Unit 3Ranash

315323
sophware Development process Data:

Systematic appoach
to desigoing deelopin g testing and maintaining
SOpJare pplication,
at applies engineernq princíples to soptware
development aimng to create rellable ,bigh.
gof ware
qualiy and mantainable 90f systems.

)slw is developed or engineered; t is not

manutatred in the classial
classical sense.
2) Althrough some similaies exist between sl
development hardwate manufactue, the two
actviies ate fundamentl ly irferent.
s0ftuate does not wer out but eteriortes
does not get deshoyed
Slw wn like ardware, does
by sage or aging.
lase shength or teliability meely
oloes not lose
for beng old, But slw gets oudated 4 may
not adapt to any. change in environment
npreased failure rate
Fatqeilure due to side efects
change
Achual
Cuve
deatied cuve
1me
fig failute Cve
Br sw

5) most SOFhwate is Cuetom Buil} the îmdushy

fs moving toards component based eonshuctbo,
most s)w Coninues to be custom Bull
A Slw Com ponent Ghodd be designed 4 implemented
such as way tha it can be Seused jo mary
diferen programs.
 systen Ppplica
slw stw
eginei
fsdentiA embedded
web rS/w
applicationg
Aticat Real time
sakelligente
slw/pesona produchs
Computer tioe
sw

)SyStem softwate
p Systm soPtware fs collectior of programs
Used to u the system aS ar ssstence to
both slo progroMs.
Compiles,
1he compiles editors uilites,
opereing
system Component, deie's and interfa CeS are
examplesoF ys tem slw

Application w
- p p licationalw s a stenalone.
prog rarm ohich, solves G specilebus iness)
arq ani 2aton requiremest slw Consist of programs
Applicaion
thatido e work oF USss
for CXample word-pro cessoS
speedshet and catabase maragement syskm
 BRaesh
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Date

Embedded s
s w , when writeo to perf erteçn
fun otions under conro ) CondiHons and
furtherembe dded foto bardware
embedded sfo.
part oF larqe sytems, is called ing ma chihes
-Examples - Conto tenperatue, 0ash
Rel- time sw
analyes/
) slw for the montos
Con bois teal_orld eNen tr as they
Calledl real
real Hme
Hme Slw.
S ioclude roeket Jaunching game.

productlioe slw
3 o )product-line slw fs developed /oesignel
to provide speciie Capabiity for use.by
diferernt Cus tomers o users:
Ea microsof OPRCe, with OrelExel t pwepoint.
Sogioeenog ScÍeDAAe Slwregme
Engineenng f sclenHe sfw deals
coith prcessing req uirement în their speci Ae
fields.
- . are CAP| AM pactaqe
CAP CAm SPSS
mAtLAB, Engineeinq pro cireit anatyeer eto.

eb based s]w
Tbis slo aos as an soterface
betwen the usersand the ternet
&r HTML, dawa, GUt.

AL sw is the sl wbich thints

and behave 1ike a human
4) personal cumputet slw nhe slw uted io pesona
Computers Covered în thìs ategory
aword pocess OS domputes grophics
 -BRamesh
Date :

the proess A layered approaoh

methods
Process
A Qualihy focus
fig Layeed approa ch.
Quaity focus -
=-the
the qual ity fo cus fs the basic op
slw nginearing , 3t is bedeoct that suppots
slw eng nerinq.
- on quality is always the
focus
primary goaul of slo
sl0 engineein
engineenn 40 shot we
Can $y that the sw s qúan titatre it
fs ttsed eal and enderstoa easity iF î+ has
Custormner gatis facton and completed in time
oithin budge:
2) procers -ahe foundaton for Sl) s/uo ngineenn
f6the pro ces layer.
cwhen bulding a produet ds împortant
to go through Some Prediotab le teps ie called
proces
procers defines a framewor le for aset
OF key proce 4sthat must be estblished
rcdsthat
for ePfecive delivery of slo engineeing teohnclogy
his esteblish es t e contert în which
technical methods ae applieci oor prrducts
such as models documents , datd, support ,forms
cure produoed milestones are estab |is bed,
quality is ensuted and change in property
managed,
 -3Ramesh
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Date :

