324 CHAPTER 4 Integrals

Property 8 is useful when all we want is a rough estimate of the size of an integral
with­out going to the bother of using the Midpoint Rule.

EXAMPLE 9 Use Property 8 to estimate y sx dx.

4

y SOLUTION Since f sxd − sx is an increasing function, its absolute minimum on f1, 4g

y=œ„x is m − f s1d − 1 and its absolute maximum on f1, 4g is M − f s4d − s4 − 2. Thus
y=2 Property 8 gives
2
1s4 2 1d < y sx dx < 2s4 2 1d
4

1
1
y=1
3 < y sx dx < 6
4
or n
1

0 1 4 x The result of Example 9 is illustrated in Figure 18. The area under y − sx from
x − 1 to x − 4 is greater than the area of the lower rectangle and less than the area of the
FIGURE 18 large rectangle.

4.2 Exercises
 valuate the Riemann sum for f sxd − x 2 1, 26 < x < 4,
1. E  he graph of a function t is shown. Estimate y22
6. T 4
tsxd dx with
with five subintervals, taking the sample points to be right six subintervals using (a) right endpoints, (b) left endpoints,
endpoints. Explain, with the aid of a diagram, what the and (c) midpoints.
Riemann sum represents.
y
2. If
f sxd − cos x  0 < x < 3y4
1
evaluate the Riemann sum with n − 6, taking the sample
points to be left endpoints. (Give your answer correct to six
decimal places.) What does the Riemann sum represent? 0 1 x
Illustrate with a diagram.
3. I f f sxd − x 2 2 4, 0 < x < 3, evaluate the Riemann sum with
n − 6, taking the sample points to be midpoints. What does
the Riemann sum represent? Illustrate with a diagram.
7. A
 table of values of an increasing function f is shown. Use
4. (a) Evaluate the Riemann sum for f sxd − 1yx, 1 < x < 2, the table to find lower and upper estimates for y10
30
f sxd dx.
with four terms, taking the sample points to be right end-
points. (Give your answer correct to six decimal places.)
Explain what the Riemann sum represents with the aid of x 10 14 18 22 26 30
a sketch.
(b) Repeat part (a) with midpoints as the sample points. f sxd 212 26 22 1 3 8

 he graph of a function f is given. Estimate y f sxd dx using

5. T 10
0
five subintervals with (a) right endpoints, (b) left endpoints, 8. T
 he table gives the values of a function obtained from an
and (c) midpoints. experiment. Use them to estimate y39 f sxd dx using three equal
subintervals with (a) right endpoints, (b) left end­points, and
y (c) midpoints. If the function is known to be an increasing
function, can you say whether your estimates are less than or
greater than the exact value of the integral?
1
x
0 1 x 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

f sxd 23.4 22.1 20.6 0.3 0.9 1.4 1.8

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 SECTION 4.2  The Definite Integral 325

9–10 Use the Midpoint Rule with n − 4 to approximate the 23–24 Show that the definite integral is equal to lim n l ` R n and
integral. then evaluate the limit.

9. y0
8
x 2 dx 10. y 0
2
s8x 1 3d dx
23. y 0
4
sx 2 x 2 d dx, Rn −
4
n
o
i−1
n

F 4i
n
16 i 2
2 2
n
G
11–14 Use the Midpoint Rule with the given value of n to approxi-
mate the integral. Round the answer to four decimal places.
24. y 1
3
sx 3 1 5x 2 d dx, Rn −
2
n
o
n

i−1
F 61
26 i
n
32 i 2
1 2 1 3
n
8i 3
n
G
y y
8 1
11. sin sx dx, n − 4 12. sx 3 1 1 dx,  n − 5
0 0
25–26 Express the integral as a limit of Riemann sums using
x right endpoints. Do not evaluate the limit.
y y
3 
13. dx, n − 5 14. x sin2 x dx,  n − 4
x2 1 8
y
1 0 3
25. s4 1 x 2 dx
1

