51 GCD

52 GE STEP
53 HEX2DEC
54 HLOOKUP
55 HOUR
56 IF
57 INDEX
58 INDIRECT
59 INFO
60 INSTANT CHARTS
61 INT
62 ISBLANK
63 ISERR
64 ISERROR
65 ISEVEN
66 ISLOGICAL
67 ISNA
68 ISNONTEXT
69 ISNUMBER
70 ISODD
71 ISREF
72 ISTEXT
73 LARGE
74 LCM
75 LEFT
76 LEN
77 LOOKUP(ARRAY)
78 LOOKUP(VECTOR)
79 LOWER
80 MATCH
81 MAX
82 MEDIAN
83 MID
84 MIN
85 MINUTE
86 MMULT
87 MOD
88 MODE
89 MONTH
90 MROUND
91 N
92 NA
93 NETWORKDAYS
94 NOT
95 NOW
96 ODD
97 OR
98 ORDERING STOCK
99 PERCENTAGES
100 PERMUT
101 PI
102 POWER
103 PRODUCT
104 PROPER
105 QUARTILE
106 QUOTIENT
107 RAND
108 RANDBETWEEN
109 RANK
110 REPLACE
111 REPT
112 RIGHT
113 ROMAN
114 ROUND
115 ROUNDDOWN
116 ROUNDUP
117 SECOND
118 SHOW ALL FORMULA
119 SIGN
120 SLN
121 SMALL
122 SPLIT FORNAME SURENAME
123 STDEV
124 STDEVP
125 SUBSTITUTE
126 SUM
127 SUM AS RUNNING TOTAL
128 SUM USING NAMES
129 SUM WITH OFFSET
130 SUMIF
131 SUMPRODUCT
132 SYD
133 T
134 TEXT
135 TIME
136 TIME CALCULATION
137 TIMEVALUE
138 TODAY
139 TRANSPOSE
140 TREND
141 TRIM
142 TRUNC
143 UPPER
144 VALUE
145 VAR
146 VARP
147 VLOOKUP
148 WEEKDAY
149 WORKDAY
150 YEAR
151 YEARFRAC
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4

THIS IS AUTO SUM SHORTCUT KEY OK

5 5

=SUM(D31:J31)/COUNTA(D31:J31) AVERAGE FORMULA

6 6

This function converts a binary number to decimal. OK

7 7

Mathematically speaking the * and / are more important than + and - . OK

The * and / operations will be calculated before + and - .
8 8
OK
UNDERSTAND
TRUCKS EXAMPLES
Table 1
Units To Truck Trucks
Item Be Moved Capacity Needed
Bricks 1000 300 3.33 =D45/E45
Wood 5000 600 8.33 =D46/E46
Cement 2000 350 5.71 =D47/E47

Table 2 shows how the =CEILING() function has been used to round up the result of
the division to a whole number, and thus given the exact amount of trucks needed.

Table 2
Units To Truck Trucks
Item Be Moved Capacity Needed
Bricks 1000 300 4 =CEILING(D54/E54,1)
Wood 5000 600 9 =CEILING(D55/E55,1)
Cement 2000 350 6 =CEILING(D56/E56,1)
 PRICE OF 4.99

p the result of
rucks needed.

G(D54/E54,1)
G(D55/E55,1)
G(D56/E56,1)
9 9
10 10
11 11

IF RELATED - CHOOSE FUNCTION

12 12

Dirty Text Clean Text

Hello Hello =CLEAN(C4)
Hello Hello =CLEAN(C5)
Hello Hello =CLEAN(C6)

What Does It Do?

This function removes any nonprintable characters from text.
These nonprinting characters are often found in data which has been imported
from other systems such as database imports from mainframes.

Syntax
=CLEAN(TextToBeCleaned)
13 13

Letter ANSI Code

A 65 =CODE(C4)
B 66 =CODE(C5)
C 67 =CODE(C6)
a 97 =CODE(C7)
b 98 =CODE(C8)
c 99 =CODE(C9)
Alan 65 =CODE(C10)
Bob 66 =CODE(C11)
Carol 67 =CODE(C12)

What Does It Do?

This function shows the ANSI value of a single character, or the first character in a piece
of text.
The ANSI character set is used by Windows to identify each keyboard character by using
a unique number.
There are 255 characters in the ANSI set.

Syntax
=CODE(Text)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed, the result will be shown as a number between 1 and 255.

Example
See the example for FREQUENCY.

1 26 51 3 76 L 101 e 126 ~ 151 — 176 ° 201 É 226 â 251 û

2 27 52 4 77 M 102 f 127  152 ˜ 177 ± 202 Ê 227 ã 252 ü
3 28 53 5 78 N 103 g 128 € 153 ™ 178 ² 203 Ë 228 ä 253 ý
4 29 54 6 79 O 104 h 129  154 š 179 ³ 204 Ì 229 å 254 þ
5 30 55 7 80 P 105 i 130 ‚ 155 › 180 ´ 205 Í 230 æ 255 ÿ
6 31 56 8 81 Q 106 j 131 ƒ 156 œ 181 µ 206 Î 231 ç
7 32 57 9 82 R 107 k 132 „ 157  182 ¶ 207 Ï 232 è
8 33 ! 58 : 83 S 108 l 133 … 158 ž 183 · 208 Ð 233 é
9 34 " 59 ; 84 T 109 m 134 † 159 Ÿ 184 ¸ 209 Ñ 234 ê
10 35 # 60 < 85 U 110 n 135 ‡ 160 185 ¹ 210 Ò 235 ë
11 36 $ 61 = 86 V 111 o 136 ˆ 161 ¡ 186 º 211 Ó 236 ì
12 37 % 62 > 87 W 112 p 137 ‰ 162 ¢ 187 » 212 Ô 237 í
13 38 & 63 ? 88 X 113 q 138 Š 163 £ 188 ¼ 213 Õ 238 î
14 39 ' 64 @ 89 Y 114 r 139 ‹ 164 ¤ 189 ½ 214 Ö 239 ï
15 40 ( 65 A 90 Z 115 s 140 Œ 165 ¥ 190 ¾ 215 × 240 ð
16 41 ) 66 B 91 [ 116 t 141  166 ¦ 191 ¿ 216 Ø 241 ñ
17 42 * 67 C 92 \ 117 u 142 Ž 167 § 192 À 217 Ù 242 ò
18 43 + 68 D 93 ] 118 v 143  168 ¨ 193 Á 218 Ú 243 ó
19 44 , 69 E 94 ^ 119 w 144  169 © 194  219 Û 244 ô
12 37 % 62 > 87 W 112 p 137 ‰ 162 ¢ 187 » 212 Ô 237 í
13 38 & 63 ? 88 X 113 q 138 Š 163 £ 188 ¼ 213 Õ 238 î
14 39 ' 64 @ 89 Y 114 r 139 ‹ 164 ¤ 189 ½ 214 Ö 239 ï
15 40 ( 65 A 90 Z 115 s 140 Œ 165 ¥ 190 ¾ 215 × 240 ð
16 41 ) 66 B 91 [ 116 t 141  166 ¦ 191 ¿ 216 Ø 241 ñ
17 42 * 67 C 92 \ 117 u 142 Ž 167 § 192 À 217 Ù 242 ò
18 43 + 68 D 93 ] 118 v 143  168 ¨ 193 Á 218 Ú 243 ó
19 44 , 69 E 94 ^ 119 w 144  169 © 194  219 Û 244 ô
20 45 - 70 F 95 _ 120 x 145 ‘ 170 ª 195 Ã 220 Ü 245 õ
21 46 . 71 G 96 ` 121 y 146 ’ 171 « 196 Ä 221 Ý 246 ö
22 47 / 72 H 97 a 122 z 147 “ 172 ¬ 197 Å 222 Þ 247 ÷
23 48 0 73 I 98 b 123 { 148 ” 173 ­ 198 Æ 223 ß 248 ø
24 49 1 74 J 99 c 124 | 149 • 174 ® 199 Ç 224 à 249 ù
25 50 2 75 K 100 d 125 } 150 – 175 ¯ 200 È 225 á 250 ú
14 14

Pool Of Items Items In A Group Possible Groups

4 2 6 =COMBIN(C4,D4)
4 3 4 =COMBIN(C5,D5)
26 2 325 =COMBIN(C6,D6)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the highest number of combinations available based upon
a fixed number of items.
The internal order of the combination does not matter, so AB is the same as BA.

Syntax
=COMBIN(HowManyItems,GroupSize)

Formatting
No special formatting is required.

Example 1
This example calculates the possible number of pairs of letters available
from the four characters ABCD.

Total Characters Group Size Combinations

4 2 6 =COMBIN(C25,D25)

The proof ! The four letters : ABCD

Pair 1 AB
Pair 2 AC
Pair 3 AD
Pair 4 BC
Pair 5 BD
Pair 6 CD

Example 2
A decorator is asked to design a colour scheme for a new office.
The decorator is given five colours to work with, but can only use three in any scheme.
How many colours schemes can be created ?

Available Colours Colours Per Scheme Totals Schemes

5 3 10 =COMBIN(C41,D41)

The colours
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow
Black

Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3 Scheme 4

Red Red Red Red
Green Green Green Blue
Blue Yellow Black Yellow

Scheme 6 Scheme 7 Scheme 8 Scheme 9

Green Green Green Blue
Blue Blue Yellow Yellow
Yellow Black Black Black
 6
4
325
Scheme 5
Red
Blue
Black

Scheme 10
??????
15 15
16 16

Amount
To Converting Converting Converted
Convert From To Amount
1 in cm 2.54 =CONVERT(C4,D4,E4)
1 ft m 0.3048 =CONVERT(C5,D5,E5)
1 yd m 0.9144 =CONVERT(C6,D6,E6)

1 yr day 365.25 =CONVERT(C8,D8,E8)

1 day hr 24 =CONVERT(C9,D9,E9)
1.5 hr mn 90 =CONVERT(C10,D10,E10)
0.5 mn sec 30 =CONVERT(C11,D11,E11)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a value measure in one type of unit, to the same value expressed
in a different type of unit, such as Inches to Centimetres.

Syntax
=CONVERT(AmountToConvert,UnitToConvertFrom,UnitToConvertTo)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by an Import / Exporting company to convert the weight
and size of packages from old style UK measuring system to European system.

Pounds Ounces Kilograms

Weight 5 3 2.353010419
=CONVERT(D28,"lbm","kg")+CONVERT(E28,"ozm","kg")

Feet Inches Metres

Height 12 6 3.81
Length 8 3 2.5146
Width 5 2 1.5748
=CONVERT(D34,"ft","m")+CONVERT(E34,"in","m")

Abbreviations
This is a list of all the possible abbreviations which can be used to denote measuring systems.

Weight & Mass Distance

Gram g Meter m
Kilogram kg Statute mile mi
Slug sg Nautical mile Nmi
Pound mas lbm Inch in
U (atomic u Foot ft
Ounce mas ozm Yard yd
Angstrom ang
Time Pica (1/72 in.) Pica
Year yr
Day day Pressure
Hour hr Pascal Pa
Minute mn Atmosphere atm
Second sec mm of Mercur mmHg

Temperature Liquid
Degree Cel C Teaspoon tsp
Degree Fah F Tablespoon tbs
Degree Kel K Fluid ounce oz
Cup cup
Force Pint pt
Newton N Quart qt
Dyne dyn Gallon gal
Pound forc lbf Liter l

Energy Power
Joule J Horsepower HP
Erg e Watt W
Thermody
namic
calorie c
IT calorie cal Magnetism
Electron vo eV Tesla T
Horsepowe HPh Gauss ga
Watt-hour Wh
Foot-poun flb
BTU BTU

These characters can be used as a prefix to access further units of measure.

Using "c" as a prefix to meters "m" will allow centimetres "cm" to be calculated.

Prefix Multiplier Abbreviation Prefix MultiplierAbbreviation

exa 1.00E+18 E deci 1.00E-01 d
peta 1.00E+15 P centi 1.00E-02 c
tera 1.00E+12 T milli 1.00E-03 m
giga 1.00E+09 G micro 1.00E-06 u
mega 1.00E+06 M nano 1.00E-09 n
kilo 1.00E+03 k pico 1.00E-12 p
hecto 1.00E+02 h femto 1.00E-15 f
dekao 1.00E+01 e atto 1.00E-18 a
 2.54
0.3048
0.9144

365.25
24
90
30
17 17

Table 1 Table 2
Air Cond Advertising
Month Avg Temp Sales Costs Sales
Jan 20 100 £2,000 £20,000
Feb 30 200 £1,000 £30,000
Mar 30 300 £5,000 £20,000
Apr 40 200 £1,000 £40,000
May 50 400 £8,000 £40,000
Jun 50 400 £1,000 £20,000

Correlation 0.864 Correlation

28%
=CORREL(D5:D10,E5:E10) =CORREL(G5:G10,H5:H10)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines two sets of data to determine the degree of relationship
between the two sets.
The result will be a decimal between 0 and 1.
The larger the result, the greater the correlation.

In Table 1 the Monthly temperature is compared against the Sales of air conditioning units.
The correlation shows that there is an 0.864 realtionship between the data.

In Table 2 the Cost of advertising has been compared to Sales.

It can be formatted as percentage % to show a more meaning full result.
The correlation shows that there is an 28% realtionship between the data.

Syntax
=CORREL(Range1,Range2)

Formatting
The result will normally be shown in decimal format.
18 18
19 19

Entries To Be Counted Count

10 20 30 3 =COUNTA(C4:E4)
10 0 30 3 =COUNTA(C5:E5)
10 -20 30 3 =COUNTA(C6:E6)
10 1-Jan-88 30 3 =COUNTA(C7:E7)
10 21:30 30 3 =COUNTA(C8:E8)
10 0.803051 30 3 =COUNTA(C9:E9)
10 30 2 =COUNTA(C10:E10)
10 Hello 30 3 =COUNTA(C11:E11)
10 #DIV/0! 30 3 =COUNTA(C12:E12)

What Does It Do ?
This function counts the number of numeric or text entries in a list.
It will ignore blanks.

Syntax
=COUNTA(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a school to keep track of the examinations taken by each pupil.
Each exam passed was graded as 1, 2 or 3.
A failure was entered as Fail.

The school needed to known how many pupils sat each exam.
The school also needed to know how many exams were taken by each pupil.

The =COUNTA() function has been used because of its ability to count text and numeric entries.

Exams
Maths English Art History Taken
By Each
Pupil
Alan Fail 1 2
Bob 2 1 3 3
Carol 1 1 1 3
David Fail Fail 2
Elaine 1 3 2 Fail 4
=COUNTA(D39:G39)
How many pupils sat each Exam.
Maths English Art History
 4 3 5 2
=COUNTA(D35:D39)
A(D39:G39)
20 20

Range To Test Blanks

1 2 =COUNTBLANK(C4:C11)
Hello
3
0

1-Jan-98

What Does It Do ?
This function counts the number of blank cells in a range.

Syntax
=COUNTBLANK(RangeToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a company which was balloting its workers on whether
the company should have a no smoking policy.
Each of the departments in the various factories were questioned.
The response to the question could be Y or N.
As the results of the vote were collated they were entered in to the table.
The =COUNTBLANK() function has been used to calculate the number of departments which
have no yet registered a vote.

Admin Accounts Production Personnel

Factory 1 Y N
Factory 2 Y Y N
Factory 3
Factory 4 N N N
Factory 5 Y Y
Factory 6 Y Y Y N
Factory 7 N Y
Factory 8 N N Y Y
Factory 9 Y
Factory 10 Y N Y

Votes not vet registered : 16 =COUNTBLANK(C32:F41)

Votes for Yes : 14 =COUNTIF(C32:F41,"Y")

Votes for No : 10 =COUNTIF(C32:F41,"N")
21 21

Item Date Cost

Brakes 1-Jan-98 80
Tyres 10-May-98 25
Brakes 1-Feb-98 80
Service 1-Mar-98 150
Service 5-Jan-98 300
Window 1-Jun-98 50
Tyres 1-Apr-98 200
Tyres 1-Mar-98 100
Clutch 1-May-98 250

How many Brake Shoes Have been bought. 2 =COUNTIF(C4:C12,"Brakes")

How many Tyres have been bought. 3 =COUNTIF(C4:C12,"Tyres")
How many items cost £100 or above. 5 =COUNTIF(E4:E12,">=100")

Type the name of the item to count. service 2 =COUNTIF(C4:C12,E18)

What Does It Do ?
This function counts the number of items which match criteria set by the user.

Syntax
=COUNTIF(RangeOfThingsToBeCounted,CriteriaToBeMatched)
The criteria can be typed in any of the following ways.
To match a specific number type the number, such as =COUNTIF(A1:A5, 100)
To match a piece of text type the text in quotes, such as =COUNTIF(A1:A5, "Hello")
To match using operators surround the expression with quotes, such as =COUNTIF(A1:A5, ">100")

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
F(A1:A5, ">100")
22 22

Day Month Year Date

25 12 99 12/25/99 =DATE(E4,D4,C4)
25 12 99 25-Dec-99 =DATE(E5,D5,C5)
33 12 99 January 2, 2000 =DATE(E6,D6,C6)

What Does It Do?

This function creates a real date by using three normal numbers typed into separate cells.

Syntax
=DATE(year,month,day)

Formatting
The result will normally be displayed in the dd/mm/yy format.
By using the Format,Cells,Number,Date command the format can be changed.
23 23

FirstDate SecondDate Interval Difference

1-Jan-60 10-May-70 days 3782 =DATEDIF(C4,D4,"d")
1-Jan-60 10-May-70 months 124 =DATEDIF(C5,D5,"m")
1-Jan-60 10-May-70 years 10 =DATEDIF(C6,D6,"y")
1-Jan-60 10-May-70 yeardays 130 =DATEDIF(C7,D7,"yd")
1-Jan-60 10-May-70 yearmonths 4 =DATEDIF(C8,D8,"ym")
1-Jan-60 10-May-70 monthdays 9 =DATEDIF(C9,D9,"md")

What Does It Do?

This function calculates the difference between two dates.
It can show the result in weeks, months or years.

Syntax
=DATEDIF(FirstDate,SecondDate,"Interval")
FirstDate : This is the earliest of the two dates.
SecondDate : This is the most recent of the two dates.
"Interval" : This indicates what you want to calculate.
These are the available intervals.
"d" Days between the two dates.
"m" Months between the two dates.
"y" Years between the two dates.
"yd" Days between the dates, as if the dates were in the same year.
"ym" Months between the dates, as if the dates were in the same year.
"md" Days between the two dates, as if the dates were in the same month and year.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Birth date : 1-Jan-60

Years lived : 65 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")

and the months : 8 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")
and the days : 6 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")

You can put this all together in one calculation, which creates a text version.
Age is 65 Years, 8 Months and 6 Days
="Age is "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")&" Years, "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")&" Months and "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")&" Days"
IF(C4,D4,"d")
IF(C5,D5,"m")
IF(C6,D6,"y")
IF(C7,D7,"yd")
IF(C8,D8,"ym")
IF(C9,D9,"md")

e same year.
he same month and year.

8,TODAY(),"md")&" Days"
24 24

Date Date Value

25-dec-99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C4)
25/12/99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C5)
25-dec-99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C6)
25/12/99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C7)

What Does It Do?

The function is used to convert a piece of text into a date which can be used in calculations.
Dates expressed as text are often created when data is imported from other programs, such as
exports from mainframe computers.

Syntax
=DATEVALUE(text)

Formatting
The result will normally be shown as a number which represents the date. This number can
be formatted to any of the normal date formats by using Format,Cells,Number,Date.

Example
The example uses the =DATEVALUE and the =TODAY functions to calculate the number of
days remaining on a property lease.

The =DATEVALUE function was used because the date has been entered in the cell as
a piece of text, probably after being imported from an external program.

