JavaScript Full Cheatsheet (2025 Edition)
1. Basics
1.1 Variables
// var – function-scoped, can be redeclared
var name = "Tejas";
// let – block-scoped, can be updated but not redeclared in the same scope
let age = 25;
// const – block-scoped, cannot be updated or redeclared
const country = "India";
🔹 let and const are preferred in modern JS.
🔹 const for values that don’t change.
1.2 Data Types
Primitive: string, number, boolean, null, undefined, symbol, bigint
Non-primitive: object, array, function
let str = "Hello"; // String
let num = 42; // Number
let bigIntNum = 9007199254740991n; // BigInt
let isTrue = true; // Boolean
let nothing = null; // Null
let notDefined; // Undefined
let sym = Symbol("id"); // Symbol
1.3 Type Checking
typeof "Hello" // "string"
typeof 42 // "number"
typeof null // "object" (historical quirk)
Array.isArray([]) // true
2. Operators
2.1 Arithmeric
+, -, *, /, %, ** // Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus,
exponent
2.2 Assignment
let x = 10;
x += 5; // 15
x -= 5; // 10
x *= 2; // 20
2.3 Comparison
5 == "5" // true (loose equality)
5 === "5" // false (strict equality)
5 != "5" // false
5 !== "5" // true
2.4 Logical
&& // AND
|| // OR
! // NOT
3. Control Flow
3.1 If / Else
if (age >= 18) {
console.log("Adult");
} else {
console.log("Minor");
}
3.2 Ternary
let msg = (age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor";
3.3 Switch
switch(day) {
case "Monday":
console.log("Start of week");
break;
case "Friday":
console.log("Weekend soon!");
break;
default:
console.log("Another day");
}
4. Loops
// For
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
console.log(i);
}
// While
let i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
console.log(i);
i++;
}
// Do...while
let j = 0;
do {
console.log(j);
j++;
} while (j < 5);
// For...of (arrays, strings)
for (let val of [10, 20, 30]) {
console.log(val);
}
// For...in (object keys)
for (let key in {a:1, b:2}) {
console.log(key);
}
5. Functions
5.1 Declaration
function greet(name) {
return `Hello ${name}`;
}
5.2 Expression
const greet = function(name) {
return `Hello ${name}`;
}
5.3 Arrow Functions
const greet = (name) => `Hello ${name}`;
5.4 Default Parameters
function multiply(a, b = 2) {
return a * b;
}
5.5 Rest Parameters
function sum(...nums) {
return nums.reduce((a,b) => a+b, 0);
}
6. Objects
const person = {
name: "Tejas",
age: 25,
greet() {
console.log(`Hi, I'm ${this.name}`);
}
};
person.greet();
🔹 this refers to the object in regular methods, but behaves differently in arrow functions.
7. Arrays
let arr = [1, 2, 3];
arr.push(4); // Add at end
arr.pop(); // Remove last
arr.unshift(0); // Add at start
arr.shift(); // Remove first
arr.includes(2); // true
arr.indexOf(2); // 1
Common Array Methods*
[1, 2, 3].map(x => x * 2); // [2, 4, 6]
[1, 2, 3].filter(x => x > 1); // [2, 3]
[1, 2, 3].reduce((a,b) => a+b, 0); // 6
[1, 2, 3].forEach(x => console.log(x));
ES6+ Features
Destructuring
let [a, b] = [1, 2];
let {name, age} = {name: "Tejas", age: 25};
Spread Operator
let nums = [1, 2, 3];
let copy = [...nums];
let merged = [...nums, 4, 5];
9. DOM Manipulation
document.getElementById("id");
document.querySelector(".class");
document.querySelectorAll("p");
let el = document.querySelector("#title");
el.textContent = "New Title";
el.style.color = "red";
10. Events
document.querySelector("button")
.addEventListener("click", () => {
alert("Button clicked!");
});
11. JSON
let obj = {name: "Tejas"};
let jsonStr = JSON.stringify(obj); // object → JSON string
let parsed = JSON.parse(jsonStr); // JSON string → object
12. Promises & Async
// Promise
let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => resolve("Done!"), 1000);
});
promise.then(result => console.log(result));
// Async/Await
async function fetchData() {
let data = await fetch("https://api.example.com");
let json = await data.json();
console.log(json);
}
13. Modules
// export.js
export const name = "Tejas";
export function greet() { console.log("Hi"); }
// import.js
import {name, greet} from './export.js';
14. Error Handling
try {
throw new Error("Something went wrong");
} catch (err) {
console.log(err.message);
} finally {
console.log("Always runs");
}
15. OOP in JS
class Person {
constructor(name) {
this.name = name;
}
greet() {
console.log(`Hi, I'm ${this.name}`);
}
}
let p = new Person("Tejas");
p.greet();
16. Set & Map
let set = new Set([1, 2, 3, 3]); // Unique values
set.add(4);
set.has(2);
let map = new Map();
map.set("name", "Tejas");
map.get("name");
17. Useful Built-in Methods
Number.parseInt("42"); // 42
Number.parseFloat("42.5");// 42.5
String.fromCharCode(65); // "A"
"Hello".toUpperCase(); // "HELLO"
Math.max(1, 5, 3); // 5
Math.random(); // 0 - 1
18. Shortcuts
let val = obj && obj.key; // Safe access
let val2 = obj?.key; // Optional chaining
let val3 = obj?.key ?? "Default"; // Nullish coalescing