The slo enginecring process ensues that al

the technelogy layer cot together and
enable the inely development of the slw
system.
3) methos
-Slo Engineering methods prvides the
technical for buil ding siuw
methods o | iocude, requiremen,
program constyetion tesiog
anaysis design
4 suppod
2)TooLs
slw ngineering tools provides automatd
Semi - automaed support for the process
and the. methods.
) When tools are fntegrated so that
informafon, ceate d by one to o) Can be
Used by cunother, a system for the supPort
S)0 developmert alled compuer- Aidecd
Sl0 Engineering is establighed.
Softvare Develop ment rameoork -

Communicahon Re quirementfeasib i1 tysystem

Gathering study Anoiis
Zonplemenaune 3ntegaon estng. |coding sw
pepleyment design

Operahont
maintenance
 (G -BRamesh

Date

s0A softwate for eok sOPtware

abstraoton that provdes generie funotonality
which developers Can extend wth custom code
to Create applicaion
A slw frameok povides a standard way
to bi ld and deploy application,
)w derelopment is the process o con ceiving
ofSpecifying, designing prgramming docmenig,
testiog and bug Proing iovolved fo cheaing cnd
mainteu ning applicatio s,framelork or ther
slw Componen t
>Commun cation- AtiNe discussion eoith sakeholder
to clariyequirements, priotes ound aonstvafots.

2)Regui rerment GatheDog the process stets by collectin

ul the needs expectations from Stekeholders.

Peasibi)ity stdy exaluates ohether the preject

is prachcally passible in terms op technology,cost
K4me and resourres,

4) systen Anadysis Breaksdown the reiremets

fnto ffnoional t non funcional speci icatio ns.

Sl0 design- canvertsegL iremerots intoa

îoto bluepint
forthesJo.
High -level - Design CHp)-overal) architeo here
e) Low - (evel - Design CeD) - eletai led esign oF
modules algorithms
Coding- Developer orite actual program code
bosed the des lqn documents.
 1esing - Ensues the slw eoahs Corecly 4
meets requirements
3ncludes unit tess tina, fotegration testing Sycer
testing and user aCcepBernce testinq.
s) Combines different modules and
0tegraion-Combines
ensues they oork together as q Comp lete Syshm

3npleoeapopeployioa the sjo t the produ

QCn Start
enýirooment so that end- users

tb) Cperation 4 maîntenance- past- deploy ment Support.

fsing buqs adding neo featues, updating
secunty patches and ensuring gmoth aperaton

4.4) Slwpo cess model

pròcess modelling makes the process easy to li
and Jeads ?t?t toto o traceable sucCess
Aslw process model fs a specific embod iment
OF 4 slw process.
1t is an abstract repre Sentation oF a slo devebo
ment Life cycle and is sometimes adso called
SDLE model
11) Waterfaul mode
Communicaton planning madeliagonshuclan
Deglaymeat
fiq Walet fall modol
 (8 Page No. 1 -BRancsh
Date :

) dhe waterfall nodel is a tradiional methool,

sometmes called the classie (ie cycle nudel.
Ln this model, each phase is felly Cumpletd
be for the begining of the next phase
3)7his model Rs Used forthe smal) projeo
Hhe model followsa big-bang approach ,io which
Complete softuare iselivered at the end
the
OP the process in a single vetsion CRoyce 1940)
1estng pat Starts onlyapter the developrmert
fsComplete.br
Avatages oF OF oaterfa) model
this model fs simple f easy to nderstand h se.
Jt is easy o manage due to the Hg id ity of
the model each phase has spe cife deliverables
4 revíeuo poCess.al

)the tequirement Cure Known at the beg in ing

the îng
5)
the proj'ect , hence iA is easy to manage
Ofis ad van tages
DHigb amrunt of Hsk andunceraioty
mo del fs not 90od f r complex
4his eop obje ct
)
oiestedl project.
project
Tt is poor model for long project.
Sf/ewaRnthioyraelisty 0eetal process model P plaoning
M modelîryt
Inoements ( Constucon(ode, te
oelfvery of srd socrerment D) Deployment
Increment 2 D-icE
ePfaTD pelvey of end nChement
OF 1stnCHement
Tsne
h4 nChernertt modet.
 lpate

) the fnCrementa mode combioes +he elements

|model cund they ore applied
co aterfl
in an tertive. fshion
the rst încement io thís mealel is generally
re procletot
submits
Each în cremet buildsthe produet modif
to theustomerfor any suggested
Cationsiee
on the customers
i ) h e next fncrement implements &eguírements io
suggestoos nd add add Hional
the previovs in cHement
) 1hfs protess is repeat d unh) the produot is
fioisbed.
Advateges-dode
lexible because the cost op
his moded fs
development fo louo 4 ini4fal produet eliyery
ont
is fester.
14 fs easier to test and debug duting the
2)
Smal te fterathon
+Disadvataqes
1he Cost of the ffoal roduot many a coSS

the cast estim ate

inHal ly
ahis model toquires a yery Oomplete planning

Rapid Applicahor Developnent -(RAD)

