring environment practically by giving end-users with pertinent and well-timed
information for better action plan. Extension of the coverage range using autonomous surface vehicle is continuing for
covering huge areas such as rivers, lakes and other such water resources that needs continuous monitoring owing to its
prominence to both nature and humankind. Use of lithium-ion batteries as a source of power and the inclusion of heavy
metallic ion as parameters of concern is furthermore deliberated for the extension of the work [14-15].
Anuradha et al [13] developed a cost effective system for monitoring the quality of water in real- time using IoT. The
developed method is a sensor based Water Quality Monitoring System that is used to measure chemical and physical
parameters of water. The parameters like pH, temperature, turbidity and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of the water are
measured using sensors and are processed by

Raspberry Pi controller. Lastly, the measured sensor data is seen on the internet by using ThingSpeak API. The distinctiveness
of this work is that the water monitoring system is having many advantages such as high mobility, high frequency and the
developed model uses low power. Quality parameters like ammonia, hardness, conductivity, fluoride, iron, chloride content
can be also deliberated for measurement of quality of water and the measured values are used for checking the cleanliness of
the water for numerous applications like daily requirements for industries and drinking water.
S.A. Hamid et al [16] designed and developed a Smart Water Quality Monitoring System (SWQMS), and the evaluation
factors such as temperature and pH value of swimming pool was continuously monitored based on statistical tools such as
Design of Experiment (DOE) and Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings of the experiment divulge that time, volume
 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
of the pool and the interaction aspects will not affect the value of pH, and time of day will have an effect on temperature of P
the water of swimming pool. It was witnessed that the developed system is proficient to update the water quality status of the A
pool automatically by means of IoT and adjust the pH level. The proposed system is also proficient to offer monitoring in G
E
real-time and needs less maintenance. 6

S. Gupta et al [19] proposed model which automatically evaluates water quality parameters such as turbidity, pH and
temperature. For underwater communication, ESP32 was used due to its low power consumption and inbuilt Wi-Fi.
Communication modules, turbidity meter and pH sensor were integrated to develop the IoT based model. In addition, machine
understanding algorithm using K Means was used to analyze the quality of water on the basis of pre-cogitated values. The
developed model is locomotive and it monitors the water quality continuously in large and local water bodies. The readings
are displayed on the website that can be retrieved by central pollution control board. Monitoring of water quality can be done
from anyplace by using a robot. The developed model is of low cost and by using high speed Wi-Fi, the robot can
communicate from underwater which makes this project self-reliant and efficient.

3. Taxonomy of Research

In general water quality monitoring system consists of various sensors such a pH sensor, turbidity sensors, temperature sensors,
conductivity sensors, humidity sensors and many other sensors. Fig.1 shows the general block diagram of smart water quality
monitoring system. As shown in the figure, core controller forms the heart of the system. All the sensors are connected a core
controller and this controller controls the operation, gets data from sensors, and compares it with that of the standard values and
sends the values to the concerned end user or authorities through wireless modules [17-18].

Fig. 1. Taxonomy diagram of Water Quality Monitoring System

With the advances in IoT technology, the water quality monitoring system is becoming smarter with reduced power
consumption and ease of operation. Fig. 2 shows the operating flow chart of smart water quality monitoring system.
 Author system
Fig. 2. Working of smart water quality monitoring name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
P
A
The core controller is integrated with various sensors such as pH sensor, conductivity sensor, temperature sensor, turbidity sensorG
and many sensors. The sensor leads are placed in the water to be tested. The sensor values will be processed by ADC and the coreE6
controller reads the value and it will be uploaded on the cloud. The values will be monitored continuously by checking whether
the sensor value is greater than threshold or not. If the sensor value is greater than threshold, then it will be communicated to the
concerned end user for further action. If sensor value is lesser than threshold, then the parameters are again checked for different
water source.

4. Schematic Analysis
The schematic diagram of the proposed work is as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of Water Quality Monitoring System

The work consists of two parts, the first one is hardware & second one is software. The hardware part has sensors which help to
measure the real time values, another one is arduino ATMEGA328 converts the analog values to digital and LCD shows the
displays output from sensors, Wi-Fi module gives the connection between hardware and software . ATMEGA328 has inbuilt ADC
and Wi-Fi modules.
The water quality parameters are checked by one by one and updated in the cloud server as well as the values are displayed in the
LCD display [20-22].