Expiry Days Until

Property Ref. Date Expiry
BC100 25-dec-99 -9388
FG700 10-july/99 Err:502
TD200 13-sep-98 -9856
HJ900 30/5/2000 Err:502
=DATEVALUE(E32)-TODAY()
25 25
 26 26

Full Date The Day

### 25 =DAY(C4)
7-Sep-25 Sat 6 =DAY(C5)
7-Sep-25 7 =DAY(C6)

What Does It Do?

This function extracts the day of the month from a complete date.

Syntax
=DAY(value)

Formatting
Normally the result will be a number, but this can be formatted to show the actual
day of the week by using Format,Cells,Number,Custom and using the code ddd or dddd.

Example
The =DAY function has been used to calculate the name of the day for your birthday.

ease enter your date of birth in the format dd/mm/yy : 3/25/1962

You were born on : Wednesday 24 =DAY(F21)
3/25/1962 Wed 24
27 27

StartDate EndDate Days Between * See the Note below.

1-Jan-98 5-Jan-98 4 =DAYS360(C4,D4,TRUE) #VALUE!
1-Jan-98 1-Feb-98 30 =DAYS360(C5,D5,TRUE)
1-Jan-98 ### 89 =DAYS360(C6,D6,TRUE)
1-Jan-98 ### 359 =DAYS360(C7,D7,TRUE)

What Does It Do?

Shows the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year (twelve 30-day months).
Use this function if your accounting system is based on twelve 30-day months.

Syntax
=DAYS360(StartDate,EndDate,TRUE of FALSE)
TRUE : Use this for European accounting systems.
FALSE : Use this for USA accounting systems.

Formatting
The result will be shown as a number.

Note
The calculation does not include the last day. The result of using 1-Jan-98 and 5-Jan-98 will
give a result of 4. To correct this add 1 to the result. =DAYS360(Start,End,TRUE)+1
28 28

Purchase Price : £5,000

Life in Years : 5
Salvage value : £200
OK
Year Deprecation
1 £2,375.00 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D8) $2,375.00
2 £1,246.88 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D9) $1,246.88
3 £654.61 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D10) $654.61
4 £343.67 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D11) $343.67
5 £180.43 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D12) $180.43

Total Depreciation : £4,800.58 * See example 4 below. $4,800.58

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates depreciation based upon a fixed percentage.
The first year is depreciated by the fixed percentage.
The second year uses the same percentage, but uses the original value of the item less
the first years depreciation.
Any subsequent years use the same percentage, using the original value of the item less
the depreciation of the previous years.
The percentage used in the depreciation is not set by the user, the function calculates
the necessary percentage, which will be vary based upon the values inputted by the user.

An additional feature of this function is the ability to take into account when the item was
originally purchased.
If the item was purchased part way through the financial year, the first years depreciation
will be based on the remaining part of the year.

Syntax
=DB(PurchasePrice,SalvageValue,Life,PeriodToCalculate,FirstYearMonth)
The FirstYearMonth is the month in which the item was purchased during the
first financial year. This is an optional value, if it not used the function will assume 12 as
the value.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
This example shows the percentage used in the depreciation.
Year 1 depreciation is based upon the original Purchase Price alone.
Year 2 depreciation is based upon the original Purchase Price minus Year 1 deprecation.
Year 3 deprecation is based upon original Purchase Price minus Year 1 + Year 2 deprecation.
The % Deprc has been calculated purely to demonstrate what % is being used.
 Purchase Price : £5,000
Salvage value : £1,000
Life in Years : 5

Year Deprecation % Deprc

1 £1,375.00 27.50%
2 £996.88 27.50%
3 £722.73 27.50%
4 £523.98 27.50%
5 £379.89 27.50%
=DB(E47,E48,E49,D56)

Total Depreciation : £3,998.48

Example 2
This example is similar to the previous, with the exception of the deprecation being calculated
on a monthly basis. This has been done by multiplying the years by 12.

Purchase Price : £5,000

Life in Years : £5
Salvage value : 100

Month Deprecation
56 £8.79
57 £8.24
58 £7.72
59 £7.23
60 £6.78
=DB(E66,E68,E67*12,D75)

Example 3
This example shows how the length of the first years ownership has been taken into account.

Purchase Price : £5,000

Life in Years : 5
Salvage value : £1,000
First Year Ownership In Months : 6

Year Deprecation % Deprc

1 £687.50 13.75%
2 £1,185.94 27.50%
3 £859.80 27.50%
 4 £623.36 27.50%
5 £451.93 27.50%
=DB(E74,E76,E75,D84,E77)

Total Depreciation : £3,808.54

Why Is The Answer Wrong ?

In all of the examples above the total depreceation may not be exactly the expected value.
This is due to the way in which the percentage value for the depreceation has been calculated
by the =DB() fumction.
The percentage rate is calculated by Execl using the formula = 1 - ((salvage / cost) ^ (1 / life)).
The result of this calculation is then rounded to three decimal places.
Although this rounding may only make a minor change to the percentage rate, when applied
to large values, the differnce is compounded resulting in what could be considered as
approximate values for the the depreceation.

Example 4
This example has been created with both the Excel calculated percentage and the 'real'
percentage calculated manually.
The Excel Deprecation uses the =DB() function.
The Real Deprecation uses a manual calculation.

This is the 'real' deprecation percentage, calculated manually : 27.522034%

=1-((E117/E116)^(1/E118))
Purchase Price : £5,000 = 1 - ((salvage / cost) ^ (1 / life)).
Salvage value : £1,000
Life in Years : 5

Excel Real Excel

Year Deprecation Depreciation % Deprc
1 £1,375.0000 £1,376.1017 27.500%
2 £996.8750 £997.3705 27.500%
3 £722.7344 £722.8739 27.500%
4 £523.9824 £523.9243 27.500%
5 £379.8873 £379.7297 27.500%

Total Depreciation : £3,998.48 £4,000.00

Error difference : £1.52

$170.00
g calculated
n calculated
29 29
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon £4.50 4 3 £54.00
Neon 100 2000 Horizon £2.00 15 2 £60.00
Spot 60 £0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam £0.80 25 6 £120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon £0.20 40 3 £24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon £1.25 10 4 £50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon £2.50 15 1 £37.50
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam £0.50 10 3 £15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam £5.00 3 2 £30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam £1.80 20 5 £180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam £0.25 10 5 £12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon £0.20 25 2 £10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam £0.15 25 1 £3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam £0.20 30 2 £12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon £0.80 10 5 £40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon £0.10 20 5 £10.00

Count the number of products of a particular Brand which have a Life Hours rating.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Type the brand name : Horizon

The COUNT value of Horizon is : 7 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,D3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and counts the values in a specified column.
It can only count values, the text items and blank cells are ignored.

Syntax
=DCOUNT(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to Count, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
Examples

The count of a particular product, with a specific number of boxes in stock.

Boxes In
Product Stock
Bulb 5

The number of products is : 3 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,H3,E50:F51)

This is the same calculation but using the name "Boxes In Stock" instead of the cell address.

3 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,"Boxes In Stock",E50:F51)

The count of the number of Bulb products equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

The count is : 2 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,"Boxes In Stock",E61:F62)

The count of Bulb products between two Wattage values.

Product Wattage Wattage

Bulb >=80 <=100

The count is : 4 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,"Boxes In Stock",E68:G69)

30 30
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon £4.50 4 3 £54.00
Neon 100 2000 Horizon £2.00 15 2 £60.00
Spot 60 £0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam £0.80 25 6 £120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon £0.20 40 3 £24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon £1.25 10 4 £50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon £2.50 15 1 £37.50
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam £0.50 10 3 £15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam £5.00 3 2 £30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam £1.80 20 5 £180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam £0.25 10 5 £12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon £0.20 25 2 £10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam £0.15 25 1 £3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam £0.20 30 2 £12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon £0.80 10 5 £40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon £0.10 20 5 £10.00

Count the number of products of a particular Brand.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Type the brand name : Horizon

The COUNT value of Horizon is : 8 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,E3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and counts the non blank cells in a specified column.
It counts values and text items, but blank cells are ignored.

Syntax
=DCOUNTA(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to Count, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
Examples

The count of a product with an unknown Life Hours value.

Product Life Hours

Bulb unknown

The number of products is : 1 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,D3,E50:F51)

This is the same calculation but using the name "Life Hours" instead of the cell address.

1 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,"Life Hours",E50:F51)

The count of the number of particular product of a specific brand.

Product Brand
Bulb Horizon

The count is : 5 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,"Product",E61:F62)

The count of particular products from specific brands.

Product Brand
Spot Horizon
Neon Sunbeam

The count is : 3 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,"Product",E68:F70)

31 31

Decimal NuBinary Equivalent

0 0 =DEC2BIN(C4)
1 1 =DEC2BIN(C5)
2 10 =DEC2BIN(C6)
3 11 =DEC2BIN(C7)
511 111111111 =DEC2BIN(C8)
512 Err:502 =DEC2BIN(C9)
-1 1111111111 =DEC2BIN(C10)
-2 1111111110 =DEC2BIN(C11)
-3 1111111101 =DEC2BIN(C12)
-511 1000000001 =DEC2BIN(C13)
-512 1000000000 =DEC2BIN(C14)

Decimal Nu Places To Pad Binary Equivalent

1 1 1 =DEC2BIN(C17,D17)
1 2 01 =DEC2BIN(C18,D18)
1 3 001 =DEC2BIN(C19,D19)
1 9 000000001 =DEC2BIN(C20,D20)
-1 1 111111111 =DEC2BIN(C21,D21)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a decimal number to its binary equivalent.
It can only cope with decimals ranging from -512 to 511.
The result can be padded with leading 0 zeros, although this is ignored for negatives.

Syntax
=DEC2BIN(DecimalNumber,PlacesToPad)
The PlacesToPad is optional.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
32 32

Decimal Number Hexadecimal

0 0 =DEC2HEX(C4)
1 1 =DEC2HEX(C5)
2 2 =DEC2HEX(C6)
3 3 =DEC2HEX(C7)
25 19 =DEC2HEX(C8)
26 1A =DEC2HEX(C9)
27 1B =DEC2HEX(C10)
28 1C =DEC2HEX(C11)
-1 FFFFFFFFFF =DEC2HEX(C12)
-2 FFFFFFFFFE =DEC2HEX(C13)
-3 FFFFFFFFFD =DEC2HEX(C14)
-2 FFFFFFFFFE =DEC2HEX(C15)
-1 FFFFFFFFFF =DEC2HEX(C16)
549,755,813,887 7FFFFFFFFF =DEC2HEX(C17)
-549,755,813,888 8000000000 =DEC2HEX(C18)
549,755,813,888 Err:502 =DEC2HEX(C19)
-549,755,813,889 Err:502 =DEC2HEX(C20)

Decimal Number Places To PadHexadecimal

1 1 1 =DEC2HEX(C23,D23)
1 2 01 =DEC2HEX(C24,D24)
26 3 01A =DEC2HEX(C25,D25)
26 9 00000001A =DEC2HEX(C26,D26)
-26 1 FFFFFFE6 =DEC2HEX(C27,D27)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a decimal number to its hexadecimal equivalent.
It can only cope with decimals ranging from -549,755,813,888 to 549,755,813,887.
The result can be padded with leading 0 zeros, although this is ignored for negatives.

Syntax
=DEC2HEX(DecimalNumber,PlacesToPad)
The PlacesToPad is optional.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
33 33

Number1 Number2 Delta

10 20 0 =DELTA(C4,D4)
50 50 1 =DELTA(C5,D5)
17.5 17.5 1 =DELTA(C6,D6)
17.5 18 1 =DELTA(C7,D7)
17.50% 0.175 1 =DELTA(C8,D8)
Hello Hello #VALUE! =DELTA(C9,D9)
1 =DELTA(C10,D10)

What Does It Do ?
This function compares two values and tests whether they are exactly the same.
If the numbers are the same the result will be 1, otherwise the result is 0.
It only works with numbers, text values produce a result of #VALUE.
The formatting of the number is not significant, so numbers which appear rounded due
to the removal of decimal places will still match correctly with non rounded values.

Syntax
=DELTA(FirstNumber,SecondNumber)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table is used to determine how may pairs of similar numbers are in a list.
The =DELTA() function tests each pair and then the =SUM() function totals them.

Number1 Number2 Delta

10 20 0 =DELTA(C30,D30)
50 50 1 =DELTA(C31,D31)
30 30 1 =DELTA(C32,D32)
17.5 18 1 =DELTA(C33,D33)
12 8 0 =DELTA(C34,D34)
100 100 1 =DELTA(C35,D35)
150 125 0 =DELTA(C36,D36)
Total Pairs 4 =SUM(E30:E36)
34 34
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon £4.50 4 3 £54.00
Neon 100 2000 Horizon £2.00 15 2 £60.00
Spot 60 £0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam £0.80 25 6 £120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon £0.20 40 3 £24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon £1.25 10 4 £50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon £2.50 15 1 £37.50
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam £0.50 10 3 £15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam £5.00 3 2 £30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam £1.80 20 5 £180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam £0.25 10 5 £12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon £0.20 25 2 £10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam £0.15 25 1 £3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam £0.20 30 2 £12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon £0.80 10 5 £40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon £0.10 20 5 £10.00

How many boxes of a particular item do we have in stock?

Life
Product Wattage Hours Brand
Bulb 100 Horizon

The number in stock is : 5 =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C23:F24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and produces one result.
If more than one record matches the criteria the error #NUM is shown.
If no records match the criteria the error #VALUE is shown.

Syntax
=DGET(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to Get, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record which needs to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.
Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
This example extracts information from just one record.

How many boxes of a particular item do we have in stock?

Life
Product Wattage Hours Brand
Bulb 100 Horizon

The number in stock is : 5 =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C51:F52)

Example 2
This example extracts information from multiple records and therefore shows the #NUM error.

How many boxes of a particular item do we have in stock?

Life
Product Wattage Hours Brand
Bulb 100

The number in stock is : Err:502 =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C63:F64)

Example 3
This example extracts information from no records and therefore shows the #VALUE error.

How many boxes of a particular item do we have in stock?

Life
Product Wattage Hours Brand
Bulb 9999

The number in stock is : #VALUE! =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C64:F65)

Example 4
This example uses the =IF() function to display a message when an error occurs.

How many boxes of a particular item do we have in stock?

 Life
Product Wattage Hours Brand
Bulb 9999

The number in stock is : #VALUE! =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C85:F86)

No such product.
=IF(ISERR(F88),CHOOSE(ERROR.TYPE(F88)/3,"No such product.","Duplicates products found."),"One product found.")
SOME THING LIKE VLOOK BUT HERE IN THIS FORMULA MORE THAN ONE SPECIFICATIONS CAN GIVEN
35 35
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon £4.50 4 3 £54.00
Neon 100 2000 Horizon £2.00 15 2 £60.00
Spot 60 £0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam £0.80 25 6 £120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon £0.20 40 3 £24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon £1.25 10 4 £50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon £2.50 15 0 £0.00
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam £0.50 10 3 £15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam £5.00 3 2 £30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam £1.80 20 5 £180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam £0.25 10 5 £12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon £0.20 25 2 £10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam £0.15 25 0 £0.00
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam £0.20 30 2 £12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon £0.80 10 5 £40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon £0.10 20 5 £10.00

To calculate largest Value Of Stock of a particular Brand of bulb.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Type the brand name : Horizon

The MAX value of Horizon is : £60.00 =DMAX(B3:I19,I3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and produces the largest value from a specified column.

Syntax
=DMAX(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name or cell, of the values to pick the Max from, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
Examples

The largest Value Of Stock of a particular Product of a particular Brand.

Product Brand
Bulb sunbeam

The largest value is : £30.00 =DMAX(B3:I19,I3,E49:F50)

This is the same calculation but using the name "Value Of Stock" instead of the cell address.

£30.00 =DMAX(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E49:F50)

The largest Value Of Stock of a Bulb equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

The largest Value Of Stock is : £40.00 =DMAX(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E60:F61)

The largest Value Of Stock of a Bulb less than a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb <100

The largest Value Of Stock is : £24.00 =DMAX(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E67:F68)

 SOME THING LIKE VLOOK BUT HERE IN THIS FORMULA MORE THAN ONE SPECIFICATIONS CAN GIVEN - AND THAT COULD BE A

ecified column.

e Of Stock" or I3.
GIVEN - AND THAT COULD BE A HIGHER VALUE WHICH NEED TO FIND
36 36

Life Box Boxes In Value Of

Product Wattage Hours Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon £4.50 4 3 £54.00
Neon 100 2000 Horizon £2.00 15 2 £60.00
Spot 60 £0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam £0.80 25 6 £120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon £0.20 40 3 £24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon £1.25 10 4 £50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon £2.50 15 1 £37.50
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam £0.50 10 3 £15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam £5.00 3 2 £30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam £1.80 20 5 £180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam £0.25 10 5 £12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon £0.20 25 2 £10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam £0.15 25 1 £3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam £0.20 30 2 £12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon £0.80 10 5 £40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon £0.10 20 5 £10.00

To calculate lowest Value Of Stock of a particular Brand of bulb.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Type the brand name : Horizon

The MIN value of Horizon is : £10.00 =DMIN(B3:I19,I3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and produces smallest value from a specified column.

Syntax
=DMIN(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to pick the Min from, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
Examples

The lowest Value Of Stock of a particular Product of a particular Brand.

Product Brand
Bulb sunbeam

The lowest value is : £3.75 =DMIN(B3:I19,I3,E49:F50)

This is the same calculation but using the name "Value Of Stock" instead of the cell address.

£3.75 =DMIN(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E49:F50)

The lowest Value Of Stock of a Bulb equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

The lowest Value Of Stock is : £12.50 =DMIN(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E60:F61)

The lowest Value Of Stock of a Bulb between two Wattage values.

Product Wattage Wattage

Bulb >=80 <=100

The lowest Value Of Stock is : £12.00 =DMIN(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E67:G68)

 SOME THING LIKE VLOOK BUT HERE IN THIS FORMULA MORE THAN ONE SPECIFICATIONS CAN GIVEN - AND THAT COULD BE A

fied column.

e Of Stock" or I3.
GIVEN - AND THAT COULD BE A LOWER VALUE WHICH NEED TO FIND
37 37

Original Converte
Number d To Text
10 $10.00 =DOLLAR(C4) $10.00
10 $10 =DOLLAR(C5,0) $10.00
10 $10.0 =DOLLAR(C6,1) $10.00
10 $10.00 =DOLLAR(C7,2) $10.00
10.25 $10.25 =DOLLAR(C8) $10.25
10.25 $10 =DOLLAR(C9,0) $10.25
10.25 $10.3 =DOLLAR(C10,1) $10.25
10.25 $10.25 =DOLLAR(C11,2) $10.25

What Does It Do?

This function converts a number into a piece of text formatted as currency.

Syntax
=DOLLAR(Number,DecimalPlaces)
Number : This is the number which needs to be converted.
DecimalPlaces : This is the amount of decimal places needed in the converted number.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
The result will be shown as a text entry.
38 38
This is the Database range.
Life Box Boxes In Value Of
Product Wattage Hours Brand Unit Cost Quantity Stock Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon £4.50 4 3 £54.00
Neon 100 2000 Horizon £2.00 15 2 £60.00
Spot 60 £0.00
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam £0.80 25 6 £120.00
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon £0.20 40 3 £24.00
Spot 100 unknown Horizon £1.25 10 4 £50.00
Spot 200 3000 Horizon £2.50 15 0 £0.00
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam £0.50 10 3 £15.00
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam £5.00 3 2 £30.00
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam £1.80 20 5 £180.00
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam £0.25 10 5 £12.50
Bulb 10 800 Horizon £0.20 25 2 £10.00
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam £0.15 25 0 £0.00
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam £0.20 30 2 £12.00
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon £0.80 10 5 £40.00
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon £0.10 20 5 £10.00

To calculate the total Value Of Stock of a particular Brand of bulb.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Type the brand name : Horizon

The stock value of Horizon is : £248.00 =DSUM(B3:I19,I3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and produces the total.