15. Use a computer algebra system that evaluates midpoint

approximations and graphs the corresponding rectangles (use
RiemannSum or middlesum and middlebox commands
26. y 2
5
S x2 1
1
x
D dx

in Maple) to check the answer to Exercise 13 and illustrate

with a graph. Then repeat with n − 10 and n − 20. 27–34 Use the form of the definition of the integral given in
Theorem 4 to evaluate the integral.
16. U
 se a computer algebra system to compute the left and right
Riemann sums for the function f sxd − xysx 1 1d on the
y y
2 3
interval f0, 2g with n − 100. Explain why these estimates
27. 3x dx 28. x 2 dx
0 0
show that
y y
3 4
x 29. s5x 1 2d dx 30. s6 2 x 2 d dx
0.8946 , y
2 0 0
dx , 0.9081
0 x11
y y
5 2
31. s3x 2 1 7xd dx 32. s4x 2 1 x 1 2d dx
17. U
 se a calculator or computer to make a table of values of 1 21

right Riemann sums R n for the integral y0 sin x dx with

y y
1 2
n − 5, 10, 50, and 100. What value do these numbers appear 33. sx 3 2 3x 2 d dx 34. s2x 2 x 3 d dx
0 0
to be approaching?

18. Use
 a calculator or computer to make a table of values of
left and right Riemann sums L n and R n for the integral 35. T
 he graph of f is shown. Evaluate each integral by inter-­
preting it in terms of areas.
y02 s1 1 x 4 dx with n − 5, 10, 50, and 100. Between what
two numbers must the value of the integral lie? Can you make
y y
2 5
(a)
f sxd dx (b) f sxd dx
a similar statement for the integral y21
2
s1 1 x 4 dx? Explain. 0 0

19–22 Express the limit as a definite integral on the given

y y
7 7
(c)
f sxd dx (d) f sxd dx
interval. 5 3

n
sin x i
o y | f sxd | dx y
7 0
19. lim Dx, f0, g (e)
(f ) f sxd dx
nl` i−1 1 1 xi 3 2

n
y
20. lim o xi s1 1 x i3 Dx,
n l ` i−1
f2, 5g
y=ƒ
2
n
21. lim o f5sx*i d3 2 4 x*i g Dx,  f2, 7]
n l ` i−1
0 2 4 6 8 x
n
x *i
22. lim o
n l ` i−1 sx *i d2 1 4
Dx,  f1, 3g

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
326 CHAPTER 4 Integrals

 he graph of t consists of two straight lines and a semi­-

36. T 49–50 Express the integral as a limit of sums. Then evaluate,
circle. Evaluate each integral by interpreting it in terms of using a computer algebra system to find both the sum and the
areas. limit.

y y y y y
2 6 7  10
(a)
tsxd dx      (b) tsxd dx      (c) tsxd dx 49. sin 5x dx 50. x 6 dx
0 2 0 0 2

y
51. Evaluate y s1 1 x 4 dx.
1
4 1

y=©
52. Given that y sin4 x dx − 38 , what is y sin4  d?
 0
2
0 

0 4 7 x 53. In Example 4.1.2 we showed that y01 x 2 dx − 13. Use this fact
and the properties of integrals to evaluate y01 s5 2 6x 2 d dx.

54. U
 se the properties of integrals and the result of Example 4 to
evaluate y25 s1 1 3x 4 d dx.
37–38 55. U
 se the results of Exercises 47 and 48 and the properties of
(a) Use the form of the definition of the integral given in Theo- integrals to evaluate y14 s2x 2 2 3x 1 1d dx.
rem 4 to evaluate the given integral.
(b) Confirm your answer to part (a) graphically by interpreting 56. U
 se the result of Exercise 47 and the fact that
y0 cos x dx − 1 (from Exercise 4.1.33), together with the
y2
the integral in terms of areas.
properties of integrals, to evaluate y0 s2 cos x 2 5xd dx.
y2

y y (2 2 12 x) dx
3 4
37. 4x dx 38.
0 21
57. Write as a single integral in the form yab f sxd dx :

y f sxd dx 1 y f sxd dx 2 y
2 5 21
39–40 f sxd dx
22 2 22
(a) Find an approximation to the integral using a Riemann sum
with right endpoints and n − 8. 58. If y28 f sxd dx − 7.3 and y24 f sxd dx − 5.9, find y48 f sxd dx.
(b) Draw a diagram like Figure 3 to illustrate the approximation
in part (a). 59. If y09 f sxd dx − 37 and y09 tsxd dx − 16, find
(c) Use Theorem 4 to evaluate the integral.
y
9
(d) Interpret the integral in part (c) as a difference of areas and f2 f sxd 1 3tsxdg dx
0
illustrate with a diagram like Figure 4.
60. Find y05 f sxd dx if
y y
8 4
39. s3 2 2xd dx 40. sx 2 3xd dx
2