5. Discussion
Due to the limited drinking water resources, intensive money requirements, growing population, urban change in rural areas, and
the excessive use of sea resources for salt extraction has significantly worsened the water quality available to people. A smart
water quality monitoring system is an essential device which monitors the quality of water continuously. Fig. 4 shows the
developed model of smart water quality monitoring system.

Fig. 4. Developed model of smart water quality monitoring system

As per the literature review, the range of different quality parameters for safe drinking water is tabulated in Table 1.

Table 1. Water Quality parameter range for drinking water

 AuthorParameter
name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
Range
P
pH 6.5 to 8.5
A
Turbidity < 5 NTU G
Conductivity 200 to 800 µS/cm E
Carbon Dioxide < 2.0 mg/L 6
Humidity 40% to 100%

If the above listed parameters are in the specified range, then the water is safe for drinking. If these parameters are out of specified
range, then the water is not safe for drinking purpose.

The developed model is tested with three different water samples and the results are tabulated in Table 2.

Table 2. Water Quality parameters for different samples

Sample Parameter Measured Value
pH 7.5
Turbidity 4 NTU
Water Sample 1 Conductivity 450 µS/cm
Carbon Dioxide 1.20 mg/L
Humidity 42%
Temperature 20o C

pH 9.3
Turbidity 5.6 NTU
Water Sample 2 Conductivity 600 µS/cm
Carbon Dioxide 1.820 mg/L
Humidity 60.44%
Temperature 29.4o C

pH 9.72
Turbidity 5.33 NTU
Water Sample 3 Conductivity 709 µS/cm
Carbon Dioxide 1.89 mg/L
Humidity 64.67%
Temperature 26.4o C

From the analysis, water sample 1 is drinkable and other two samples are not drinkable.

Conclusion

Water Pollution is a major threat to any country, as it affects health, economy and spoils bio- diversity. In this work, causes and
effects of water pollution is presented, as well as a comprehensive review of different methods of water quality monitoring and
an efficient IoT based method for water quality monitoring has been discussed. Although there have been many excellent smart
water quality monitoring systems, still the research area remains challenging. This work presents a review of the recent works
carried out by the researchers in order to make water quality monitoring systems smart, low powered and highly efficient such
that monitoring will be continuous and alerts/notifications will be sent to the concerned authorities for further processing. The
developed model is cost effective and simple to use (flexible). Three water samples are tested and based on the results, the
water can be classified whether it is drinkable or not.

As a future directive, the suggestion is to use latest sensors for detecting various other parameters of quality, use wireless
communication standards for better communication and IoT to make a better system for water quality monitoring and the water
resources can be made safe by immediate response.