Syntax
=DSUM(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to be totalled, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
Examples

The total Value Of Stock of a particular Product of a particular Brand.

Product Brand
Bulb sunbeam

Total stock value is : £54.50 =DSUM(B3:I19,I3,E49:F50)

This is the same calculation but using the name "Value Of Stock" instead of the cell address.

£54.50 =DSUM(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E49:F50)

The total Value Of Stock of a Bulb equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

Total Value Of Stock is : £52.50 =DSUM(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E60:F61)

The total Value Of Stock of a Bulb less than a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb <100

Total Value Of Stock is : £56.00 =DSUM(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E67:F68)

39 39

Start Date Plus Months End Date

1-Jan-98 3 1-Apr-98 =EDATE(C4,D4) 1-Apr-98
2-Jan-98 3 2-Apr-98 =EDATE(C5,D5) 2-Apr-98
2-Jan-98 -3 2-Oct-97 =EDATE(C6,D6) 2-Oct-97

What Does It Do?

This function is used to calculate a date which is a specific number of months in the past or
in the future.

Syntax
=EDATE(StartDate,Months)

Formatting
The result will normally be expressed as a number, this can be formatted to represent
a date by using the Format,Cells,Number,Date command.

Example
This example was used by a company hiring contract staff.
The company needed to know the end date of the employment.
The Start date is entered.
The contract Duration is entered as months.
The =EDATE() function has been used to calculate the end of the contract.

Start Duration End

Tue 06-Jan-98 3 Mon 06-Apr-98 =EDATE(C27,D27)
Mon 12-Jan-98 3 Sun 12-Apr-98 =EDATE(C28,D28)
Fri 09-Jan-98 4 Sat 09-May-98 =EDATE(C29,D29)
Fri 09-Jan-98 3 Thu 09-Apr-98 =EDATE(C30,D30)
Mon 19-Jan-98 3 Sun 19-Apr-98 =EDATE(C31,D31)
Mon 26-Jan-98 3 Sun 26-Apr-98 =EDATE(C32,D32)
Mon 12-Jan-98 3 Sun 12-Apr-98 =EDATE(C33,D33)

The company decide not to end contracts on Saturday or Sunday.

The =WEEKDAY() function has been used to identify the actaul weekday number of the end date.
If the week day number is 6 or 7, (Sat or Sun), then 5 is subtracted from the =EDATE() to
ensure the end of contract falls on a Friday.

Start Duration End

Tue 06-Jan-98 3 Mon 06-Apr-98
Mon 12-Jan-98 3 Fri 10-Apr-98
Fri 09-Jan-98 4 Fri 08-May-98
Fri 09-Jan-98 3 Thu 09-Apr-98
 Mon 19-Jan-98 3 Fri 17-Apr-98
Mon 26-Jan-98 3 Fri 24-Apr-98
Mon 12-Jan-98 3 Fri 10-Apr-98

=EDATE(C48,D48)-IF(WEEKDAY(EDATE(C48,D48),2)>5,WEEKDAY(EDATE(C48,D48),2)-5,0)
40 40

StartDate Plus Months End Of Month Also change the format to date
5-Jan-98 2 35885 H(C4,D4) ###
5-Jan-98 2 31-Mar-98 H(C5,D5) ###
5-Jan-98 -2 30-Nov-97 H(C6,D6) ###

What Does It Do?

This function will show the last day of the month which is a specified number of months
before or after a given date.

Syntax
=EOMONTH(StartDate,Months)

Formatting
The result will normally be expressed as a number, this can be formatted to represent
a date by using the Format,Cells,Number,Date command.
41 41

Data The Error Error Type

10 0 #DIV/0! 2 =ERROR.TYPE(E4)
10 3 #NAME? 5 =ERROR.TYPE(E5)
10 3 #REF! 4 =ERROR.TYPE(E6)
10:00 13:00 21:00 #N/A =ERROR.TYPE(E7)

What Does It Do?

This function will show a number which corresponds to an error produced by a formula.

Syntax
=ERROR.TYPE(Error)
Error is the cell reference where the error occurred.

Formatting
The result will be formatted as a normal number.

Example
See Example 4 in the =DGET() function.
42 42

Original Value Evenly Rounded EVEN FORMULA ODD FORMULA

1 2 =EVEN(C4) 2 3
1.2 2 =EVEN(C5) 2 3
2.3 4 =EVEN(C6) 4 5
25 26 =EVEN(C7) 26 27

What Does It Do ?
This function round a number up the nearest even whole number.

Syntax
=EVEN(Number)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table is used by a garage which repairs cars.
The garage is repairing a fleet of cars from three manufactures.
Each manufacturer uses a different type of windscreen wiper which are only supplied in pairs.

Table 1 was used to enter the number of wipers required for each type of car
and then show how many pairs need to be ordered.

Table 1
Car Wipers To OrderPairs to Order
Vauxhall 5 3 =EVEN(D28)/2
Ford 9 5 =EVEN(D29)/2
Peugeot 7 4 =EVEN(D30)/2
43 43

Text1 Text2 Result

Hello Hello 1 =EXACT(C4,D4) TRUE
Hello hello 0 =EXACT(C5,D5) FALSE
Hello Goodbye 0 =EXACT(C6,D6) FALSE

What Does It Do?

This function compares two items of text and determine whether they are exactly the same.
The case of the characters is taken into account, only words which are spelt the same and
which have upper and lower case characters in the same position will be considered as equal.

Syntax
=EXACT(Text1,Text2)
Only two items of text can be compared.

Formatting
If the two items of text are exactly the same the result of TRUE will be shown.
If there is any difference in the two items of text the result of FALSE will be shown.

Example
Here is a simple password checking formula.
You need to guess the correct password.
The password is the name of a colour, either red blue or green.
The case of the password is important.
The =EXACT() function is used to check your guess.

Guess the password : red

Is it correct : No

(To stop you from cheating, the correct password has been entered as a series of =CHAR()
functions, which use the ANSI number of the characters rather than the character itself!)
Its still very easy though.
44 44

Number Factorial
3 6 =FACT(C4)
3.5 6 =FACT(C5)
5 120 =FACT(C6)
10 3,628,800 =FACT(C7)
20 2,432,902,008,176,640,000 =FACT(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the factorial of a number.
The factorial is calculated as 1*2*3*4..etc.
The factorial of 5 is calculated as 1*2*3*4*5, which results in 120.
Decimal fractions of the number are ignored.

Syntax
=FACT(Number)

Formatting.
No special formatting is needed.
45 45

There may be times when you need to insert the name of the current workbook
or worksheet in to a cell.

This can be done by using the CELL() function, shown below.

'file:///conversion/tmp/activity_task_scratch/937111700.xlsx'#$Sheet45
=CELL("filename")

The problem with this is that it gives the complete path including drive letter and folders.
To just pick out the workbook or worksheet name you need to use text functions.

To pick the Path.

#VALUE!
=MID(CELL("filename"),1,FIND("[",CELL("filename"))-1)

To pick the Workbook name.

#VALUE!
=MID(CELL("filename"),FIND("[",CELL("filename"))+1,FIND("]",CELL("filename"))-FIND("[",CELL("filename"))-1)

To pick the Worksheet name.

#VALUE!
=MID(CELL("filename"),FIND("]",CELL("filename"))+1,255)
46 46

Text Letter To Find Position Of Letter

Hello e 2 =FIND(D4,C4) 2
Hello H 1 =FIND(D5,C5) 1
Hello o 5 =FIND(D6,C6) 5
Alan Williams a 3 =FIND(D7,C7) 3
Alan Williams a 11 =FIND(D8,C8,6) 3
Alan Williams T #VALUE! =FIND(D9,C9) #VALUE!

What Does It Do?

This function looks for a specified letter inside another piece of text.
When the letter is found the position is shown as a number.
If the text contains more than one reference to the letter, the first occurrence is used.
An additional option can be used to start the search at a specific point in the text, thus
enabling the search to find duplicate occurrences of the letter.
If the letter is not found in the text, the result #VALUE is shown.

Syntax
=FIND(LetterToLookFor,TextToLookInside,StartPosition)
LetterToLookFor : This needs to be a single character.
TextToLookInside : This is the piece of text to be searched through.
StartPosition : This is optional, it specifies at which point in the text the search should begin.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed, the result will be shown as a number.
47 47

Original Converte
Number d To Text
10 10.00 =FIXED(C4) 10.00
10 10 =FIXED(C5,0) 10.00
10 10.0 =FIXED(C6,1) 10.00
10 10.00 =FIXED(C7,2) 10.00
10.25 10.25 =FIXED(C8) 10.25
10.25 10 =FIXED(C9,0) 10.25
10.25 10.3 =FIXED(C10,1) 10.25
10.25 10.25 =FIXED(C11,2) 10.25
1000 1,000.00 =FIXED(C12) 1,000.00
1000.23 1,000 =FIXED(C13,0) 1,000.23
1000.23 1000 =FIXED(C14,0,TRUE) 1,000.23

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a numeric value to text.
During the conversion the value can be rounded to a specific number of decimal places,
and commas can be inserted at the 1,000's.

Syntax
=FIXED(NumberToConvert,DecimalPlaces,Commas)
If DecimalPlaces places is not specified the function will assume 2.
The Commas option can be TRUE for commas or FALSE for no commas.
If the Commas is not specified the function will assume TRUE.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
Note that any further formatting with the Format, Cells, Number command will not have any effect.
e any effect.
48 48

Number Rounded Down

1.5 1 =FLOOR(C4,1) 1
2.3 2 =FLOOR(C5,1) 2
2.9 2 =FLOOR(C6,1) 2
123 100 =FLOOR(C7,50) 100
145 100 =FLOOR(C8,50) 100
175 150 =FLOOR(C9,50) 150

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a value down to the nearest multiple specified by the user.

Syntax
=FLOOR(NumberToRound,SignificantValue)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to calculate commission for members of a sales team.
Commission is only paid for every £1000 of sales.
The =FLOOR() function has been used to round down the Actual Sales to the
nearest 1000, which is then used as the basis for Commission.

Relevant
Name Actual Sales Sales Commission
Alan £23,500 £23,000 £230
Bob £56,890 £56,000 £560
Carol £18,125 £18,000 £180
=FLOOR(D29,1000)
49 49

Month Sales
1 £1,000
2 £2,000
3 £2,500
4 £3,500
5 £3,800
6 £4,000

Type the month number to predict : 12

The Forecast sales figure is : £7,997 =FORECAST(E11,F4:F9,E4:E9)

What Does It Do ?
This function uses two sets of values to predict a single value.
The predicted value is based on the relationship between the two original sets of values.
If the values are sales figures for months 1 to 6, (Jan to Jun), you can use the function
to predict what the sales figure will be in any other month.
The way in which the prediction is calculated is based upon the assumption of a Linear Trend.

Syntax
=FORECAST(ItemToForeCast,RangeY,RangeX)
ItemToForecast is the point in the future, (or past), for which you need the forecast.
RangeY is the list of values which contain the historical data to be used as the basis
of the forecast, such as Sales figures.
RangeX is the intervals used when recording the historical data, such as Month number.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a company considering expansion of their sales team.
The Size and Performance of the previous teams over a period of three years were entered.
The size of the New Sales team is entered.
The =FORECAST() function is used to calculate the predicted performance for the new sales
team based upon a linear trend.

Size Of Known
Sales Performa
Year Team nce
1996 10 £5,000
1997 20 £8,000
1998 30 £8,500

Size Of The New Sales Team : 40

Estimated Forecast Of Performance : £10,667 =FORECAST(E43,E39:E41,D39:D41)
50 50

Jan Feb Mar

North £5,000 £6,000 £4,500
South £5,800 £7,000 £3,000
East £3,500 £2,000 £10,000
West £12,000 £4,000 £6,000

Sales £4,000 and below. £4,000 4 {=FREQUENCY(D4:F7,E9:E11)}

Sales above £4,000 up to £6,000 £6,000 5 {=FREQUENCY(D4:F7,E9:E11)}
Sales above £6,000 £999,999 3 {=FREQUENCY(D4:F7,E9:E11)}

What Does It Do ?
This function compares a range of data against a list of intervals.
The result shows how many items in the range of data fall between the intervals.
The function is entered in the cells as an array, that is why it is enclosed in { } braces.

Syntax
=FREQUENCY(RangeOfData,ListOfIntervals)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
The following tables were used to record the weight of a group of children.
The =FREQUENCY() function was then used to calculate the number of children whose
weights fell between specified intervals.

Weight Kg Number Of Children:

Child 1 20.47 Between 0 - 15 Kg 2
Child 2 22.83 Above 15 but less than or equal to 20 Kg 4
Child 3 15.74 Above 20 Kg 3
Child 4 10.80 {=FREQUENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
Child 5 8.28 {=FREQUENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
Child 6 20.66 {=FREQUENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
Child 7 17.36
Child 8 16.67
Child 9 18.01

Kg Weight Intervals
15
20
100
Example 2
This example uses characters instead of values.
A restaurant has asked 40 customers for their rating of the food in the restaurant.
The ratings were entered into a table as a single letter, E, V, A, P or D.
The manager now wants to calculate how many responses fell into each category.
Unfortunately, the =FREQUENCY() function ignores text entries, so how can the frequency
of text be calculated?

The answer is to use the =CODE() and =UPPER() functions.

The =UPPER() forces all the text entries to be considered as capital letters.
The =CODE() function calculates the unique ANSI code for each character.
As this code is a numeric value, the =FREQUENCY() function can then be used!

Rating Frequency
Excellent E 6 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
Very Good V 8 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
Average A 9 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
Poor P 8 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
Disgusting D 9 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}

Customer Ratings
V D V A p A D D
V P a D A P V d
A V E P p E D A
A E d V D P a E
V e P P A V E D
 4 OK
4 OK
4 OK

OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
51 51

Greatest
Numbers Divisor
6 15 3 =GCD(C4,D4)
28 49 7 =GCD(C5,D5)
5 99 1 =GCD(C6,D6)

Greatest
Numbers Divisor
18 72 96 6 =GCD(C9,D9,E9)
300 500 200 100 =GCD(C10,D10,E10)
2.5 4 6 2 =GCD(C11,D11,E11)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the largest number which can be used to divided all the
values specified.
The result is always a whole number.
Where there is no common divisor the value of 1 is used.
Decimal fractions are ignored.

Syntax
=GCD(Number1,Number2,Number3... through to Number29)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
52 52

Number1 Number2 GESTEP ALTERNATIVE FOR FORMULA

10 20 0 =GESTEP(C4,D4) FALSE
50 20 1 =GESTEP(C5,D5) FALSE
99 100 0 =GESTEP(C6,D6) FALSE
100 100 1 =GESTEP(C7,D7) TRUE OK
101 100 1 =GESTEP(C8,D8) FALSE
2 1 =GESTEP(C9,D9) FALSE
2 0 =GESTEP(C10,D10) FALSE

What Does It Do ?
This function test a number to see if it is greater than or equal to another number.
If the number is greater than or equal, the result of 1 will be shown, otherwise 0 is shown.

Syntax
=GESTEP(NumberToTest,NumberToTestAgainst)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to calculate how many sales staff achieved their targets.
The =GESTEP() function compares the Sales with Target, and the results are totalled.

Name Sales Target GESTEP

Alan £3,000 £4,000 0 =GESTEP(D27,E27)
Bob £5,000 £4,000 1 =GESTEP(D28,E28)
Carol £1,000 £2,000 0 =GESTEP(D29,E29) OK
David £2,000 £2,000 1 =GESTEP(D30,E30)
Eric £8,000 £7,000 1 =GESTEP(D31,E31)

Targets Achieved 3 =SUM(F27:F31)

TIVE FOR FORMULA
53 53
FOR ROUNDING THE AMOUNTS
Hexadecimal Decimal Number
0 0 =HEX2DEC(C4)
1 1 =HEX2DEC(C5)
2 2 =HEX2DEC(C6)
3 3 =HEX2DEC(C7)
1A 26 =HEX2DEC(C8)
1B 27 =HEX2DEC(C9)
7FFFFFFFFF 549,755,813,887 =HEX2DEC(C10)
8000000000 -549,755,813,888 =HEX2DEC(C11)
FFFFFFFFFF -1 =HEX2DEC(C12)
FFFFFFFFFE -2 =HEX2DEC(C13)
FFFFFFFFFD -3 =HEX2DEC(C14)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a hexadecimal number to its decimal equivalent.

Syntax
=HEX2DEC(HexaDecimalNumber)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to add two hexadecimal values together.

Hexadecimal
Value 1 F
Value 2 1A
Result 29 =DEC2HEX(HEX2DEC(C29)+HEX2DEC(C30))
UNDING THE AMOUNTS

OK
54 54

Jan Feb Mar row 1 The row numbers are not needed.
10 80 97 row 2 they are part of the illustration.
20 90 69 row 3
30 100 45 row 4
40 110 51 row 5
50 120 77 row 6

Type a month to look for : Feb

Which row needs to be picked out : 4

The result is : 100 =HLOOKUP(F10,D3:F10,F11,FALSE)

What Does It Do ?
This function scans across the column headings at the top of a table to find a specified item.
When the item is found, it then scans down the column to pick a cell entry.

Syntax
=HLOOKUP(ItemToFind,RangeToLookIn,RowToPickFrom,SortedOrUnsorted)
The ItemToFind is a single item specified by the user.
The RangeToLookIn is the range of data with the column headings at the top.
The RowToPickFrom is how far down the column the function should look to pick from.
The Sorted/Unsorted is whether the column headings are sorted. TRUE for yes, FALSE for no.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
This table is used to find a value based on a specified month and name.
The =HLOOKUP() is used to scan across to find the month.
The problem arises when we need to scan down to find the row adjacent to the name.
To solve the problem the =MATCH() function is used.

The =MATCH() looks through the list of names to find the name we require. It then calculates
the position of the name in the list. Unfortunately, because the list of names is not as deep
as the lookup range, the =MATCH() number is 1 less than we require, so and extra 1 is
added to compensate.

The =HLOOKUP() now uses this =MATCH() number to look down the month column and
picks out the correct cell entry.

The =HLOOKUP() uses FALSE at the end of the function to indicate to Excel that the
column headings are not sorted, even though to us the order of Jan,Feb,Mar is correct.
If they were sorted alphabetically they would have read as Feb,Jan,Mar.
 Jan Feb Mar
Bob 10 80 97
Eric 20 90 69
Alan 30 100 45
Carol 40 110 51
David 50 120 77

Type a month to look for : feb

Type a name to look for : alan

The result is : 100

=HLOOKUP(F54,D47:F54,MATCH(F55,C48:C52,0)+1,FALSE)

Example 2
This example shows how the =HLOOKUP() is used to pick the cost of a spare part for
different makes of cars.
The =HLOOKUP() scans the column headings for the make of car specified in column B.
When the make is found, the =HLOOKUP() then looks down the column to the row specified
by the =MATCH() function, which scans the list of spares for the item specified in column C.

The function uses the absolute ranges indicated by the dollar symbol $. This ensures that
when the formula is copied to more cells, the ranges for =HLOOKUP() and =MATCH() do
not change.

Maker Spare Cost

Vauxhall Ignition £50 Vauxhall Ford VW
VW GearBox £600 GearBox 500 450 600
Ford Engine £1,200 Engine 1000 1200 800
VW Steering £275 Steering 250 350 275
Ford Ignition £70 Ignition 50 70 45
Ford CYHead £290 CYHead 300 290 310
Vauxhall GearBox £500
Ford Engine £1,200
=HLOOKUP(B79,G72:I77,MATCH(C79,F73:F77,0)+1,FALSE)

Example 3
In the following example a builders merchant is offering discount on large orders.
The Unit Cost Table holds the cost of 1 unit of Brick, Wood and Glass.
The Discount Table holds the various discounts for different quantities of each product.
The Orders Table is used to enter the orders and calculate the Total.

All the calculations take place in the Orders Table.