RAD fs Rapid PpplfCation Derelopment
model
ii) Using the RAD mode, sluo product
ime
is devloped
shott short perfod of
he aoRVitystats oith the Communi
Cation betoeen Customer a d
dereloper.
iV) planning deponds apon the fotHal requirement
requinmen ts are divided into
groups
 (jo) Page No, :
-BRamesfh
Date

planning s mote important to wot tog ether

differentmodules
eamO
lCommunication Constchon
modelingDatycomponent
Busines s, teuse

4 process Code, generahor

planning modetg Aesting
Deployneat
Tem2 Jnteqrat
Constucion peliyeny
modeling omponert teusd feed back
PusioessDa
Code, genertan
madeting Testing
Tecm
mocleling Construchoo
Dusiness, Daty Compunent es
fpro ces Code, generan
modeliog
60-90 dys
phases model
) Communicahon
2) planning
3) model ing 4 constnetion
Business modeling (8D)
Data moeleling (pm)s
process modelng (Pm)slnan
Applicaion modeling CAm)
1estfnq 4 7nover (iit
a) peployment
Avontage)
fut application development t deliveny
-leSS Hesing actvity required
Disadvateqes-ogi
- Hiqh SkfIled esoreeS
on each development phase, clients feedbatk equúred
16) Cvolutonary Procass model
Evoluion Deelopmerd is5 based on the iolea of
developing an iothal Pmplenentation ,expodtng.
User Comment 4 tefoing ft though
many Versions (unti an adequate systern ha
been devel oped
) All Cemplex glw system eo lyes over a peDod
time Business t4 product req uiement often
changesas derelopment proceeds.process models.
fllooing ae the eNolutionay
4) The prototyping mode
2) the spiralmelel

prototyping model
Communication
Deplaymenf Gick plan
deler
feedbaak

Csoshuctioo modeling
qulck destg n
OF prototype.
the prototyping model fs one of the mast
popalatly used s)o Development life ayce
moels(SDLe).
Tbis model s used eoben the Qustomers do
not knnO the exaet project hequiements be fore
hand.
') In +his model, a prototy pe. of the end produc
first developod tested and tefhed as per
Qustomer peedback tepeatedly Hil a fnal
accoptance prototype is qchíexed cohich foms
the basis for dexelopg the nat produet
 BKamesh
Page No.
Date :

) prototype model fs a set oe generl obíeotives

st does not fdentif he reguiemest Tked
detaled Sopat ,outpt
vi) 2t fs slw working nodel oF IfmTted
Ifmited Fencionalty
i)
this model, oorking progams are quictly
produ eed
Advantaqes
development po ess oF this modlel usea
are actively fnvowed.
) the developmeot process îs the best platform
to erderstend the sys tem by the user
Disadvanteqes
) 7he client
client fovewement
oot Cons idered by the developer.
) Jt s a sloww pocesg becauses 4 tekes mdre
fne for derelopment.
4-62)sprial model
the spial modl has Pfve phases Cammuniaatian
planning i Rfsk Analysis, mo delin q, Canstuetion
Deploynment
Risk analysis is the mn ast imp ortant citersa considered
fo his molel
3) sprial mode fs tealistic approaoh to evelopment
oP large scale systems and so BecLse
customer t developer better ndestend the psblem
Statement at each evolutfonary lewel.
planning
Cs mmwnicat
modalíng
Deplayment
Construction
 BKamesh
Page No,:
Date

Ahvantoaaes - o ep Spiral model

i) zt educes high amount of rs k
1t s good for large 4 eRtteal projects

Oisadvantaqes
be costy to delop
) 1t is no} usecor Small projeet

Agile proeSS Mode-oiovn

Reqwrement
Gtheinq

faedback toDesiq0 the

Reuiremnents

|Deployment Construetibo
IHeracton
Testing / Qual Pty
ASsuance

fig. Agi le procRss model oa

) Agile is a group oF sho dovel opmen frameDat that

encoUage rapid and fleible response
)they are based on pracice of Herative development
change
where reqwrem ent and sol ion evole ttmUgh
Custoer Collabo ratio.
Nee’
) Agile proCess is an alternaive aTngerment of
Conventona slw derelopment because Conveotona
Slo derel opment system bas many disadataqes
assures gde deirery op SuceessPu s)W
 BRamest
Page Ne. :
Date :