H
0 0
3 for x , 3
f sxd −
x for x > 3
41–46 Evaluate the integral by interpreting it in terms of areas.
61. F
 or the function f whose graph is shown, list the following
y y
5 3
41. s10 2 5xd dx 42. s2x 2 1d dx quantities in increasing order, from smallest to largest, and
22 21
explain your reasoning.
(A) y08 f sxd dx (B) y03 f sxd dx (C) y38 f sxd dx
y | 12 x | dx y | 2x 2 1 | dx
3 1
43. 44.
24 0
(D) y48 f sxd dx (E) f 9s1d

y (1 1 s9 2 x ) dx y (2x 2 s16 2 x ) dx
0 4
45. 2
46. 2 y
23 24

b2 2 a2 2
47. Prove that y x dx −
b
.
a 2
0 5 x
b3 2 a3
48. Prove that y x 2 dx −
b
.
a 3

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 SECTION 4.2  The Definite Integral 327

62. If Fsxd − y2x f std dt, where f is the function whose graph is 75–76 Use properties of integrals, together with Exercises 47 and
given, which of the following values is largest? 48, to prove the inequality.
(A) Fs0d (B) Fs1d (C) Fs2d 26 2
y y
3 y2
(D) Fs3d (E) Fs4d 75. sx 4 1 1 dx > 76. x sin x dx <
1 3 0 8
y

y=f(t)  hich of the integrals y12 sx dx, y12 s1yx dx, and y12 ssx dx
77. W
has the largest value? Why?

0 1 2 3 4 t  hich of the integrals y00.5 cossx 2 d dx, y00.5 cos sx dx is larger?

78. W
Why?

79. Prove Property 3 of integrals.

63. E
 ach of the regions A, B, and C bounded by the graph of f 80. (a) For the function f shown in the graph, verify graphically
and the x-axis has area 3. Find the value of that the following inequality holds:

y
2
f f sxd 1 2x 1 5g dx
uy u
f sxd dx < y | f sxd | dx
24 b b

a a
y
y
B
_4 A _2 0 C 2 x f

a 0 b x
64. Suppose f has absolute minimum value m and absolute max-
imum value M. Between what two values must y02 f sxd dx
lie? Which property of integrals allows you to make your (b) Prove that the inequality from part (a) holds for any
conclusion? function f that is continuous on [a, b].
65–68 Use the properties of integrals to verify the inequality (c) Show that
without evaluating the integrals.
uy f sxd sin 2x dx < y u | f sxd | dx
b b

y
4
65. sx 2 4x 1 4d dx > 0
2 a a
0

81. Let f sxd − 0 if x is any rational number and f sxd − 1 if x is

y s1 1 x 2 dx < y s1 1 x dx
1 1
66. any irrational number. Show that f is not integrable on f0, 1g.
0 0

82. Let f s0d − 0 and f sxd − 1yx if 0 , x < 1. Show that f is

67. 2 < y s1 1 x 2 dx < 2 s2
1

21
not integrable on f0, 1g. [Hint: Show that the first term in the
Riemann sum, f sx1* d Dx, can be made arbitrarily large.]
 s3 
< y sin x dx <
y3
68. 83–84 Express the limit as a definite integral.
12 y6 12
n
i4
69–74 Use Property 8 of integrals to estimate the value of the
83. lim o
n l ` i−1 n5
  [Hint: Consider f sxd − x 4.]
integral. n
1 1
1 84. lim o
y y
1 3
69. 3
x dx 70. nl` n i−1 1 1 siynd2
0 0 x 1 4 dx

y y
y3 2
71. tan x dx 72. sx 3 2 3x 1 3d dx 85. Find y12 x 22 dx. Hint: Choose x *i to be the geometric mean of
y4 0
x i21 and x i (that is, x *i − sx i21 x i ) and use the identity
y y
1 2
73. s1 1 x 4 dx 74. sx 2 2 sin xd dx
21  1 1 1
− 2
msm 1 1d m m11

Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.