The name of the Item is typed in column C.
The Unit Cost of the item is then looked up in the Unit Cost Table.
The FALSE option has been used at the end of the function to indicate that the product
names across the top of the Unit Cost Table are not sorted.
Using the FALSE option forces the function to search for an exact match. If a match is
not found, the function will produce an error.
=HLOOKUP(C127,E111:G112,2,FALSE)

The discount is then looked up in the Discount Table

If the Quantity Ordered matches a value at the top of the Discount Table the =HLOOKUP will
look down the column to find the correct discount.
The TRUE option has been used at the end of the function to indicate that the values
across the top of the Discount Table are sorted.
Using TRUE will allow the function to make an approximate match. If the Quantity Ordered does
not match a value at the top of the Discount Table, the next lowest value is used.
Trying to match an order of 125 will drop down to 100, and the discount from
the 100 column is used.
=HLOOKUP(D127,E115:G118,MATCH(C127,D116:D118,0)+1,TRUE)

Unit Cost Table

Brick Wood Glass
£2 £1 £3

Discount Table
1 100 300
Brick 0% 6% 8%
Wood 0% 3% 5%
Glass 0% 12% 15%

Orders Table
Item Units Unit Cost Discount Total
Brick 100 £2 6% £188
Wood 200 £1 3% £194
Glass 150 £3 12% £396
Brick 225 £2 6% £423
Wood 50 £1 0% £50
Glass 500 £3 15% £1,275

Unit Cost =HLOOKUP(C127,E111:G112,2,FALSE)

Discount =HLOOKUP(D127,E115:G118,MATCH(C127,D116:D118,0)+1,TRUE)
Ordered does
55 55

Number Hour
21:15 21 =HOUR(C4)
0.25 6 =HOUR(C5)

What Does It Do?

The function will show the hour of the day based upon a time or a number.

Syntax
=HOUR(Number)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a normal number between 0 and 23.
56 56

Name Sales Target Result

Alan 1000 5000 Not Achieved =IF(C4>=D4,"Achieved","Not Ac
Bob 6000 5000 Achieved =IF(C5>=D5,"Achieved","Not Ac
Carol 2000 4000 Not Achieved =IF(C6>=D6,"Achieved","Not Ac

What Does It Do?

This function tests a condition.
If the condition is met it is considered to be TRUE.
If the condition is not met it is considered as FALSE.
Depending upon the result, one of two actions will be carried out.

Syntax
=IF(Condition,ActionIfTrue,ActionIfFalse)
The Condition is usually a test of two cells, such as A1=A2.
The ActionIfTrue and ActionIfFalse can be numbers, text or calculations.

Formatting
No special formatting is required.

Example 1
The following table shows the Sales figures and Targets for sales reps.
Each has their own target which they must reach.
The =IF() function is used to compare the Sales with the Target.
If the Sales are greater than or equal to the Target the result of Achieved is shown.
If the Sales do not reach the target the result of Not Achieved is shown.
Note that the text used in the =IF() function needs to be placed in double quotes "Achieved".

Name Sales Target Result

Alan 1000 5000 Not Achieved =IF(C31>=D31,"Achieved","Not
Bob 6000 5000 Achieved =IF(C32>=D32,"Achieved","Not
Carol 2000 4000 Not Achieved =IF(C33>=D33,"Achieved","Not

Example 2
The following table is similar to that in Example 1.
This time the Commission to be paid to the sales rep is calculated.
If the Sales are greater than or equal to the Target, the Commission is 10% of Sales.
If the Sales do not reach Target, the Commission is only 5% of Sales.

Name Sales Target Commission

Alan 1000 5000 50 =IF(C43>=D43,C43*10%,C43*5
Bob 6000 5000 600 =IF(C44>=D44,C44*10%,C44*5
Carol 2000 4000 100 =IF(C45>=D45,C45*10%,C45*5
Example 3
This example uses the =AND() within the =IF() function.
A builders merchant gives 10% discount on certain product lines.
The discount is only given on products which are on Special Offer, when the Order Value
is £1000 or above.
The =AND() function is used with the =IF() to check that the product is on offer and that
the value of the order is above £1000.

Special Order
Product Offer Value Discount Total
Wood Yes £ 2,000 £ 200 £ 1,800
Glass No £ 2,000 £ - £ 2,000
Cement Yes £ 500 £ - £ 500
Turf Yes £ 3,000 £ 300 £ 2,700
=IF(AND(C61="Yes",D61>=1000),D61*10%,0)
 OK
=IF(C4>=D4,"Achieved","Not Achieved") Not Achieved NA
=IF(C5>=D5,"Achieved","Not Achieved") Achieved A
=IF(C6>=D6,"Achieved","Not Achieved") Not Achieved NA

"Achieved".

OK
=IF(C31>=D31,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
=IF(C32>=D32,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
=IF(C33>=D33,"Achieved","Not Achieved")

IF FORMULA IF ONE CONDITION IS MET

OK
=IF(C43>=D43,C43*10%,C43*5%) 50
=IF(C44>=D44,C44*10%,C44*5%) 600
=IF(C45>=D45,C45*10%,C45*5%) 100
IF FORMULA IF TWO CONDITION ARE MET
OK
£ 200
£ -
£ -
£ 300
57 57

Holiday booking price list.

People
Weeks 1 2 3 4
1 £500 £300 £250 £200
2 £600 £400 £300 £250
3 £700 £500 £350 £300

How many weeks required : 2

How many people in the party : 4

Cost per person is : 250 =INDEX(D7:G9,G11,G12)

What Does It Do ?
This function picks a value from a range of data by looking down a specified number
of rows and then across a specified number of columns.
It can be used with a single block of data, or non-continuos blocks.

Syntax
There are various forms of syntax for this function.

Syntax 1
=INDEX(RangeToLookIn,Coordinate)
This is used when the RangeToLookIn is either a single column or row.
The Co-ordinate indicates how far down or across to look when picking the data from the range.
Both of the examples below use the same syntax, but the Co-ordinate refers to a row when
the range is vertical and a column when the range is horizontal.

Colours
Red
Green
Blue Size Large Medium Small

Type either 1, 2 or 3 : 2 Type either 1, 2 or 3 : 2

The colour is : Green The size is : Medium
=INDEX(D32:D34,D36) =INDEX(G34:I34,H36)

Syntax 2
=INDEX(RangeToLookIn,RowCoordinate,ColumnColumnCordinate)
This syntax is used when the range is made up of rows and columns.

Country Currency Population Capitol

England Sterling 50 M London
 France Franc 40 M Paris
Germany DM 60 M Bonn
Spain Peseta 30 M Barcelona

Type 1,2,3 or 4 for the country : 2

Type 1,2 or 3 for statistics : 3

The result is : Paris =INDEX(D45:F48,F50,F51)

Syntax 3
=INDEX(NamedRangeToLookIn,RowCoordinate,ColumnColumnCordinate,AreaToPickFrom)
Using this syntax the range to look in can be made up of multiple areas.
The easiest way to refer to these areas is to select them and give them a single name.

The AreaToPickFrom indicates which of the multiple areas should be used.

In the following example the figures for North and South have been named as one
range called NorthAndSouth.

NORTH Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

Bricks £1,000 £2,000 £3,000 £4,000
Wood £5,000 £6,000 £7,000 £8,000
Glass £9,000 £10,000 £11,000 £12,000

SOUTH Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

Bricks £1,500 £2,500 £3,500 £4,500
Wood £5,500 £6,500 £7,500 £8,500
Glass £9,500 £10,500 £11,500 £12,500

Type 1, 2 or 3 for the product : 1

Type 1, 2, 3 or 4 for the Qtr : 3
Type 1 for North or 2 for South : 2

The result is : 3500 =INDEX(NorthAndSouth,F76,F77,F78)

Example
This is an extended version of the previous example.
It allows the names of products and the quarters to be entered.
The =MATCH() function is used to find the row and column positions of the names entered.
These positions are then used by the =INDEX() function to look for the data.

EAST Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

 Bricks £1,000 £2,000 £3,000 £4,000
Wood £5,000 £6,000 £7,000 £8,000
Glass £9,000 £10,000 £11,000 £12,000

WEST Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

Bricks £1,500 £2,500 £3,500 £4,500
Wood £5,500 £6,500 £7,500 £8,500
Glass £9,500 £10,500 £11,500 £12,500

Type 1, 2 or 3 for the product : wood

Type 1, 2, 3 or 4 for the Qtr : qtr2
Type 1 for North or 2 for South : west

The result is : 6500

=INDEX(EastAndWest,MATCH(F100,C91:C93,0),MATCH(F101,D90:G90,0),IF(F102=C90,1,IF(F102=C95,2)))
58 58

Jan Feb Mar

North 10 20 30
South 40 50 60
East 70 80 90 80
West 100 110 120

Type address of any of the cells in the above table, such as G6 : G6

The value in the cell you typed is : 80 =INDIRECT(H9)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a plain piece of text which looks like a cell address into a usable
cell reference.
The address can be either on the same worksheet or on a different worksheet.

Syntax
=INDIRECT(Text)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
This example shows how data can be picked form other worksheets by using
the worksheet name and a cell address.
The example uses three other worksheets named NORTH, SOUTH and EAST.
The data on these three sheets is laid out in the same cells on each sheet.

When a reference to a sheet is made the exclamation symbol ! needs to be placed

between the sheet name and cell address acting as punctuation.

Type the name of the sheet, such as North : North

Type the cell to pick data from, such as C8 : C8
The contents of the cell C8 on North is : #REF! =INDIRECT(G33&"!"&G34)

The =INDIRECT() created a reference to =NORTH!C8

Example 2
This example uses the same data as above, but this time the =SUM() function is
used to calculate a total from a range of cells.

Type the name of the sheet, such as South : South

Type the start cell of the range, such as C5 : C5
 Type the end cell of the range, such as C7 :
C7
The sum of the range C5:C7 on South is : #REF!
=SUM(INDIRECT(G44&"!"&G45&":"&G46))

The =INDIRECT() created a reference to =SUM(SOUTH!C5:C7)

59 59

Current directory
Available bytes of memory
Memory in use
Total bytes of memory
Number of active worksheets
Cell currently in the top left of the window
Operating system
Recalculation mode
Excel version
Name of system. (PC or Mac)

What Does It Do?

This function provides information about the operating environment of the computer.

Syntax
=INFO(text)
text : This is the name of the item you require information about.

Formatting
The results will be shown as text or a number depending upon what was requested.
 System Information
#N/A =INFO("directory")
#N/A =INFO("memavail")
#N/A =INFO("memused")
#N/A =INFO("totmem")
1 =INFO("numfile")
#N/A =INFO("origin")
Linux 5.10 =INFO("osversion")
Automatic =INFO("recalc")
47eb0cf7efbacdee9b19ae25d6752381ede23126 =INFO("release")
LINUX =INFO("system")

t the operating environment of the computer.

require information about.

mber depending upon what was requested.

60 60

You can create a chart quickly without having to use the chart button on
the toolbar by pressing the function key F11 whilst inside a range of data.

Jan Feb Mar

North 45 50 50
South 30 25 35
East 35 10 50
West 20 50 5

Click anywhere inside the table above.

Then press F11.
61 61

Number Integer
1.5 1 =INT(C4)
2.3 2 =INT(C5)
10.75 10 =INT(C6)
-1.47589 -2 =INT(C7)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number down to the nearest whole number.

Syntax
=INT(Number)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a school to calculate the age a child when the
school year started.
A child can only be admitted to school if they are over 8 years old.
The Birth Date and the Term Start date are entered and the age calculated.
Table 1 shows the age of the child with decimal places

Table 1
Birth Date Term Start Age
1-Jan-80 1-Sep-88 8.668036 =(D27-C27)/365.25
5-Feb-81 1-Sep-88 7.570157
20-Oct-79 1-Sep-88 8.867899
1-Mar-81 1-Sep-88 7.504449

Table 2 shows the age of the child with the Age formatted with no decimal places.
This has the effect of increasing the child age.

Table 2
Birth Date Term Start Age
1-Jan-80 1-Sep-88 9 =(D38-C38)/365.25
5-Feb-81 1-Sep-88 8
20-Oct-79 1-Sep-88 9
1-Mar-81 1-Sep-88 8

Table 3 shows the age of the child with the Age calculated using the =INT() function to
remove the decimal part of the number to give the correct age.
 Table 3
Birth Date Term Start Age
1-Jan-80 1-Sep-88 8 =INT((D49-C49)/365.25)
5-Feb-81 1-Sep-88 7
20-Oct-79 1-Sep-88 8
1-Mar-81 1-Sep-88 7

Note
The age is calculated by subtracting the Birth Date from the Term Start to find the
age of the child in days.
The number of days is then divided by 365.25
The reason for using 365.25 is to take account of the leap years.
62 62

Data Is The Cell Blank

1 0 =ISBLANK(C4)
Hello 0 =ISBLANK(C5)
1 =ISBLANK(C6)
### 0 =ISBLANK(C7)

What Does It Do?

This function will determine if there is an entry in a particular cell.
It can be used when a spreadsheet has blank cells which may cause errors, but which
will be filled later as the data is received by the user.
Usually the function is used in conjunction with the =IF() function which can test the result
of the =ISBLANK()

Syntax
=ISBLANK(CellToTest)

Formatting
Used by itself the result will be shown as TRUE or FALSE.

Example
The following example shows a list of cheques received by a company.
When the cheque is cleared the date is entered.
Until the Cleared date is entered the Cleared column is blank.
While the Cleared column is blank the cheque will still be Outstanding.
When the Cleared date is entered the cheque will be shown as Banked.
The =ISBLANK() function is used to determine whether the Cleared column is empty or not.

Cheques Received Date Date

Num From Received Amount Cleared Banked Outstanding
chq1 ABC Ltd 1-Jan-98 £100 2-Jan-98 100 0
chq2 CJ Design 1-Jan-98 £200 7-Jan-98 200 0
chq3 J Smith 2-Jan-98 £50 0 50
chq4 Travel Co. 3-Jan-98 £1,000 0 1000
chq5 J Smith 4-Jan-98 £250 6-Jan-98 250 0
=IF(ISBLANK(F36),0,E36)
=IF(ISBLANK(F36),E36,0)

Totals 550 1050

63 63

Cell to test Result

3 FALSE =ISERR(D4)
#DIV/0! TRUE =ISERR(D5)
#NAME? TRUE =ISERR(D6)
#REF! TRUE =ISERR(D7)
#VALUE! TRUE =ISERR(D8)
Err:502 TRUE =ISERR(D9)
#N/A FALSE =ISERR(D10)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a cell and shows TRUE if there is an error value in the cell.
It will show FALSE if the contents of the cell calculate without an error, or if the error
is the #NA message.

Syntax
=ISERR(CellToTest)
The CellToTest can be a cell reference or a calculation.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following tables were used by a publican to calculate the cost of a single bottle
of champagne, by dividing the cost of the crate by the quantity of bottles in the crate.

Table 1 shows what happens when the value zero 0 is entered as the number of bottles.
The #DIV/0 indicates that an attempt was made to divide by zero 0, which Excel does not do.

Table 1
Cost Of Crate : £24
Bottles In Crate : 0
Cost of single bottle : #DIV/0! =E32/E33

Table 2 shows how this error can be trapped by using the =ISERR() function.

Table 2
Cost Of Crate : £24
Bottles In Crate : 0
Cost of single bottle : Try again! =IF(ISERR(E40/E41),"Try again!",E40/E41)
64 64

Cell to test Result

3 FALSE =ISERROR(D4)
#DIV/0! TRUE =ISERROR(D5)
#NAME? TRUE =ISERROR(D6)
#REF! TRUE =ISERROR(D7)
#VALUE! TRUE =ISERROR(D8)
Err:502 TRUE =ISERROR(D9)
#N/A TRUE =ISERROR(D10)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a cell or calculation to determine whether an error has been generated.
It will show TRUE for any type of error and FALSE if no error is found.

Syntax
=ISERROR(CellToTest)
The CellToTest can be a cell reference or a formula.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following tables was used to calculate the difference between two dates.

Table 1 shows an error due to the fact that the first entry was entered using an inappropriate
date format.

Table 1
Start date : Jan 01 98
End date : 5-Jan-98
Difference : 3-Jan-00 =D31-D30

Table 2 shows how the =ISERROR() function has been used to trap the error and inform the
user that there has been an error in the data entry.

Table 2
Start date : Jan 01 98
End date : 5-Jan-98
Difference : Error in data entry
=IF(ISERROR(D40-D39),"Error in data entry",D40-D39)
65 65

Number Is it Even
1 FALSE =ISEVEN(C4)
2 TRUE =ISEVEN(C5)
2.5 TRUE =ISEVEN(C6)
2.6 TRUE =ISEVEN(C7)
3.5 FALSE =ISEVEN(C8)
3.6 FALSE =ISEVEN(C9)
Hello Err:504 =ISEVEN(C10)
1-Feb-98 FALSE =ISEVEN(C11)
1-Feb-96 TRUE =ISEVEN(C12)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a number to determine whether it is even.
An even number is shown as TRUE an odd number is shown as FALSE.
Note that decimal fractions are ignored.
Note that dates can be even or odd.
Note that text entries result in the #VALUE! error.

Syntax
=ISEVEN(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is required.
66 66

Cell To Test Result

0 FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D4)
1 FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D5)
FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D6)
20 FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D7)
1-Jan-98 FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D8)
Hello FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D9)
#DIV/0! FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D10)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a cell to determine whether the cell contents are logical.
The logical values can only be TRUE or FALSE.
If the cell does contain a logical value, the result TRUE is shown.
If the cell does not contain a logical value, the result FALSE is shown.

Syntax
=ISLOGICAL(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
67 67

Number Result
1 0 =ISNA(C4)
Hello 0 =ISNA(C5)
0 =ISNA(C6)
1-Jan-98 0 =ISNA(C7)
#N/A 1 =ISNA(C8)

What Does It Do?

This function tests a cell to determine whether it contains the Not Available error #N/A.
The #N/A is generated when a function cannot work properly because of missing data.
The #N/A can also be typed in to a cell by the user to indicate the cell is currently empty,
but will be used for data entry in the future.
The function is normally used with other functions such as the =IF() function.

Syntax
=ISNA(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
68 68

Item To Test Is It A Number?

10 1 =ISNONTEXT(C4)
Hello 0 =ISNONTEXT(C5)
1 =ISNONTEXT(C6)
1-Jan-98 1 =ISNONTEXT(C7)
1OO 0 =ISNONTEXT(C8)

What Does It Do?

This functions tests an entry to determine whether it is a number, rather than text.
It would be used to ensure that only numeric entries are used in calculations, rather
than text which looks like a number, such as typing the letter O instead of zero 0.
The function is normally used with other function such as the =IF() function.

Syntax
=ISNONTEXT(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting.

Examples
The following table is used by an electrical retailer to calculate the selling price
of an item based on the buying price and the shop mark-up.

Table 1 shows the #VALUE! error generated when a number, 300, is entered
using the letter O instead of the zero 0.
Table 1
Item Buying Price Mark-up Profit
Radio 400 150% 600
TV 800 200% 1600
Video 3OO 150% #VALUE! =D32*E32

Table 2 shows how the error is trapped using the =ISNONTEXT function and
the =IF() function in the calculation.
Table 2
Item Buying Price Mark-up Profit
Radio 400 150% 600
TV 800 200% 1600
Video 3OO 150%Retype the Price
=IF(ISNONTEXT(D40),D40*E40,"Retype the Price")
69 69

Cell Entry Result

1 1 =ISNUMBER(D4)
1-Jan-98 1 =ISNUMBER(D5)
0 =ISNUMBER(D6)
#DIV/0! 0 =ISNUMBER(D7)
Hello 0 =ISNUMBER(D8)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a cell or calculation to determine whether it is a numeric value.
If the cell or calculation is a numeric value the result TRUE is shown.
If the cell or calculation is not numeric, or is blank, the result FALSE is shown.