3) Agile Sluo
sl development
derelopment refers
te fers to q qrnup oF Slw
derelop
ment nethodologies based on teraive development,
Dhere Collaboration between slf- organzing
funcional teams
4 the motiyaion of the aqile appoach fs alteady clear
frorn choice of Dame ’
Ag?le means to be Soit or rersatle and
te Fr to rapîd reacion to ehanqes io frameDt
Condition."
Agi le pocess is based on follooing assm ptions
about s]w projects
O 1t is diicl + to prediet the sl req itements
in dvance sim?larly the customer pioiy
oFlen qet chanaed.
24 i5 d íesicult to predit the slo requrements
fo advancesimiloy the custoner priority opteo
g chanqed.
14 is direiclt to predict hoo much desig n
1s necessary before the fmplementaior
Al the slo development acivities such
analusis desian, Construction and testng are just
direicult to prediet
there are vaious Agile pao cess models.
Extteme programming
) adapive slw Development
3) Dynamic Systm Dexlopnent method
Scrum
crystal.
 Date

exteme Progranming
Desiqo

planning Coding

<slw increment testiog

proect Computed
develop
CAhreme progtam ming (xp) is an agile slo
ment frameo that oúms to produce higher
qudity op 1ife for the derelopment team.
) p isthe most speciic of the agile Fremeorks
reqarding appro priate enginteriog
When Appicable
i) Dynanic ohanging slw req rements.
i) Ri ks Caused by fxed time
projects using
technology
iD) sml), co-lo cated extended erel op ment team.
iv) hetechnology you te using al )os for
CuLtomated unit funation al trusts

Advanages
Contioous mesurement
Jncremnental Development
) simple Desig
iv) Qontinqus Revieus
Business changes
1fmely peliveny
Dis ad vontaqes
)xp has lack
lack Of
of stnchure
stchure 44 Cessary docmentat
necessory
be ery inefrent.
 JRamnesf
Puge e.
Date

J 2
Ad aptive slw pevelopment

speculation
glease lol
collaboretion
HLearning

) Adaptive slw derelopment CAsD) has been proposed

by Jim High Smith 4 Sarm technique for
Bayer
the purpase of developing Compley slw as oel|
ds System.
the main foCus op AsD is on human ol|aboraíon
)
4team slf. organization they deine 33maun phaser
is AsD hese are spe culation Collabo ration
Learoinq.

O speculaion
Duioq this phase projeet is init ated cnd planning
is Conducted
the prfect plan uses prejeat initiatfon Tnformatin
Iike pject requements User needs Custom er
míssfoo statment,ec , to ole Pine a set oP
release cycles that the prject wants

Collaboration
- 2t fs the dipiclt part op AsD cs it needs the
Workers to be motivated
at collaborates Co mmunjcation ond teamusk
but enphasi2 es îodivid
fodiidual
ua fsm
ism Cs fodividual
Creativity plays major ole in cheative
thioking
 BRasesj

Learning
oyeresinate of
he Worters may have an
whtch
their Cunderstanding of the techno]ogy
resul4
desired
may Dot ead to the
he learoing proceSS fes io 3 days
L) Fo Cus grdups
1)
Technical revies
s) Phject pastmortem

Advantaqes
) Qustomer ocus
Continuous Delivery
3) aly pob le peecion
) t o n g T e a m DoTk

Disadyantaqes
) Req íres Higb leve op Ski)
2) changing Requ ey en t
3) customer Avai )abi)ity -
) cu tra shipt

1-43
Release
spiot
1sprint Revieo
Backog
produet sprint
Backlog Retospecive
Scru
 8 -BKarnesf
Date

Scrum s an agile fremerk for manqging kobwledqe

oork cuitt Cun emphasis on slu deredopment
24 is des igned for
for teams of hree to nine members
who break their uwork into a etions that can be
completa withio ine boxed ?teraction Called
spints" longer than one montt cund
most Commonly two weekst than rack prrgreS SeS
and teplan în 1s minutes stnd up meehng
Called ololy S r u s
Srm dsks why loes it take so long ound so
much e Pforts to o sheff, And why aure we
60 bad at fiquñng t bouw tong cnd bw mucb
ePForts thinqs win take.