Declaration

We, the authors of the paper titled “IoT Based Smart Water Quality Monitoring Systems” hereby declare that the work
included in the above paper is original and is an outcome of the research carried out by the authors indicated in it. Further, we
declare that the work submitted has not been published already or under consideration for publication in any Journals/
Conferences/ Symposia/ Seminars. We also declare that the work does not infringe on any copyrights, property rights of others
including licences and it is free from plagiarism. The authors hereby assign all copyright rights of the paper to Science Direct.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express sincere thanks to Management and Principal of Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering,
 Author
Mysuru, India, Head of the Department of name / Procediaand
Electronics Manufacturing 00 (2019)Engineering,
Communication 000–000 Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering,P
Mysuru, India, and all those who supported us directly and indirectly during the project. A
G
References E
[1] Pasika, Sathish, and Sai Teja Gandla.(2020), “Smart Water Quality Monitoring System with Cost-Effective Using IoT.” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 7, 6
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04096.
[2] M. Mukta, S. Islam, S. D. Barman (2019), A. W. Reza and M. S. Hossain Khan, "Iot based Smart Water Quality Monitoring System," 2019 IEEE 4th
International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS), pp. 669-673, doi: 10.1109/CCOMS.2019.8821742.
[3] Konde, Santosh and Deosarkar, Shankar, (2020, June) . IOT Based Water Quality Monitoring System). 2nd International Conference on
Communication & Information Processing (ICCIP) 2020, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3645467
[4] M. K. Amruta and M. T. Satish (2013), "Solar powered water quality monitoring system using wireless sensor network," International Mutli-
Conference on Automation, Computing, Communication, Control and Compressed Sensing (iMac4s), pp. 281-285, doi: 10.1109/iMac4s.2013.6526423.
[5] Tha. Sugapriyaa, S. Rakshaya, K. Ramyadevi, M. Ramya, P.G. Rashmi (2018), Smart Water Quality Monitoring System for Real Time Applications,
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 118, No. pp 1363-1369
[6] K. A. U. Menon, D. P and M. V. Ramesh (2012), "Wireless sensor network for river water quality monitoring in India," 2012 Third International
Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT'12), pp. 1-7, doi: 10.1109/ICCCNT.2012.6512437.
[7] A. N. Prasad, K. A. Mamun, F. R. Islam and H. Haqva, (2015) Smart water quality monitoring system, 2nd Asia-Pacific World Congress on
Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE), pp. 1 -6, doi: 10.1109/APWCCSE.2015.7476234.
[8] A. Jerom B., R. Manimegalai and R. Manimegalai, (2020), An IoT Based Smart Water Quality Monitoring System using Cloud, International
Conference on Emerging Trends in Information Technology and Engineering (ic-ETITE), 2020, pp. 1-7, doi: 10.1109/ic- ETITE47903.2020.450.
[9] Geetha, S., Gouthami, S.(2016) Internet of things enabled real time water quality monitoring system. Smart Water 2, 1.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40713-017-0005-y
[10] Sengupta B, Sawant S, Dhanawade M, and Bhosale S (2019), Water Quality Monitoring using IoT, Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol. 6 695–701
[11] M. Joseph Vishal Kumar, Krishna Samalla,(2019), Design and Development of Water Quality Monitoring System in IoT, International Journal of
Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-7, Issue-5S3, February 2019.
[12] Demetillo, A.T., Japitana, M.V. & Taboada, E.B (2019). A system for monitoring water quality in a large aquatic area using wireless sensor
network technology. Sustain Environ Res 29, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42834-019-0009-4
[13] Anuradha , Bhakti, Chaitra R , Pooja D (2018), IoT Based Low Cost System for Monitoring of Water Quality in Real Time, International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 05 Issue: 05, May-2018
[14] Shivappriya, S.N., Priyadarsini, M., Stateczny, A., Puttamadappa, C. and Parameshachari, B.D., 2021. Cascade object detection and remote
sensing object detection method based on trainable activation function. Remote Sensing, 13(2), p.200.
[15] Shivappriya, S.N., Karthikeyan, S., Prabu, S., Pérez de Prado, R. and Parameshachari, B.D., 2020. A modified ABC-SQP-based combined
approach for the optimization of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle. Energies, 13(17), p.4529.
[16] S. A. Hamid, A. M. A. Rahim, S. Y. Fadhlullah, S. Abdullah, Z. Muhammad and N. A. M. Leh (2020), IoT based Water Quality Monitoring
System and Evaluation, 10th IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE), 2020, pp. 102-106, doi:
10.1109/ICCSCE50387.2020.9204931.
[17] Puttamadappa, C. and Parameshachari, B.D., 2019. Demand side management of small scale loads in a smart grid using glow-worm swarm
optimization technique. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 71, p.102886.
[18] Nguyen, T.N., Liu, B.H., Chu, S.I., Do, D.T. and Nguyen, T.D., 2020. WRSNs: Toward an efficient scheduling for mobile chargers. IEEE Sensors
Journal, 20(12), pp.6753-6761.
[19] Gupta, S., Kohli, M., Kumar, R., & Bandral, S. (2021). IoT Based Underwater Robot for Water Quality Monitoring. IOP Conference Series:
Materials Science and Engineering, 1033, 012013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1033/1/012013
[20] Hiremath, P.N., Armentrout, J., Vu, S., Nguyen, T.N., Minh, Q.T. and Phung, P.H., 2019, November. MyWebGuard: toward a user-oriented tool
for security and privacy protection on the web. In International Conference on Future Data and Security Engineering (pp. 506-525). Springer, Cham.
[21] Vu, D.L., Nguyen, T.K., Nguyen, T.V., Nguyen, T.N., Massacci, F. and Phung, P.H., 2019, December. A convolutional transformation network
for malware classification. In 2019 6th NAFOSTED conference on information and computer science (NICS) (pp. 234-239). IEEE.
[22] L. Zhen, A. K. Bashir, K. Yu, Y. D. Al-Otaibi, C. H. Foh, and P. Xiao, “Energy-Efficient Random Access for LEO Satellite-Assisted 6G Internet
of Remote Things”, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.3030856.