Syntax
=ISNUMBER(CellToTest)
The cell to test can be a cell reference or a calculation.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a personnel department to lookup the salary of an employee.
The employee can be entered as a Name or as a Numeric value.
The =ISNUMBER() function has been used to identify the type of entry made, and then
the =IF() decides which VLOOKUP to perform.

ID No. Name Salary

1 Alan £10,000
2 Eric £12,000
3 Carol £8,000
4 Bob £15,000
5 David £12,000

Type Employee Name or ID : eric

The Salary is : £ 12,000
=IF(ISNUMBER(E35),VLOOKUP(E35,C29:E33,3,FALSE),VLOOKUP(E35,D29:E33,2,FALSE))
70 70

Number Is it Odd
1 TRUE =ISODD(C4)
2 FALSE =ISODD(C5)
2.5 FALSE =ISODD(C6)
2.6 FALSE =ISODD(C7)
3.5 TRUE =ISODD(C8)
3.6 TRUE =ISODD(C9)
Hello Err:504 =ISODD(C10)
1-Feb-98 TRUE =ISODD(C11)
1-Feb-96 FALSE =ISODD(C12)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a number to determine whether it is odd.
An odd number is shown as TRUE an even number is shown as FALSE.
Note that decimal fractions are ignored.
Note that dates can be odd or even.
Note that text entries result in the #VALUE! error.

Syntax
=ISODD(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is required.
71 71

1 =ISREF(A1)
0 =ISREF(B99)
0 =ISREF(Hello)
0 =ISREF(10)
0 =ISREF(NOW())
0 =ISREF("A1")
0 =ISREF(XX99)

What Does It Do ?
This function shows TRUE if given a cell address, or FALSE for any other type of value.
Its a bit of an odd one, and is normally used in macros rather than on the worksheet.

Syntax
=ISREF(ValueToTest)
The ValueToTest can be any type of data, but when used on the worksheet, it cannot be a
reference to the contents of another cell, as the reference will itself be evaluated by the function.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
the function.
72 72

Cell To Test Result

Hello 1 =ISTEXT(D4)
1 0 =ISTEXT(D5)
### 0 =ISTEXT(D6)
0 =ISTEXT(D7)

What Does It Do ?
This functions tests an entry to determine whether it is text.
If the entry is text is shows TRUE.
If the entry is any other type it shows FALSE.

Syntax
=ISTEXT(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a personnel department to lookup the salary of an employee.
The employee can be entered as a Name or as a Numeric value.
The =ISTEXT() function has been used to identify the type of entry made, and then
the =IF() decides which VLOOKUP to perform.

ID No. Name Salary

1 Alan £10,000
2 Eric £12,000
3 Carol £8,000
4 Bob £15,000
5 David £12,000

Type Employee Name or ID : 3

The Salary is : £ 8,000
=IF(ISTEXT(E33),VLOOKUP(E33,D27:E31,2,FALSE),VLOOKUP(E33,C27:E31,3,FALSE))
73 73

Values Highest Value 800 =LARGE(C4:C8,1)

120 2nd Highest Value 250 =LARGE(C4:C8,2)
800 3rd Highest Value 120 =LARGE(C4:C8,3)
100 4th Highest Value 120 =LARGE(C4:C8,4)
120 5th Highest Value 100 =LARGE(C4:C8,5)
250

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of values and picks the value at a user specified position
in the list.

Syntax
=LARGE(ListOfNumbersToExamine,PositionToPickFrom)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to calculate the top 3 sales figures between Jan, Feb and Mar.

Sales Jan Feb Mar

North £5,000 £6,000 £4,500
South £5,800 £7,000 £3,000
East £3,500 £2,000 £10,000
West £12,000 £4,000 £6,000

Highest Value £12,000 =LARGE(D24:F27,1)

2nd Highest Value £10,000 =LARGE(D24:F27,2)
3rd Highest Value £7,000 =LARGE(D24:F27,3)

Note
Another way to find the Highest and Lowest values would have been to use
the =MAX() and =MIN() functions.

Highest £12,000 =MAX(D24:F27)

Lowest £2,000 =MIN(D24:F27)
LARGE SMALL
800 100

OK

OK
74 74

Least
Common
Numbers Multiple
6 20 60 =LCM(C4,D4)
12 18 36 =LCM(C5,D5)
34 96 1632 =LCM(C6,D6)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculate the Least Common Multiple, which is the smallest number
that can be divided by each of the given numbers.

Syntax
=LCM(Number1,Number2,Number3... through to Number29)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
75 75

Number
Of
Character
s
Text Required Left String
Alan Jones 1 A =LEFT(C4,D4)
Alan Jones 2 Al =LEFT(C5,D5)
Alan Jones 3 Ala =LEFT(C6,D6)
Cardiff 6 Cardif =LEFT(C7,D7)
ABC123 4 ABC1 =LEFT(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
This function displays a specified number of characters from the left hand side of a
piece of text.

Syntax
=LEFT(OriginalText,NumberOfCharactersRequired)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to extract the first name of a person from their full name.
The =FIND() function was used to locate position of the space between the first and second name.
The length of the first name is therefore the position of the space minus one character.
The =LEFT() function can now extract the first name based on the position of the space.

Full Name First Name

Alan Jones Alan =LEFT(C27,FIND(" ",C27)-1)
Bob Smith Bob =LEFT(C28,FIND(" ",C28)-1)
Carol Williams Carol =LEFT(C29,FIND(" ",C29)-1)
76 76

Text Length
Alan Jones 10 =LEN(C4)
Bob Smith 9 =LEN(C5)
Carol Williams 14 =LEN(C6)
Cardiff 7 =LEN(C7)
ABC123 6 =LEN(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function counts the number of characters, including spaces and numbers, in a piece of text.

Syntax
=LEN(Text)

Formatting
No Special formatting is needed.

Example
This example shows how the =LEN() function is used in a formula which extracts the
second name from a text entry containing both first and second names.

Original Text
Carol Williams 6 =FIND(" ",C24)
This is the position of the space.

Carol Williams 8 =LEN(C24)-FIND(" ",C24)

This is the length of the second name.
Calculated by taking the overall length of the complete
name and subtracting the position of the space.

=RIGHT(C24,LEN(C24)-FIND(" ",C24))
This is just the second name.
Calculated by using the =RIGHT() function to extract
the rightmost characters up to the length of
the second name.
77 77

Name Jan Feb Mar

Alan 10 80 97
Bob 20 90 69
Carol 30 100 45
David 40 110 51
Eric 50 120 77
Francis 60 130 28
Gail 70 140 73

Type a Name in this cell : Eric

The March value for this person is : 77 =LOOKUP(F12,D4:G10)

What Does It Do ?
This function looks for a piece of information in a list, and then picks an item from the
last cell in the adjacent row or column.

It always picks the data from the end of the row or column, so it is no good if you need
to pick data from part way across a list, (use VLOOKUP or HLOOKUP).

The way in which the function decides whether to pick from the row or column is based
on the size of the table.

If the table has more rows than columns : the function will look down the left most column
trying to find a match for the piece of information
you asked it to look for.
When a match is found, the function will look
across to the right most column to pick the
last entry on the row.

If the table has the same amount of rows and columns :

the function will look down the left most column and
work in just the same way as if the table had more
rows than columns, as in the description above.

If the table has more columns than rows : the function will look across the top row trying
to find a match for the piece of information you
have asked it to look for.
When a match is found, the function will then look
down to the bottom cell of the column to pick
the last entry of the column.

Syntax
=LOOKUP(WhatToLookFor,RangeToLookIn)
The WhatToLookFor should be a single item.
The RangeToLook in can be either horizontal or vertical.
Be careful not to include unnecessary heading in the range as these will cause errors.

Example 1 Example 2
In this table there are more In this table there are more columns than rows, so
rows than columns, so the the row heading of Jan is not included in the
column heading of Jan is lookup range.
not included in the lookup
range. Alan Bob Carol David
Jan Jan 100 100 100 100
Alan 100
Bob 100
Carol 100
David 100
Eric 100
Fred 100

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Problems
The list of information to be looked through must be sorted in ascending order, otherwise errors
will occur, either as #N/A or incorrect results.

Table 1 shows the Name column sorted alphabetically, the results of using =LOOKUP() will
be correct.

Table 2 shows the same data, but not sorted. Sometimes the results will be correct, but other
times the result will be an #N/A error or incorrect figure.

Table 1 Table 2
Name Jan Feb Mar Name Jan Feb Mar
Alan 10 80 97 David 40 110 51
Bob 20 90 69 Eric 50 120 77
Carol 30 100 45 Alan 10 80 97
David 40 110 51 Bob 20 90 69
Eric 50 120 77 Carol 30 100 45
Francis 60 130 28 Francis 60 130 28
Gail 70 140 73 Gail 70 140 73

Name : Eric Name : Eric

Value : 77 Value : 45
=LOOKUP(C88,B80:E86) =LOOKUP(H88,G80:J86)
78 78

Name Jan Feb Mar

Alan 10 80 97
Bob 20 90 69
Carol 30 100 45
David 40 110 51
Eric 50 120 77
Francis 60 130 28
Gail 70 140 73

Type a Name in this cell : Eric

The Feb value for this person is : 120 =LOOKUP(F12,D4:G10,F4:F10)

What Does It Do ?
This function looks for a piece of information in a list, and then picks an item from
a second range of cells.

Syntax
=LOOKUP(WhatToLookFor,RangeToLookIn,RangeToPickFrom)
The WhatToLookFor should be a single item.
The RangeToLook in can be either horizontal or vertical.
The RangeToPickFrom must have the same number of cells in it as the RangeToLookin.
Be careful not to include unnecessary heading in the ranges as these will cause errors.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following example shows how the =LOOKUP() function was used to match a name typed
in cell G41 against the list of names in C38:C43. When a match is found the =LOOKUP() then
picks from the second range E38:J38.
If the name Carol is used, the match is made in the third cell of the list of names, and then
the function picks the third cell from the list of values.

RangeToLookIn RangeToPickFrom
Alan 5 10 15 20 25 30
Bob
Carol
David Type a name : Carol
Eric Value : 15
Fred =LOOKUP(G41,C38:C43,E38:J38)
Problems
The list of information to be looked through must be sorted in ascending order, otherwise errors
will occur, either as #N/A or incorrect results.
79 79

Upper Case Text

Lower Case
ALAN JONES alan jones =LOWER(C4)
BOB SMITHbob smith =LOWER(C5)
CAROL WILLIAMS
carol williams=LOWER(C6)
CARDIFF cardiff =LOWER(C7)
ABC123 abc123 =LOWER(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts all characters in a piece of text to lower case.

Syntax
=LOWER(TextToConvert)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
80 80

Names Values
Bob 250
Alan 600
David 1000
Carol 4000

Type a name to look for : Alan Type a value : 1000

The position of Alan is : 2 Value position : 3

=MATCH(E9,E4:E7,0) =MATCH(I9,I4:I7,1)

What Does It Do ?
This function looks for an item in a list and shows its position.
It can be used with text and numbers.
It can look for an exact match or an approximate match.

Syntax
=MATCH(WhatToLookFor,WhereToLook,TypeOfMatch)
The TypeOfMatch either 0, 1 or -1.

Using 0 will look for an exact match. If no match is found the #NA error will be shown.

Using 1 will look for an exact match, or the next lowest number if no exact match exists.
If there is no match or next lowest number the error #NA is shown.
The list of values being examined must be sorted for this to work correctly.

Using -1 will look for an exact match, or the next highest number if no exact match exists.
If there is no exact match or next highest number the error #NA is shown.
The list must be sorted for this to work properly.

Examples 1
Using the 0 option suitable for an exact match.
The Ascending list gives the exact match.
The Descending list gives the exact match.
The Wrong Value list cannot find an exact match, so the #NA is shown.

Ascending Descending Wrong Value

10 40 10
20 30 20
30 20 30
40 10 40

20 20 25
 2 3 #N/A
=MATCH(G45,G40:G43,0)

Example 2
Using the 1 option suitable for a ascending list to find an exact or next lowest match.
The Ascending list gives the exact match.
The Descending list gives the #NA error.
The Wrong Value list finds the next lowest number..

Ascending Descending Wrong Value

10 40 10
20 30 20
30 20 30
40 10 40

20 20 25
2 #N/A 2
=MATCH(G62,G57:G60,1)

Example 3
Using the -1 option suitable for a descending list to find an exact or next highest match.
The Ascending list gives the #NA error.
The Descending list gives the exact match.
The Wrong Value list finds the next highest number.

Ascending Descending Wrong Value

10 40 40
20 30 30
30 20 20
40 10 10

20 20 25
#N/A 3 2
=MATCH(G79,G74:G77,-1)

Example 4
The tables below were used to by a bus company taking booking for bus tours.
They need to allocate a bus with enough seats for the all the passengers.
The list of bus sizes has been entered in a list.
The number of passengers on the tour is then entered.
The =MATCH() function looks down the list to find the bus with enough seats.
If the number of passengers is not an exact match, the next biggest bus will be picked.
After the =MATCH() function has found the bus, the =INDEX() function has been used
to look down the list again and pick out the actual bus size required.

Bus Size Passengers on the tour : 23

Bus 1 54 Bus size needed : 50
Bus 2 50 =INDEX(D95:D99,MATCH(H94,D95:D99,-1),0)
Bus 3 22
Bus 4 15
Bus 5 6

Example 5
The tables below were used by a school to calculate the exam grades for pupils.
The list of grade breakpoints was entered in a list.
The pupils scores were entered in another list.
The pupils scores are compared against the breakpoints.
If an exact match is not found, the next lowest breakpoint is used.
The =INDEX() function then looks down the Grade list to find the grade.

Exam Score Grade Pupil Score Grade

0 Fail Alan 60 Pass
50 Pass Bob 6 Fail
90 Merit Carol 97 Distinction
95 Distinction David 89 Pass
=INDEX(D111:D114,MATCH(G114,C111:C114,1),0)
MATCH
81 81

Values Maximum
120 800 100 120 250 800 =MAX(C4:G4)

Dates Maximum
1-Jan-98 ### ### ### 4-Jul-98 ### =MAX(C7:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function picks the highest value from a list of data.

Syntax
=MAX(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
In the following example the =MAX() function has been used to find the highest value for
each region, month and overall.

Sales Jan Feb Mar Region Max

North £5,000 £6,000 £4,500 £6,000 =MAX(C23:E23)
South £5,800 £7,000 £3,000 £7,000
East £3,500 £2,000 £10,000 £10,000
West £12,000 £4,000 £6,000 £12,000

Month Max £12,000 £7,000 £10,000

=MAX(E23:E26)
Overall Ma £12,000
=MAX(C23:E26)
82 82

Value1 Value2 Value3 Value4 Value5 Median

20 50 10 30 40 30 =MEDIAN(C4:G4)

2000 1000 10 20 8000 1000 =MEDIAN(C6:G6)

10 20 40 40 40 40 =MEDIAN(C8:G8)

Value1 Value2 Value3 Value4 Median

20 40 30 10 25 =MEDIAN(C11:F11)

20 20 40 20 20 =MEDIAN(C13:F13)

What Does It Do ?
This function finds the median value of a group of values.
The median is not the average, it is the half way point where half the numbers in the group are
larger than it and half the numbers are less than it.
If there is no exact median number in the group, the two nearest the half way point are
added and their average is used as the median.

Syntax
=MEDIAN(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
83 83

How
Many
Start Character
Text Position s Mid String
ABCDEDF 1 3 ABC =MID(C4,D4,E4)
ABCDEDF 2 3 BCD =MID(C5,D5,E5)
ABCDEDF 5 2 ED =MID(C6,D6,E6)

ABC-100-DEF 100 =MID(C8,5,3)

ABC-200-DEF 200 =MID(C9,5,3)
ABC-300-DEF 300 =MID(C10,5,3)

Item Size: LargeLarge =MID(C12,12,99)

Item Size: MediumMedium =MID(C13,12,99)
Item Size: SmallSmall =MID(C14,12,99)

What Does It Do ?
This function picks out a piece of text from the middle of a text entry.
The function needs to know at what point it should start, and how many characters to pick.
If the number of characters to pick exceeds what is available, only the available characters
will be picked.

Syntax
=MID(OriginalText,PositionToStartPicking,NumberOfCharactersToPick)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
The following table uses the =MID() function to extract a post code from a branch ID used
by a company.
It is assumed that all branch ID's follow the same format with the letters identifying the
postal region being in the 5th and 6th positions.

Branch ID
Postal Region
DRS-CF-476 CF =MID(C35,5,2)
DRS-WA-842 WA =MID(C36,5,2)
HLT-NP-190 NP =MID(C37,5,2)

Example 2
This example shows how to extract an item which is of variable length, which is inside
a piece of text which has no standard format, other than the required text is always
 between two slash / symbols.

Full Branch Code

Postal Region
DRS/STC/872 STC
HDRS/FC/111 FC
S/NORTH/874NORTH
HQ/K/875 K
SPECIAL/UK & FR/876
UK & FR
=MID(C50,FIND("/",C50)+1,FIND("/",C50,FIND("/",C50)+1)-FIND("/",C50)-1)

Find the first /, plus 1 for the Start of the code.

Find the second /, occurring after the first /
Calculate the length of the text to extract, by subtracting the position
of the first / from the position of the second /
84 84

Values Minimum
120 800 100 120 250 100 =MIN(C4:G4)

Dates Maximum
1-Jan-98 ### ### ### 4-Jul-98 1-Jan-98 =MIN(C7:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function picks the lowest value from a list of data.

Syntax
=MIN(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
In the following example the =MIN() function has been used to find the lowest value for
each region, month and overall.

Sales Jan Feb Mar Region Min

North £5,000 £6,000 £4,500 £4,500 =MIN(C23:E23)
South £5,800 £7,000 £3,000 £3,000
East £3,500 £2,000 £10,000 £2,000
West £12,000 £4,000 £6,000 £4,000

Month MIN £3,500 £2,000 £3,000

=MIN(E23:E26)
Overall MI £2,000
=MIN(C23:E26)
85 85

Number Minute
### 27 =MINUTE(D4)
### 15 =MINUTE(D5)
0.02 28 =MINUTE(D6)
0.52 28 =MINUTE(D7)
1.52 28 =MINUTE(D8)

What Does It Do?

The function will show the minute of the hour based upon a time or a number.
Only the fraction part of the number is used as it is this which relates to time of day.

Syntax
=MINUTE(Number)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a normal number between 0 and 59.

Example
The =REPT() function has been used to make a digital display for the current time.
The time functions of =HOUR(), =MINUTE() and =SECOND() have been used in conjunction
with the =NOW() as the basis for the number of repeats.
To update the clock press the function key F9.

Clock
Hour |||||||||||| 12
Minute ||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 27
Second |||||||| 08
=REPT("|",HOUR(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(HOUR(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",MINUTE(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(MINUTE(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",SECOND(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(SECOND(NOW()),"00")

Related Information
To convert a time in hh:mm format to decimal format.

Enter a time in hh:mm format : 2:45

The same time converted to a decimal : 2.75 =F38*24

To extract the hours as a decimal : 2 =INT(F38*24)

To extract the minutes as a decimal : 0.75 =MOD(F38*24,1)

 To convert a time in decimal format to hh:mm format.

Enter a time in decimal format : 3.75

The same time converted to hh:mm format is : 3:45 =F49/24

To extract the hours in hh:mm format : 3:00 =INT(F49)/24

To extract the minutes in hh:mm format : 0:45 =MOD(F49,1)/24

The three formula above have also been formatted as hh:mm using
the Format, Cells, Number, Time command.
86 86

What Does It Do ?
This function multiplies one range of values with another range of values.
The ranges do not have to be of equal size.
The dimensions of the result range is in direct proportion to dimensions of the two input ranges.
It is an Array function and must be entered using the Ctrl+Shift+Enter combination.