Derelopment Achivitfes -
BackJoq->
t is basícally a list of project tequrement
or features that must be proviled to the customer.

spriot’
7hase are the work nt that cre
needed to chiene the reguirements mention ed
the backlog.

meetinqs ’
ahese are 1s minutes aily meetngs
to teport the Completcd achiviHhes obstacles and
for nert actvites,
plan

Demo
Duing this phase, the slud inccment is
keprrt he delivered to the custon er the implemented
functionlity ohfch fs demonstrated to the cus tomer.
 (19) Page Mo
Date

CD.SDm)
Dynam) c System pevelopment mnethod

elexibilityk
amplementaton
feunchiona mode]
1teratioo
Dasiqn and Build
Jteration

Ds pm îs aso calledqS Pines for busin ess

purpase S i Spports incemental process model
pooty ping qs. wellas rapid so alevelopment
pproach.
Fequitement Cure bqseinedat a bigh
Dspm
lerel earty în the project
Reqtements plonned nd delivered in sh ort
ffxed time -boxes r also re Pered to aS
lengt
terations and req urements , for DSpM Prjects
Pnoitze using Mosco ue wbich is stated

M must have equrements

S shold bawe ip at all possib)e
Cold bave b t ot cit Cal
not bawe this fme, b t potntilly
later
DSDM Life cyele dene three iteraive life eycle
proceeds by tuoo addifon al 1ife cy ole

bilfty study- 1t Col||ects

feasibi collects l the tequrements
Conshraiots ith tha requrements foom the
user. 1t cheks hether that requirements e eas)ble
 -BRamesh
90) Pagc No

ausio ess study- t collects a fo formation about the

business th at wofl| alloD applicaton to business
ralue zt also fnds out all tequirements regatding
mauntalability of the pplicatio to be dereloped.

funchonal mode teration produces a set of înHemental

prototypes that demonstate funchonality for the
Custorn er The main îotens Tun of these funchion al
model teration îoto ao|\ect oll informaion from
Customers ound end uses of al) fe cionity of
prjects is to be developed

Design Cund build teraion- Here it a ccepts. fofornation

from fruneional model iteratoo and esign the pryjec

Lmplementation - Jt pla ces deweloped slw into

Customers site if any focrement is not fund
Conh nosly check the maintenance
System
1i45 erys CRISTAL
method Team.sj2e prject size
Crystal lear people or lesS Smal) pnjedt
7-20 peoplelo Sml| to medium
cysta! yell0
20-40 people medium
ryst ornqe
Red 40-90peoplenedium-larqe
Chystal maroon 8o -200 people Carge
Crystal piaumond Ney leree team vey latq e profect
aryatal sapphire (200+ people) with high
criticality
 -BRamesh
Page No. :
LDate

Dhe pimay goal op this methed is to eliver

UsePull and worting slw
i) n hiS model, aset o mettbod ologies or
define which conteo the Cote elements that
Comon 4o al)
tbus the cys tal family s actually a set oe
processes that ae wefu for dirferent
Cgile
ty pes oF Projecs.
i ) h e agile 4cam has to select the membes or
+he cystal femily that is mast aPpropiate
for their ongoing project f environment.

Agile unified ProcesS (Aup) -

3ncepton phase
elaboratíon phase
phases
Constuckon phase
Treuns ition phase
AUP fs a lighteíght, teratiy e and adaptble
s/w deelopmert methodology tht Combines the
best pra ctices Of agile dereloprnent oith the
diseiplined approa ch of he unified process

AUP is olesigned to deliver bigh- quality slw that

meets the changing needs of he Stakehololers
S0 an efficient and e ffechve mannen
 -BRemesh
( Page No. t
Date :

ncepoo phase The -

The Incepibn phase is the
foHal phase of the projeet , wbere 4he scope
objeciyes andrcqurements of the projeet a r e
defined,

elaborahon phase - hehe elaboraton phase fs the

most crittcal phase of
project, whee 4he
the
requrenents analyzed, desiq ned and validatcd,

5) Construction phase The construction phagefs th

phase Dhere the actual coding testng aLn
iotegratisn of the slw take pla ce.

4)rensitionphase - Tbe t ransitio phase is the

fioa phase of the Project where the sw is
deplDyed and delivered to the Stakeholders.

Advastages
) Flexibi l?by
2) High- Quaity slw
e) faser ine-to-market
4) ncreased collaboraioo

DisacvantageS
Lack oF Do Cumentfons
) Limited salability
) Dependen Team ex períence
4) Lack of fomal procesS