Syntax
=MMULT(Range1,Range2)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following tables were used by a company producing boxes of chocolates.
The types of chocolate produced were Milk, Dark and White.
The company boxed the chocolates in three differing mixtures of Milk, Dark and White.
In the run up to Christmas customers ordered various quantities of each box.
The chocolate company now needed to know what quantity of each type of chocolate to produce.
The =MMULT() function was used to multiply the contents of boxes by the customer orders.
The result of the =MMULT() is the total number of each type of chocolate to produce.

Chocolates in the box

Size Milk Dark White
Giant 50 50 50
Standard 30 20 10
Economy 20 5 5

Customers Orders
Giant Standard Economy
300 400 500

Quantity To Produce
Milk Dark White
37,000 25,500 21,500

{=MMULT(C32:E32,C26:E28)}
In all three cells

How It Was Done

Cells C36 to E36 were selected.
The formula =MMULT(C32:E32,C26:E28) was typed, (but not yet entered).
The keys Ctrl+Shift+Enter were pressed to confirm the entry as an array.
The formula then showed the correct result.
Getting The Dimensions Correct
The dimensions of the Result range are directly related to the two input ranges.
The number of rows in the Result should be equal to the rows in Range1.
The number of columns in the Result should be equal to the columns in Range2.

Example 2
The following tables were used by the chocolate company to calculate the amount of
ingredients needed to produce batches of chocolate.

The company has four factories, each of which has to order enough Butter, Eggs and Sugar
to ensure they can meet production targets.

Range 1 contains the planned production of Milk and Dark chocolate for each factory.
Range 2 contains the amount Butter, Eggs and Sugar needed to make 1 unit of Milk or Plain.
The Result range shows the quantities of each ingredient that will have to be ordered to
meet the production target.

Note the depth of the Result is the same as the depth of Range 1, and the width of
the Result is the same as the width of Range 2.

Range 1 Range 2
Production Milk Dark Ingredients Butter Eggs Sugar
Factory 1 20 0 Milk 1 3 10
Factory 2 20 1 Dark 2 2 5
Factory 3 10 5
Factory 4 20 10

Result
Ingredients To Order Butter Eggs Sugar
Factory 1 20 60 200
Factory 2 22 62 205
Factory 3 20 40 125
Factory 4 40 80 250

{=MMULT(C69:D72,G69:I70)}
In all cells

Hint
To get a feel for how the =MMULT() function operates, set all values in Range1 and Range2
to zero 0, then change a single value in each.
put ranges.

e to produce.
87 87

Number Divisor Remainder

12 5 2 =MOD(C4,D4)
20 7 6 =MOD(C5,D5)
18 3 0 =MOD(C6,D6)
9 2 1 =MOD(C7,D7)
24 7 3 =MOD(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the remainder after a number has been divided by another number.

Syntax
=MOD(Number,Divisor)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
88 88

Value1 Value2 Value3 Value4 Value5 Mode

20 50 10 10 40 10 =MODE(C4:G4)

40 20 40 10 40 40 =MODE(C6:G6)

10 10 99 20 20 10 =MODE(C8:G8)
20 20 99 10 10 20 =MODE(C9:G9)
10 20 20 99 10 10 =MODE(C10:G10)

10 20 30 40 50 #VALUE! =MODE(C12:G12)

What Does It Do ?
This function displays the most frequently occurring number in a group of numbers.
For it to work correctly there must be at least two numbers which are the same.
If all the values in the group are unique the function shows the error #N/A.
When there is more than one set of duplicates, the number closest to the beginning
of the group will be used. (Which is not really an accurate answer!)

Syntax
=MODE(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table shows garments sold in a clothes shop.
The shopkeeper wants to keep track of the most commonly sold size.
The =MODE() function has been used to calulate this.

Order Garmet Size

001 Blouse 10 Most frequently ordered size : 10
002 Skirt 10 =MODE(D33:D52)
003 Shirt 8
004 Blouse 10
005 Skirt 12 Count of size 8 : 6
006 Dress 8 =COUNTIF(D33:D52,"8")
007 Shirt 10
008 Blouse 10 Count of size 10 : 11
009 Dress 8 =COUNTIF(D33:D52,"10")
010 Shirt 10
011 Dress 12 Count of size 12 : 3
012 Skirt 12 =COUNTIF(D33:D52,"12")
013 Skirt 10
 014 Shirt 10
015 Dress 8
016 Shirt 10
017 Blouse 10
018 Blouse 8
019 Dress 10
020 Skirt 8

Note
If the =AVERAGE() function had been used the answer would have been : 9.7
This figure is of no benefit to the shopkeeper as there are no garmets of this size!
 89 89

Original Date Month

1-Jan-98 1 =MONTH(C4)
1-Jan-98 ### =MONTH(C5)

What Does It Do?

This function extracts the month from a complete date.

Syntax
=MONTH(Date)

Formatting
Normally the result will be a number, but this can be formatted to show the actual
month by using Format,Cells,Number,Custom and using the code mmm or mmmm.

Example
The =MONTH function has been used to calculate the name of the month for your birthday.

Please enter your date of birth in the format dd/mm/yy 3/25/1962

You were born in January =MONTH(F20)
90 90

Rounded
Number Multiple Value
110 50 100 =MROUND(C4,D4)
120 50 100 =MROUND(C5,D5)
150 50 150 =MROUND(C6,D6)
160 50 150 =MROUND(C7,D7)
170 50 150 =MROUND(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number up or down to the nearest multiple specified by the user.

Syntax
=MROUND(NumberToRound,MultipleToUse)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
91 91

Original Converted
1 1 =N(C4)
3 1/2 3.5 =N(C5)
3.5 3.5 =N(C6)
3.50% 0.035 =N(C7)
### 36154 =N(C8)
1 1 =N(C9)
0 0 =N(C10)
Hello 0 =N(C11)
0 =N(C12)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a numeric entry to its mathematical value.
Anything which will not convert is shown as 0 zero.
Excel does not really need this function, due to the fact that Excel calculates in this way
naturally. The function is included for compatibility with other spreadsheet programs.

Syntax
=N(NumericEntry)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
92 92

#N/A =NA()

Value Test
10 11 =IF(ISBLANK(C6),NA(),C6+1)
#N/A =IF(ISBLANK(C7),NA(),C7+1)
30 31 =IF(ISBLANK(C8),NA(),C8+1)

Sales
North 100
South #N/A =NA()
East #N/A =NA()
West 200
Total #N/A =SUM(D11:D14)

What Does It Do ?
This function is a place marker used to indicate that required information is Not Available.
It can be type directly in to a cell as =NA() or it can be used as part of a calculation.
When the =NA() is used, any calculations which depend upon the cell will also show #NA.
It is used to indicate that all the data has not yet been entered in to the spreadsheet.

Syntax
=NA()

Formatting
No special formatting is required.

Example
The following table was used by a company to calculate the monthly Wage of an employee.
The Salary and Tax percentage are entered.
The Tax is then deducted from the Salary to calculate the Wage.

Table 1 shows that when the Tax is not entered, the Wage is still calculated.
On a large spreadsheet this may go unnoticed and the wrong Wage paid.

Table 1
Salary Tax % Pay
Alan 1000 25% 750 =C39-C39*D39
Bob 1000 1000 =C40-C40*D40
Carol 1000 20% 800 =C41-C41*D41

Table 2 shows how the =NA() has been inserted in the unknown Tax to act as a
reminder that the Tax still needs to be entered.
Table 2
Salary Tax % Pay
Alan 1000 25% 750 =C49-C49*D49
Bob 1000 #N/A #N/A =C50-C50*D50
Carol 1000 20% 800 =C51-C51*D51
93 93

Start Date End Date Work Days

1-Mar-98 7-Mar-98 5 =NETWORKDAYS(C4,D4)
25-Apr-98 30-Jul-98 69 =NETWORKDAYS(C5,D5)
### 5-Jan-99 9 =NETWORKDAYS(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

This function will calculate the number of working days between two dates.
It will exclude weekends and any holidays.

Syntax
=NETWORKDAYS(StartDate,EndDate,Holidays)
Holidays : This is a list of dates which will be excluded from the calculation, such as Xmas
and Bank holidays.

Formatting
The result will be shown as a number.

Note
The calculation does not include the last day. The result of using 1-Jan-98 and 5-Jan-98 will
give a result of 4. To correct this add 1 to the result. =NETWORKDAYS(Start,End,Holidays)+1

Example
The following example shows how a list of Holidays can be created.

Start Date End Date Work Days

### ### 5 =NETWORKDAYS(B28,C28,C33:C37)
### ### 10 =NETWORKDAYS(B29,C29,C33:C37)
### ### 4 =NETWORKDAYS(B30,C30,C33:C37)

Holidays
Bank Holiday 1-May-98
Xmas ###
New Year 1-Jan-97
New Year 1-Jan-98
New Year 1-Jan-99
94 94

Cells To Test Result

10 20 1 =NOT(C4>D4)
10 20 1 =NOT(C5=D5)
10 20 0 =NOT(C6<D6)
1-Jan-98 1-Feb-98 1 =NOT(C7>D7)
Hello Goodbye 1 =NOT(C8=D8)
Hello Hello 0 =NOT(C9=D9)

What Does It Do ?
This function performs a test to see if the test fails. (A type of reverse logic).
If the test fails, the result is TRUE.
If the test is met, then the result is FALSE.

Syntax
=NOT(TestToPerform)
The TestToPerform can be reference to cells or another calculation.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a library to track books borrowed.
The date the book was Taken out is entered.
The period of the Loan is entered.
The date the book was returned is entered.
The =NOT() function has been used to calculate whether the book was returned within
the correct time, by adding the Loan value to the Taken date.
If the book was not returned on time the result Overdue is shown, otherwise OK is shown.

Taken Loan Returned Status

1-Jan-98 14 5-Jan-98 OK =IF(NOT(D33<=B33+C33),"Overdue","OK")
1-Jan-98 14 15-Jan-98 OK =IF(NOT(D34<=B34+C34),"Overdue","OK")
1-Jan-98 14 20-Jan-98 Overdue =IF(NOT(D35<=B35+C35),"Overdue","OK")
95 95

The current Date and Time

### =NOW()
45907.52 =NOW()

What Does It Do?

This function shows the current date and time. The result will be updated each time the
worksheet is opened and every time an entry is made anywhere on the worksheet.

Syntax
=NOW()

Formatting
The result will be shown as a date and time. If it is formatted to show as a number
the integer part is used for the date and the decimal portion represent the time.
96 96

Rounded
To
Number Next Odd
2 3 =ODD(C4)
2.4 3 =ODD(C5)
2.9 3 =ODD(C6)
3 3 =ODD(C7)
3.4 5 =ODD(C8)
3.9 5 =ODD(C9)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number up to the next highest whole odd number.

Syntax
=ODD(NumberToBeRounded)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
97 97

Payment Handling
Order No. Cost Type Charge
AB001 1000 Cash £ - =IF(OR(E4="Visa",E4="Delta"),5,0)
AB002 1000 Visa £ 5 =IF(OR(E5="Visa",E5="Delta"),5,0)
AB003 2000 Cheque £ - =IF(OR(E6="Visa",E6="Delta"),5,0)
AB004 5000 Delta £ 5 =IF(OR(E7="Visa",E7="Delta"),5,0)

What Does It Do?

This function tests two or more conditions to see if any of them are true.
It can be used to test that at least one of a series of numbers meets certain conditions.
Normally the OR() function would be used in conjunction with a function such as =IF().

Syntax
=OR(Test1,Test2)
Note that there can be up to 30 possible tests.

Formatting
When used by itself it will show TRUE or FALSE.

Example
The following table shows a list of orders taken by a company.
A handling charge of £5 is made on all orders paid by Visa or Delta cards.
The =OR() function has been used to determine whether the charge needs to be applied.

Payment Handling
Order No. Cost Type Charge
AB001 1000 Cash £ - =IF(OR(E27="Visa",E27="Delta"),5,0)
AB002 1000 Visa £ 5
AB003 2000 Cheque £ -
AB004 5000 Delta £ 5
 98 98

This is an example of a spreadsheet to calculate the best time interval to order stock.

Scenario
A garage fits exhaust systems.
The manager orders the exhausts on a regular basis.
Each time an order is made for new stock, there is a fixed administrative cost.
The exhausts are kept in stock until needed.
Keeping the exhausts in stock incurs a cost due to capital tied up and warehouse costs.
The supplier of the Exhausts gives a discount on large orders.

Objective
Find the time interval to order stock which will result in the lowest Admin and Warehouse costs.

Input Data
Cost of a single Exhaust system : £75
Cost of keeping Exhaust in stock. (As a % of the stock value) : 12%
Quantity of Exhausts used per day : 10
Admin cost each time new Exhausts are ordered : £25
verage quantity of Exhausts in stock (As % of ordered quantity) : 0.5
Ordering Intervals to evaluate. (Expressed in Days) : 2

Suppliers first Price Break and Discount% offered : 200 1%

Suppliers second Price Break and Discount% offered : 750 5%

Output
Annual
Ordering Annual Ware The Best
Interval Quantity Order Order Orders Admin house Annual Ordering
In Days Per Order Value Discount Per Year Cost Costs Total Interval
1 10 £ 750 £ - 365 £ 9,125 £ 45 £ 9,170 -
2 20 £ 1,500 £ - 183 £ 4,575 £ 90 £ 4,665 -
4 40 £ 3,000 £ - 92 £ 2,300 £ 180 £ 2,480 -
6 60 £ 4,500 £ - 61 £ 1,525 £ 270 £ 1,795 -
8 80 £ 6,000 £ - 46 £ 1,150 £ 360 £ 1,510 -
10 100 £ 7,500 £ - 37 £ 925 £ 450 £ 1,375 -
12 120 £ 9,000 £ - 31 £ 775 £ 540 £ 1,315 -
14 140 £ 10,500 £ - 27 £ 675 £ 630 £ 1,305 -
16 160 £ 12,000 £ - 23 £ 575 £ 720 £ 1,295 -
18 180 £ 13,500 £ - 21 £ 525 £ 810 £ 1,335 -
20 200 £ 15,000 £ 150 19 £ 475 £ 900 £ 1,225 Best
22 220 £ 16,500 £ 165 17 £ 425 £ 990 £ 1,250 -
24 240 £ 18,000 £ 180 16 £ 400 £ 1,080 £ 1,300 -
26 260 £ 19,500 £ 195 15 £ 375 £ 1,170 £ 1,350 -
 28 280 £ 21,000 £ 210 14 £ 350 £ 1,260 £ 1,400 -
30 300 £ 22,500 £ 225 13 £ 325 £ 1,350 £ 1,450 -
32 320 £ 24,000 £ 240 12 £ 300 £ 1,440 £ 1,500 -
34 340 £ 25,500 £ 255 11 £ 275 £ 1,530 £ 1,550 -
36 360 £ 27,000 £ 270 11 £ 275 £ 1,620 £ 1,625 -
38 380 £ 28,500 £ 285 10 £ 250 £ 1,710 £ 1,675 -
40 400 £ 30,000 £ 300 10 £ 250 £ 1,800 £ 1,750 -
42 420 £ 31,500 £ 315 9 £ 225 £ 1,890 £ 1,800 -
44 440 £ 33,000 £ 330 9 £ 225 £ 1,980 £ 1,875 -
46 460 £ 34,500 £ 345 8 £ 200 £ 2,070 £ 1,925 -
48 480 £ 36,000 £ 360 8 £ 200 £ 2,160 £ 2,000 -
50 500 £ 37,500 £ 375 8 £ 200 £ 2,250 £ 2,075 -
52 520 £ 39,000 £ 390 8 £ 200 £ 2,340 £ 2,150 -
54 540 £ 40,500 £ 405 7 £ 175 £ 2,430 £ 2,200 -
56 560 £ 42,000 £ 420 7 £ 175 £ 2,520 £ 2,275 -
58 580 £ 43,500 £ 435 7 £ 175 £ 2,610 £ 2,350 -
60 600 £ 45,000 £ 450 7 £ 175 £ 2,700 £ 2,425 -

Things To Try
Change the Discount % to 0% and 0%.
Change the Ordering Interval to 1 or 30.
Change the Cost of the Exhaust making it cheaper or more expensive.
Change the Quantity used per day to a larger or smaller number.

Explanation
Column A Ordering Interval In Days
The first of these cells has the value 1 entered in it.
This is the smallest ordering period, which would require stock to be ordered every day.
The second cell picks the ordering interval from the Input Data table.
The third and subsequent cells add the ordering interval to the previous cell to create
a list of values of the same interval.

Column B Quantity Per Order

This is the number of Exhausts which will need to be ordered.

CalculationOrderingInterval * QuantityUsedPerDay

Column C Order Value

This is the value of the Order before any discount.

CalculationQuantityOrdered * CostOfExhaust

Column D Order Discount

The discount which can be subtracted from the order value.
The discount is only given on orders which are equal to or greater than the
 Price Break values set by the supplier.

CalculationOrderValue * SupplierDiscount
The supplier discount is calculated using the =IF() and the =AND() functions.

If the OrderQuantity is equal to or above the first Price Break, but below
the second Price Break, then the first Price Break discount is used.
=C29*IF(AND(B29>=$G$24,B29<$G$25),$H$24,IF(B29>=$G$25,$H$25,0))

If the OrderQuantity is equal to or above the second Price Break,

the second Price Break discount is used.
=C29*IF(AND(B29>=$G$24,B29<$G$25),$H$24,IF(B29>=$G$25,$H$25,0))

If the OrderQuantity does not qualify for a discount, zero discount is used.
=C29*IF(AND(B29>=$G$24,B29<$G$25),$H$24,IF(B29>=$G$25,$H$25,0))

Column E Orders Per Year

This is how many orders will need to be made based upon the ordering interval.
With an interval of 1, there will have to be 365 orders.

Calculation365/OrderingInterval
This calculation may give results which are decimal, such as 2.3
This decimal will cause problems, due to the fact that the number of
orders must always be a whole number.
The =CEILING() function has been used to 'round up' any decimals to
the next highest whole number.
=CEILING(365/A29,1)

Column F Annual Admin Costs

This is the administration costs involved in making the orders.

CalculationOrdersPerYear * AdminCost
=E29*$G$20

Column G Annual Warehouse Costs

This is the cost of keeping the stock in the warehouse.
It is based on the managers knowledge that on average the stock level is 50% of the
quantity ordered.

CalculationQuantityOrdered * AverageStockLevel) * ExhaustCost * WarehousingCost

=(B29*$G$21)*$G$17*$G$18

Column H Annual Total

This is the full yearly cost of ordering the Exhausts, based upon how frequently the
orders are made.
 It does not take in to account the actual costs of the Exhausts, as the manager only
wants to know what the lowest values for the overheads associated with ordering and
storing the exhaust systems.
However, the Discount figure is taken into account as this can be used to offset some
of the overheads.

CalculationAnnualAdminCosts + AnnualWarehouseCosts - OrderDiscount

=F29+G29-D29

Column I The Best Ordering Interval

This shows the Best ordering interval, giving the lowest annual overheads.
It compares the value in column H against the minimum value for all of column H.
If the two values match the word Best is shown, otherwise a dash is shown.
=IF(H29=MIN($H$29:$H$59),"Best","-")
99 99

There are no specific functions for calculating percentages.

You have to use the skills you were taught in your maths class at school!

Finding a percentage of a value

Initial valu 120

% to find 25%
Percentage 30 =D8*D9

Example 1
A company is about to give its staff a pay rise.
The wages department need to calculate the increases.
Staff on different grades get different pay rises.

Grade % Rise
A 10%
B 15%
C 20%

Name Grade Old Salary Increase

Alan A £ 10,000 £ 1,000 =E23*LOOKUP(D23,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Bob B £ 20,000 £ 3,000 =E24*LOOKUP(D24,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Carol C £ 30,000 £ 6,000 =E25*LOOKUP(D25,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
David B £ 25,000 £ 3,750 =E26*LOOKUP(D26,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Elaine C £ 32,000 £ 6,400 =E27*LOOKUP(D27,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Frank A £ 12,000 £ 1,200 =E28*LOOKUP(D28,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)

Finding a percentage increase

Initial valu 120

% increase 25%
Increased 150 =D33*D34+D33

Example 2
A company is about to give its staff a pay rise.
The wages department need to calculate the new salary including the % increase.
Staff on different grades get different pay rises.

Grade % Rise
A 10%
B 15%
C 20%
 Name Grade Old Salary Increase
Alan A £ 10,000 £ 11,000 =E48*LOOKUP(D48,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E48
Bob B £ 20,000 £ 23,000 =E49*LOOKUP(D49,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E49
Carol C £ 30,000 £ 36,000 =E50*LOOKUP(D50,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E50
David B £ 25,000 £ 28,750 =E51*LOOKUP(D51,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E51
Elaine C £ 32,000 £ 38,400 =E52*LOOKUP(D52,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E52
Frank A £ 12,000 £ 13,200 =E53*LOOKUP(D53,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E53

Finding one value as percentage of another

Value A 120
Value B 60
A as % of 50% =D59/D58

You will need to format the result as % by using the % button

on the toolbar.

Example 3
An manager has been asked to submit budget requirements for next year.
The manger needs to specify what will be required each quarter.
The manager knows what has been spent by each region in the previous year.
By analysing the past years spending, the manager hopes to predict
what will need to be spent in the next year.

Last years figures

Region Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
North 9,000 2,000 9,000 7,000
South 7,000 4,000 9,000 5,000
East 2,000 8,000 7,000 3,000
West 8,000 9,000 6,000 5,000 Total
Total 26,000 23,000 31,000 20,000 100,000

Last years Quarters as % of last years Total

Region Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
North 9% 2% 9% 7% =G74/$H$78
South 7% 4% 9% 5% =G75/$H$78
East 2% 8% 7% 3% =G76/$H$78
West 8% 9% 6% 5% =G77/$H$78
Total 26% 23% 31% 20% =G78/$H$78

Next years budget 150,000

Next years estimated budget requirements
Region Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
 North 13,500 3,000 13,500 10,500 =G82*$E$88
South 10,500 6,000 13,500 7,500 =G83*$E$88
East 3,000 12,000 10,500 4,500 =G84*$E$88
West 12,000 13,500 9,000 7,500 Total
Total 39,000 34,500 46,500 30,000 150,000

Finding an original value after an increase has been applied

Increased 150
% increase 25%
Original va 120 =D100/(100%+D101)

Example 4
An employ has to submit an expenses claim for travelling and accommodation.
The claim needs to show the VAT tax portion of each receipt.
Unfortunately the receipts held by the employee only show the total amount.
The employee needs to split this total to show the original value and the VAT amount.

VAT rate 17.50%

Receipt Total Actual Val Vat Value

Petrol £ 10.00 £ 8.51 £ 1.49 =D113-D113/(100%+$D$110)
Hotel £ 235.00 £ 200.00 £ 35.00
Petrol £ 117.50 £ 100.00 £ 17.50
=D115/(100%+$D$110)
100 100

Pool Of Items
Items In A Group
Permutations
4 2 12 =PERMUT(C4,D4)
4 3 24 =PERMUT(C5,D5)
10 4 5040 =PERMUT(C6,D6)
26 6 ### =PERMUT(C7,D7)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the maximum number of permutations given a fixed number of items.
The internal order is significant, so AB and BA will be considered as two possible permutations.
It could be used to calculate the possible number of 4 digit passwords from the digits 0 to 9.

Syntax
=PERMUT(PoolToPickFrom,ItemsInAGroup)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to calculate the total number of 8 letter passwords which can
be created by using all 26 letters of the alphabet.

Letter In Alphabet 26
Password Size 8
Permutations ###

In the case of a two letter password made from the letter A, B, C and D, the following
twelve permutations would be possible.

ABCD

Password AB Password BA
Password AC Password CA
Password AD Password DA
Password BC Password CB
Password BD Password DB
Password CD Password DC
101 101

p
### =PI()

What Does It Do ?
This function is equal to the value of Pi.
It is correct to 15 decimal places.
It does not need any input, it is a self contained function.

Syntax
=PI()

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
To calculate the area of a circle.

Radius Area
5 78.54 =PI()*(C21^2)
25 1963.50
102 102

Number Power Result

3 2 9 =POWER(C4,D4)
3 4 81 =POWER(C5,D5)
5 2 25 =POWER(C6,D6)
5 4 625 =POWER(C7,D7)

What Does It Do ?
This function raises a number to a user specified power.
It is the same as using the ^ operator, such as 3^4, which result is 81.
Both the POWER() function and the ^ operator are the same as using 3*3*3*3.

Syntax
=POWER(NumberToBeRaised,Power)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
To calculate the area of a circle.

Radius Area
5 78.54 =PI()*POWER(C22,2)
25 1963.50
103 103

Numbers Product
2 3 6 =PRODUCT(C4,D4)
5 10 50 =PRODUCT(C5:D5)
3 7 210 =PRODUCT(C6:D6,10)
6300 =PRODUCT(C4:D6)

What Does It Do ?
This function multiples a group of numbers together.
It is the same as using 2*3*5*10*3*7, which results in 6300.

Syntax
=PRODUCT(Number1,Number2,Number3... through to Number30)
or
=PRODUCT(RangeOfNumbers)
or
=PRODUCT(Number1,Range,Number2...)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
104 104

Original Text Proper

alan jonesAlan Jones =PROPER(C4)
bob smith Bob Smith =PROPER(C5)
caRol wILLIAMS
Carol Williams=PROPER(C6)
cardiff Cardiff =PROPER(C7)
ABC123 Abc123 =PROPER(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts the first letter of each word to uppercase, and all subsequent letters
are converted to lower case.

Syntax
=PROPER(TextToConvert)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
105 105

Values Quarter No. Quartile

1 0 1 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E4)
25 1 25 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E5)
50 2 50 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E6)
75 3 75 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E7)
100 4 100 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E8)

Values Quarter No. Quartile

817 104 640 767 0 104 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H12)
748 756 369 703 1 285.75 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H13)
372 993 294 261 2 489 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H14)
487 384 185 491 3 750 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H15)
140 607 894 182 4 993 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H16)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a group of values and then shows the values which are of the
upper limits of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quarters of the data.
The Quartile of 0 (zero) is actually lowest value, which can be obtained using the =MIN() function.
The Quartile of 4 is actually highest value, which can be obtained using the =MAX() function.

Syntax
=QUARTILE(RangeToBeExamined,QuartileValue)
The QuartileValue can only be 0,1,2,3 or 4.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H12)
=QUARTILE(C12:F16,H13)
=QUARTILE(C12:F16,H14)
=QUARTILE(C12:F16,H15)
=QUARTILE(C12:F16,H16)

N() function.
106 106

Number Divisor Result

12 5 2 =QUOTIENT(C4,D4)
20 3 6 =QUOTIENT(C5,D5)
46 15 3 =QUOTIENT(C6,D6)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the number of times a number can be divided by another number.
It ignores any remainder, only showing the whole number.

Syntax
=QUOTIENT(NumberToBeDivided,Divisor)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following example was used by a drinks merchant to calculate the number of
crates which could be packed using bottles in stock.
The merchant can only sell full crates.

Table 1 calculates the crates by simple division. This however shows

decimal fractions which are not needed.

Table 1
Bottles Bottles
Item To Pack Per Crate
Crates Needed
Wine 126 12 10.5 =D28/E28
Champagne 200 8 25
Rum 15 4 3.75
Beer 250 20 12.5

Table 2 uses the =QUOTIENT() function to remove the decimal fraction to

give the correct result.

Table 2
Bottles Bottles
Item To Pack Per Crate
Crates Needed
Wine 126 12 10 =QUOTIENT(D39,E39)
Champagne 200 8 25
Rum 15 6 2
Beer 250 20 12
107 107

Random greater than or equal to 0 but less than 1.

0.628906 =RAND()

Random greater than or equal to 0 but less than 10

2.761637 =RAND()*10

Random between 5 and 10.

9.913939 =RAND()*(10-5)+5

What Does It Do ?
This function creates a random number >=0 but <1.
The number will change each time the worksheet recalculates, or when F9 is pressed.

Syntax
=RAND()

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Examples
The following examples show how the =RAND() function has been used to randomly
sort list of information.

A list of cards has been entered in column C, and =RAND() in column D.

By clicking inside the random numbers and then using Data, Sort or the Sort button
the cards will be shuffled.

The same technique has been used to generate a list of six winning lottery numbers.

Card Random Lottery Random

Clubs 8 0.447863 29 0.977374
Clubs 6 0.245367 34 0.485446
Diamond 9 0.288742 30 0.000511
Spades 13 0.768977 41 0.233403
Clubs 9 0.49007 40 0.855611
Diamond 7 0.332364 37 0.255264
Diamond 4 0.317408 26 0.018936
Clubs 10 0.816478 32 0.384644
Spades 3 0.953218 21 0.836413
Hearts 6 0.671269 19 0.797396
Hearts 4 0.605526 7 0.267048
Diamond 8 0.656286 10 0.761133
Hearts 11 0.90984 16 0.040067
 Clubs 3 0.385666 8 0.663195
Clubs 13 0.885033 48 0.969312
Spades 5 0.295171 43 0.523982
Diamond 3 0.893748 44 0.269926
Spades 2 0.740689 4 0.732743
Diamond 6 0.281468 3 0.367386
Clubs 5 0.744176 45 0.320695
Spades 1 0.053135 47 0.542452
Clubs 12 0.167919 49 0.392069
Hearts 10 0.493845 35 0.982308
Hearts 13 0.45858 27 0.002866
Spades 7 0.954749 1 0.515193
Spades 6 0.256239 13 0.045271
Diamond 120.703118 31 0.660407
Hearts 3 0.876677 5 0.548546
Hearts 5 0.177939 18 0.632782
Hearts 8 0.769581 39 0.909181
Hearts 1 0.033683 23 0.474227
Diamond 130.124318 12 0.757475
Hearts 9 0.475289 11 0.944868
Clubs 4 0.76211 20 0.136593
Diamond 5 0.454147 33 0.912925
Spades 4 0.321996 42 0.979013
Clubs 1 0.552003 24 0.39707
Spades 8 0.649348 2 0.667138
Hearts 7 0.601874 14 0.969918
Diamond 1 0.561284 25 0.617476
Clubs 2 0.417665 9 0.003833
Hearts 2 0.85301 38 0.265501
Diamond 110.115643 15 0.101304
Clubs 7 0.199611 28 0.777019
Spades 12 0.521636 17 0.606791
Spades 10 0.667314 6 0.139179
Clubs 11 0.561656 22 0.125123
Diamond 2 0.210684 46 0.050817
Diamond 100.067852 36 0.226857
Spades 9 0.195267
Spades 11 0.580226
Hearts 12 0.236093
108 108

Low High Random

5 10 8 =RANDBETWEEN(C4,D4)
1 49 45 =RANDBETWEEN(C5,D5)

What Does It Do ?
This function produces a random whole number between two specified numbers.
The random number will change each time the spreadsheet is recalculated or F9 is pressed.

Syntax
=RANDOMBETWEEN(LowLimit,HighLimit)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table shows how the =RANDBETWEEN() has been used to generate six
numbers to use for the National Lottery.
Note that the function does not check to ensure all numbers are unique, the same number
could be generated twice or more.

The
Winning
Lottery Numbers Ticket!
1 49 27 =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$2Number 1
21 =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$2Number 2
Press function Key 17 =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$2Number 3
F9 to recalculate. 29 =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$2Number 4
18 =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$2Number 5
45 =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$2Number 6
3 =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$2Bonus ball

All OK
{=IF(SUM(1/COUNTIF(E24:E30,E24:E30))<>7,"Duplicates! Spin again","All OK")}
This formula is used to determine whether all the numbers are different.
It is entered as an array using Ctrl+Shift+Enter.
109 109

Ranking
Position
High to
Values Low
7 4 =RANK(C4,C4:C8)
4 5 =RANK(C5,C4:C8)
25 1 =RANK(C6,C4:C8)
8 3 =RANK(C7,C4:C8)
16 2 =RANK(C8,C4:C8)

Ranking
Position
Low to
Values High
7 2 =RANK(C11,C11:C15,1)
4 1 =RANK(C12,C11:C15,1)
25 5 =RANK(C13,C11:C15,1)
8 3 =RANK(C14,C11:C15,1)
16 4 =RANK(C15,C11:C15,1)

Ranking
Position
High to
Values Low
10 5 =RANK(C18,C18:C22)
30 2 =RANK(C19,C18:C22)
20 4 =RANK(C20,C18:C22)
30 2 =RANK(C21,C18:C22)
40 1 =RANK(C22,C18:C22)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the position of a value in a list relative to the other values in the list.
A typical usage would be to rank the times of athletes in a race to find the winner.
The ranking can be done on an ascending (low to high) or descending (high to low) basis.
If there are duplicate values in the list, they will be assigned the same rank. Subsequent ranks
would not follow on sequentially, but would take into account the fact that there were duplicates.
If the numbers 30, 20, 20 and 10 were ranked, 30 is ranked as 1, both 20's are ranked as 2, and
the 10 would be ranked as 4.

Value Rank
30 1 =RANK(B34,B34:B37)
20 2 =RANK(B35,B34:B37)
20 2 =RANK(B36,B34:B37)
10 4 =RANK(B37,B34:B37)
Syntax
=RANK(NumberToRank,ListOfNumbers,RankOrder)
The RankOrder can be 0 zero or 1.
Using 0 will rank larger numbers at the top. (This is optional, leaving it out has the same effect).
Using 1 will rank small numbers at the top.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to record the times for athletes competing in a race.
The =RANK() function was then used to find their race positions based upon the finishing times.

Athlete Time Race Position

John 1:30 4 =RANK(C53,C53:C58,1)
Alan 1:45 6 =RANK(C54,C53:C58,1)
David 1:02 1 =RANK(C55,C53:C58,1)
Brian 1:36 5 =RANK(C56,C53:C58,1)
Sue 1:27 3 =RANK(C57,C53:C58,1)
Alex 1:03 2 =RANK(C58,C53:C58,1)
e duplicates.
110 110

Character
s
Start To New Modified
Original Text Position Replace Character Text
ABCDEFGH 2 1 x AxCDEFGH =REPLACE(C4,D4,E4,F4)
ABCDEFGH 2 5 x AxGH =REPLACE(C5,D5,E5,F5)
ABCDEFGH 2 1 hello AhelloCDEFGH=REPLACE(C6,D6,E6,F6)
ABCDEFGH 2 5 hello AhelloGH =REPLACE(C7,D7,E7,F7)

What Does It Do ?
This function replaces a portion of text with a new piece of text.
You need to specify where the replacement should start, how many characters to
remove and what the new replacement text should be.

Syntax
=REPLACE(OriginalText,StartPosition,NumberOfCharactersToReplace,NewText)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
111 111

Number
Text To Of Repeated
Repeat Repeats Text
A 3 AAA =REPT(C4,D4)
AB 3 ABABAB =REPT(C5,D5)
- 10 ---------- =REPT(C6,D6)
| 10 |||||||||| =REPT(C7,D7)

What Does It Do ?
This function repeats a piece of text a specified number of times.
You need to specify the text to be repeated and how many times to repeat it.

Syntax
=REPT(TextToRepeat,Repetitions)
The maximum number of repetitions is 200.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
The following table was used to display a simple histogram of sales figures.
The =REPT() function uses the value of Sales, but this is divided by 100 to scale down the
number of repetitions to below the maximum of 200.

Month Sales
Jan £1,000 ||||||||||||||||||||
Feb £5,000 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mar £3,000 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Apr £2,000 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
=REPT("||",D29/100)

Example 2
The =REPT() function has been used to make a digital display for the current time.
The time functions of =HOUR(), =MINUTE() and =SECOND() have been used in conjunction
with the =NOW() as the basis for the number of repeats.
To update the clock press the function key F9.

Clock
Hour |||||||||||| 12
Minute ||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 27
Second |||||||| 08

=REPT("|",HOUR(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(HOUR(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",MINUTE(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(MINUTE(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",SECOND(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(SECOND(NOW()),"00")
112 112

Number Of
Original Characters Right
Text Required String
Alan Jones 1 s =RIGHT(C4,D4)
Alan Jones 2 es =RIGHT(C5,D5)
Alan Jones 3 nes =RIGHT(C6,D6)
Cardiff 6 ardiff =RIGHT(C7,D7)
ABC123 4 C123 =RIGHT(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
This function displays a specified number of characters from the right hand side of a
piece of text.

Syntax
=RIGHT(OriginalText,NumberOfCharactersRequired)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to extract the second name of a person from their full name.
The =FIND() function locates the position of the space between the first and second name.
The length of the second name is calculated by subtracting the position of the space from
the overall length of the full name.
The =RIGHT() function can then extract the second name.

Full Name Second Name

Alan Jones Jones =RIGHT(C28,LEN(C28)-FIND(" ",C28))
Bob Smith Smith =RIGHT(C29,LEN(C29)-FIND(" ",C29))
Carol Williams Williams =RIGHT(C30,LEN(C30)-FIND(" ",C30))
113 113

Number Roman
1 I =ROMAN(C4)
2 II =ROMAN(C5)
3 III =ROMAN(C6)
5 V =ROMAN(C7)
10 X =ROMAN(C8)
1998MCMXCVIII =ROMAN(C9)
1998MCMXCVIII =ROMAN(C10,0)
1998 MLMVLIII =ROMAN(C11,1)
1998 MXMVIII =ROMAN(C12,2)
1998 MVMIII =ROMAN(C13,3)
1998 MVMIII =ROMAN(C14,4)
1998MCMXCVIII =ROMAN(C15,TRUE)
1998 MVMIII =ROMAN(C16,FALSE)

What Does It Do ?
This function produces a number shown as Roman numerals in various formats.

Syntax
=ROMAN(NormalNumber,RomanNumberFormat)
The RomanNumberFormat can be any of the following.
0 is Classic. This is used if no format is specified.
1 is more Concise.
2 is even more Concise.
3 is even more Concise still.
4 is Simplified.
TRUE is Classic
FALSE is Simplified

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Note
There is no function to do the opposite calculation of Roman to normal.
114 114

Places To Rounded
Number Round Number
1.47589 0 1 =ROUND(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.5 =ROUND(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.48 =ROUND(C6,D6)
13643.48 -1 13640 =ROUND(C7,D7)
13643.48 -2 13600 =ROUND(C8,D8)
13643.48 -3 14000 =ROUND(C9,D9)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number to a specified amount od decimal places.
If 0 is used the number is rounded to the nearest whole number.
If a negative amount of rounding is used the figures to the left of the decimal point are rounded.

Syntax
=ROUND(NumberToRound,DecimalPlacesToUse)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
115 115

Places To Rounded
Number Round Down
1.47589 0 1 =ROUNDDOWN(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.4 =ROUNDDOWN(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.47 =ROUNDDOWN(C6,D6)
13643.48 -1 13640 =ROUNDDOWN(C7,D7)
13643.48 -2 13600 =ROUNDDOWN(C8,D8)
13643.48 -3 13000 =ROUNDDOWN(C9,D9)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number down to a specified amount of decimal places.
If 0 is used the number is rounded down to the nearest whole number.
If a negative amount of rounding is used the figures to the left of the decimal point are rounded.

Syntax
=ROUNDDOWN(NumberToRound,DecimalPlacesToUse)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
116 116

Places To Rounded
Number Round Up
1.47589 0 2 =ROUNDUP(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.5 =ROUNDUP(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.48 =ROUNDUP(C6,D6)
13643.48 -1 13650 =ROUNDUP(C7,D7)
13643.48 -2 13700 =ROUNDUP(C8,D8)
13643.48 -3 14000 =ROUNDUP(C9,D9)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number up to a specified amount of decimal places.
If 0 is used the number is rounded up to the nearest whole number.
If a negative amount of rounding is used the figures to the left of the decimal point are rounded.

Syntax
=ROUNDUPNumberToRound,DecimalPlacesToUse)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
117 117

Number Second
07/Sep/25 12:27:08 8 =SECOND(C4)
12:00:00 PM 0 =SECOND(C5)
0.50 0 =SECOND(C6)
0.51 24 =SECOND(C7)
1.51 24 =SECOND(C8)

What Does It Do?

The function will show the second of the minute based upon a time or a number.
Only the fraction part of the number is used as it is this which relates to time of day.

Syntax
=SECOND(Number)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a normal number between 0 and 59.

Example
The following table was used by a telephone compnay to calculate the cost of a call.
The telephone company only deals in seconds which are a multiple of 5.
The seconds in a call are rounded up to the nearest multiple of 5 before the bill is calculated.
The Duration of the call is entered.
The =MINUTES() function calculates the total number of minutes.
The =SECOND() function calculates the total number of seconds.
The =CEILING() function rounds the seconds up to the nearest muliple of 5.
The Cost of the call is then calculated.

Cost Per Second : £0.01

Billed Duration
Duration Minutes Seconds Cost
0:01:08 1 10 £0.70
0:02:03 2 5 £1.25
0:01:47 1 50 £1.10
=CEILING(SECOND(C36),5)
118 118

You can view all the formula on the worksheet by pressing Ctrl and `.
The ' is the left single quote usually found on the key to left of number 1.

Press Ctrl and ` to see the formula below. (The screen may look a bit odd.)
Press the same combination to see the original view.

10 20 30
30 40 70
50 60 60
70 80 30
119 119

Positive
or
Value Negative
10 1 =SIGN(C4)
20 1 =SIGN(C5)
0 0 =SIGN(C6)
-10 -1 =SIGN(C7)
-20 -1 =SIGN(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a value to determine whether it is positive or negative.
If the value is positive the result is 1.
If the value is negative the result is -1.
If the value is zero 0 the result is 0.

Syntax
=SIGN(CellToTest)
The CellToTest can be a cell or a calculation.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
120 120

Cost £12,000
Salvage £2,000
Life 4
Straight Line Depreciation £2,500 =SLN(F3,F4,F5)

Purchase Value Of A New Car £20,000

Second Hand Value £8,000
Number Of Years Ownership 6
Annual Straight Line Depreciation £2,000 =SLN(F9,F10,F11)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the Straight Line Depreciation of an item.
(Also known as Fixed Instalment method).
The Straight Line Depreciation is how much the value of an item reduced during a specific
period of time. The result is a uniform depreciation value.

An example would be if you bought a new car for £20,000, then kept it for 6 years.
At the end of your ownership you sell the car for £8,000.
The difference between the original and the trade in price is £20,000 - £8,000 which is £12,000.
Because you owned the car for 6 years, the SLN is calculated as £12,000 / 6 which is £2,000.

Syntax
=SLN(OriginalCost,SellingPrice,LengthOfOwnership)
The LengthOfOwnership can be any time period, days, months or years.
However, the SLN which is calculated will, be for that time, specifying 2 years ownership
as 24 months will give an SLN per month.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
121 121

Values Lowest Value 100 =SMALL(C4:C8,1)

120 2nd Lowest Value 120 =SMALL(C4:C8,2)
800 3rd Lowest Value 120 =SMALL(C4:C8,3)
100 4th Lowest Value 250 =SMALL(C4:C8,4)
120 5th Lowest Value 800 =SMALL(C4:C8,5)
250

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of values and picks the value at a user specified position
in the list.

Syntax
=SMALL(ListOfNumbersToExamine,PositionToPickFrom)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to calculate the bottom 3 sales figures between Jan, Feb and Mar.

Sales Jan Feb Mar

North £5,000 £6,000 £4,500
South £5,800 £7,000 £3,000
East £3,500 £2,000 £10,000
West £12,000 £4,000 £6,000

Lowest Value £2,000 =SMALL(D24:F27,1)

2nd Lowest Value £3,000 =SMALL(D24:F27,2)
3rd Lowest Value £3,500 =SMALL(D24:F27,3)

Note
Another way to find the Highest and Lowest values would have been to use
the =MAX() and =MIN() functions.

Highest £12,000 =MAX(D24:F27)

Lowest £2,000 =MIN(D24:F27)
122 122

The following formula are useful when you have one cell containing text which needs
to be split up.
One of the most common examples of this is when a persons Forename and Surname
are entered in full into a cell.

The formula use various text functions to accomplish the task.

Each of the techniques uses the space between the names to identify where to split.

Finding the First Name

Full Name First Name

Alan JonesAlan =LEFT(C14,FIND(" ",C14,1))
Bob Smith Bob =LEFT(C15,FIND(" ",C15,1))
Carol Willi Carol =LEFT(C16,FIND(" ",C16,1))

Finding the Last Name

Full Name Last Name

Alan JonesJones =RIGHT(C22,LEN(C22)-FIND(" ",C22))
Bob Smith Smith =RIGHT(C23,LEN(C23)-FIND(" ",C23))
Carol Willi Williams =RIGHT(C24,LEN(C24)-FIND(" ",C24))

Finding the Last name when a Middle name is present

The formula above cannot handle any more than two names.
If there is also a middle name, the last name formula will be incorrect.
To solve the problem you have to use a much longer calculation.

Full Name Last Name

Alan DavidJones
Bob John SSmith
Carol SusaWilliams
=RIGHT(C37,LEN(C37)-FIND("#",SUBSTITUTE(C37," ","#",LEN(C37)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(C37," ","")))))

Finding the Middle name

Full Name Middle Name

Alan DavidDavid
Bob John SJohn
Carol SusaSusan
=LEFT(RIGHT(C45,LEN(C45)-FIND(" ",C45,1)),FIND(" ",RIGHT(C45,LEN(C45)-FIND(" ",C45,1)),1))
123 123

Values Values Values

10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.5 0.5 1.290994

=STDEV(C4:C7) =STDEV(E4:E7) =STDEV(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the sample population standard deviation of a list of values.
A sample population is used when the list of values represents a sample of a population.

Syntax
=STDEV(Range1,Range2,Range3 through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The table below was used by a company interested in buying a new machine
to pack washing powder.
Three machines were short listed and allow to run for a day.
At the end of the day four boxes of soap powder were picked at random from the production
of each machine.
The boxes were weighed and the =STDEV() function used as these boxes only represented
a sample of the complete days production.
The machine with the smallest deviation was the most consistent.

Soap Powder Box Filling Machine Test Results

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Variance
Machine 1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.0816 =STDEV(D34:G34)
Machine 2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.0500 =STDEV(D35:G35)
Machine 3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.1291 =STDEV(D36:G36)

The smallest deviation is : 0.0500 =MIN(H34:H36)

The machine with the smallest deviation is : Machine 2

=INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))

Explanation of formula:
This finds the lowest value. =MIN(H34:H36)
This finds the position of the lowest value. =MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0)
This looks down the Machine column to =INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))
find the machine name.
124 124

Values Values Values

10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.433013 0.433013 1.118034

=STDEVP(C4:C7) =STDEVP(E4:E7) =STDEVP(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the standard deviation of a list of values.
The result is calculated on the basis that the values represent the entire population.

Syntax
=STDEVP(Range1,Range2,Range3 through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The table below was used by a company interested in buying a new machine
to pack washing powder.
A trial run of just four boxes per machine were produced.
The boxes were weighed and the =STDEVP() function used as these boxes
represented the entire test run.
The machine with the smallest variance was the most consistent. ????????????????????

Soap Powder Box Filling Machine Test Results

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Variance
Machine 1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.0707 =STDEVP(D32:G32)
Machine 2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.0433 =STDEVP(D33:G33)
Machine 3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.1118 =STDEVP(D34:G34)

The smallest variance is : 0.0433 =MIN(H32:H34)

The machine with the smallest variance is : Machine 2

=INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))

Explanation of formula:
This finds the lowest value. =(MIN(H32:H34)
This finds the position of the lowest value. =MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0)
This looks down the Machine column to =INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))
find the machine name.
P(D32:G32)
P(D33:G33)
P(D34:G34)
125 125

Old Text
To New Text
Original Text Remove To InsertUpdated Text
ABCDEF CD hello ABhelloEF =SUBSTITUTE(B4,C4,D4)
ABCDABCD CD hello ABhelloABhello
=SUBSTITUTE(B5,C5,D5)
Northern RegionRegion Area Northern Area=SUBSTITUTE(B6,C6,D6)
Sand and Cementand & S& & Cement=SUBSTITUTE(B7,C7,D7)

Instance
Old Text To
To New Text Be
Original Text Remove To Insert ReplacedUpdated Text
ABCABCABC ABC hello 3 ABCABChello
Sand and Cementand & 2 Sand & Cement
=SUBSTITUTE(B10,C10,D10,E10)
=SUBSTITUTE(B11,C11,D11,E11)

What Does It Do ?
This function replaces a specified piece of text with a different piece of text.
It can either replace all occurrences of the text, or a specific instance.
The function is case sensitive.

Syntax
=SUBSTITUTE(OriginalText,TextToRemove,TextToInsert,InstanceToUse)
The InstanceToUse is optional, if it is omitted all instances will be substituted.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Note
To cope with upper or lower case in the substitution you can use other text functions
such as =UPPER(), =LOWER() or =PROPER() to ensure that the substitution will take place.

Table 1 shows how differing text cases alter the result of the substitution.

Table 1
Old Text
To New Text
Original Text Remove To InsertUpdated Text
Northern RegionRegion Area Northern Area
Northern regionRegion Area Northern region
Northern Regionregion AreaNorthern Region
Northern RegionRegion area Northern area
Northern Regionregion area Northern Region
 =SUBSTITUTE(B39,C39,D39)

Table 2 shows how the =PROPER() function has been used to take account of the mixed cases.

Table 2
Old Text
To New Text
Original Text Remove To InsertUpdated Text
Northern RegionRegion Area Northern Area
Northern regionRegion Area Northern Area
Northern Regionregion Area Northern Area
Northern RegionRegion area Northern Area
Northern Regionregion area Northern Area
=SUBSTITUTE(PROPER(B50),PROPER(C50),PROPER(D50))
126 126

Horizontal
100 200 300 600 =SUM(C4:E4)

Vertical
100
200
300
600 =SUM(C7:C9)

Single Cells
100 300 600 =SUM(C13,D14,E13)
200

Multiple Ranges
100 400
200 500
3000 600
4800 =SUM(C17:C19,E17:E19)

Functions
100 400
200 500
300 600
800 =SUM(AVERAGE(C23:C25),MAX(E23:E25))

What Does It Do ?
This function creates a total from a list of numbers.
It can be used either horizontally or vertically.
The numbers can be in single cells, ranges are from other functions.

Syntax
=SUM(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30).

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Note
Many people use the =SUM() function incorrectly.

This example shows how the SUM has been combined with plus + symbols.
The formula is actually doing more work than needed.
It should have been entered as either =C48+C49+C50 or =SUM(C48:C50).

100
200
300
600 =SUM(C48+C49+C50) Wrong!
=SUM(C48:C50) Correct
=C48+C49+C50 Correct
127 127

Using =SUM() For A Running Total

Running
Month Sales Total
Jan 10 10 =SUM($D$7:D7)
Feb 50 60 =SUM($D$7:D8)
Mar 30 90 =SUM($D$7:D9)
Apr 20 110 =SUM($D$7:D10)
May 110 =SUM($D$7:D11)
Jun 110 =SUM($D$7:D12)
Jul 110 =SUM($D$7:D13)
Aug 110 =SUM($D$7:D14)
Sep 110 =SUM($D$7:D15)
Oct 110 =SUM($D$7:D16)
Nov 110 =SUM($D$7:D17)
Dec 110 =SUM($D$7:D18)

Type the formula =SUM($D$7:D7) in cell E7 and then copy down the table.
It works because the first reference uses dollar symbols $ to keep $D$7 static
as the formula is copied down. Each occurrence of the =SUM() then adds all
the numbers from the first cell down.

The function can be tidied up to show 0 zero when there is no adjacent value
by using the =IF() function.

Running
Month Sales Total
Jan 10 10 =SUM(IF(D7,$D$7:D7,0))
Feb 50 60 =SUM(IF(D8,$D$7:D8,0))
Mar 30 90 =SUM(IF(D9,$D$7:D9,0))
Apr 20 110 =SUM(IF(D10,$D$7:D10,0))
May 0 =SUM(IF(D11,$D$7:D11,0))
Jun 0 =SUM(IF(D12,$D$7:D12,0))
Jul 0 The =SUM() only takes place when
Aug 0 there is data in column D.
Sep 0 Otherwise the value 0 zero is entered.
Oct 0
Nov 0
Dec 0
128 128

You can use the names typed at the top of columns or side of rows in calculations
simply by typing the name into the formula.

Try this example:

Go to cell C16 and then enter the formula =SUM(jan)
The result will show.
This formula can be copied to D16 and E16, and the names change to Feb and Mar.

Jan Feb Mar

North 45 50 50
South 30 25 35
East 35 10 50
West 20 50 5
Total

If it does not work !

The feature may have been switched off on your computer.
You can switch it on by using Tools, Options, Calculation, Accept Labels in Formula.
129 129

Sometimes it is necessary to base a calculation on a set of cells in different locations.

An example would be when a total is required from certain months of the year, such as
the last 3 months in relation to the current date.

One solution would be to retype the calculation each time new data is entered, but this
would be time consuming and open to human error.

A better way is to indicate the start and end point of the range to be calculated by
using the =OFFSET() function.

The =OFFSET() picks out a cell a certain number of cells away from another cell.
By giving the =OFFSET() the address of the first cell in the range which needs to
be totalled, we can then indicate how far away the end cell should be and the =OFFSET()
will give us the address of cell which will be the end of the range to be totalled.

The =OFFSET() needs to know three things;

1. A cell address to use as the fixed point from where it should base the offset.
2. How many rows it should look up or down from the starting point.
3. How many columns it should look left or right from the starting point.

Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May

10 10 400 500 600 700
=SUM(E24:OFFSET(E24,0,0))
This example uses E24 as the starting point and offsets no rows or columns which
results in the range being summed as E24:E24.

410 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(E29:OFFSET(E29,0,1))
This example uses E29 as the starting point and offsets 1 col to pick out
cell F29 resulting in a the range E29:F29 being summed.

910 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(E34:OFFSET(E34,0,2))
This example uses E34 as the starting point and offsets 2 cols to pick out
cell G34 resulting in a the range E34:G34 being summed.

Using =OFFSET() Twice In A Formula

The following examples use =OFFSET() to pick both the start and end of the range
which needs to be totalled.

Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May

400 10 400 500 600 700
=SUM(OFFSET(E45,0,1):OFFSET(E45,0,1))
The cell E45 has been used as the starting point for both offsets and each has
been offset by just 1 column. The result is that just cell F45 is used as the
range F45:F45 for the sum function to calculate.

900 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(OFFSET(E51,0,1):OFFSET(E51,0,2))
The cell E51 has been used as the starting point of both offsets, the first offset is
offset by 1 column, the second by 2 columns. The result is the range F51:G51 which
is then totalled.

1500 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(OFFSET(E57,0,1):OFFSET(E57,0,3))
The cell E57 has been used as the starting point for both offsets, the first offset is
offset by 1 column, the second by 3 columns. The result is the range F57:H57 which
is then totalled.

Example

The following table shows five months of data.

To calculate the total of a specific group of months the =OFFSET() function has been used.
The Start and End dates entered in cells F71 and F72 are used as the offset to produce
a range which can be totalled.

Type in the Start month. Feb-98

Type in the End month. Mar-98

Total Jan-98 Feb-98 Mar-98 Apr-98 May-98

900 10 400 500 600 700

1020 15 20 1000 2000 3000

13 5 3 10 800 900
=SUM(OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F71)):OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F72)))

Explanation
The following formula represent a breakdown of what the =OFFSET function does.
The formula displayed below are only dummies, but they will update as you enter
dates into cells F71 and F72.

Formula 1 =SUM( OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F71)) : OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F72)) )

This is the actual formula entered by the user.

Formula 2 =SUM( OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(2)) : OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(3)) )

 This shows how the =MONTH function calculates the month number.
In this example the values of the months are 2 and 3 for Feb and Mar.
These values are the 'offsets' relative to cell D79.

Formula 3 =SUM( OFFSET(D79,0,2) : OFFSET(D79,0,3) )

This shows where the month numbers are used in the =OFFSET function.

Formula 4 =SUM( F79:G79 )

This shows how the =OFFSET eventually equates to cell addresses
to be used as a range for the =SUM function.
year, such as

ered, but this

the =OFFSET()

base the offset.

has been used.
to produce
130 130

Item Date Cost

Brakes 1-Jan-98 80
Tyres ### 25
Brakes 1-Feb-98 80
Service 1-Mar-98 150
Service 5-Jan-98 300
Window 1-Jun-98 50
Tyres 1-Apr-98 200
Tyres 1-Mar-98 100
Clutch 1-May-98 250

Total cost of all Brakes bought. 160 =SUMIF(C4:C12,"Brakes",E4:E12)

Total cost of all Tyres bought. 325 =SUMIF(C4:C12,"Tyres",E4:E12)
Total of items costing £100 or above. 1000 =SUMIF(E4:E12,">=100")

Total of item typed in following ce service 450 =SUMIF(C4:C12,E18,E4:E12)

What Does It Do ?
This function adds the value of items which match criteria set by the user.

Syntax
=SUMIF(RangeOfThingsToBeExamined,CriteriaToBeMatched,RangeOfValuesToTotal)

=SUMIF(C4:C12,"Brakes",E4:E12This examines the names of products in C4:C12.

It then identifies the entries for Brakes.
It then totals the respective figures in E4:E12

=SUMIF(E4:E12,">=100") This examines the values in E4:E12.

If the value is >=100 the value is added to the total.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
131 131

Item Sold price

Tyres 5 100
Filters 2 10
Bulbs 3 2

Total Sales Value : 526 =SUMPRODUCT(D4:D6,E4:E6)

What Does It Do ?
This function uses at least two columns of values.
The values in the first column are multipled with the corresponding value in the second column.
The total of all the values is the result of the calculation.

Syntax
=SUMPRODUCT(Range1, Range, Range3 through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a drinks merchant to keep track of stock.
The merchant needed to know the total purchase value of the stock, and the potential
value of the stock when it is sold, takinging into account the markup percentage.

The =SUMPRODUCT() function is used to multiply the Cases In Stock with the Case Price to
calculate what the merchant spent in buying the stock.

The =SUMPRODUCT() function is used to multiply the Cases In Stock with

the Bottles In Case and the Bottle Setting Price, to calculate the potential value of the
stock if it is all sold.

Bottle
Cases In Case Bottles Bottle Selling
Product Stock Price In Case Cost Markup Price
Red Wine 10 £120 10 £12.00 25% £15.00
White Wine 8 £130 10 £13.00 25% £16.25
Champagne 5 £200 6 £33.33 80% £60.00
Beer 50 £24 12 £2.00 20% £2.40
Lager 100 £30 12 £2.50 25% £3.13
=D39/E39 =F39+F39*G39

Total Value Of Stock : £7,440 =SUMPRODUCT(C35:C39,D35:D39)

Total Selling Price Of Stock : £9,790 =SUMPRODUCT(C35:C39,E35:E39,H35:H39)

Profit : £2,350 =E44-E43

132 132

Purchase Value Of A New Car £20,000

Second Hand Value £8,000
Number Of Years Ownership 6

Deprecation in year 1 £3,429 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,1)

Deprecation in year 2 £2,857 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,2)
Deprecation in year 3 £2,286 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,3)
Deprecation in year 4 £1,714 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,4)
Deprecation in year 5 £1,143 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,5)
Deprecation in year 6 £571 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,6)

Total Depreciation : £12,000 =SUM(F7:F12)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the depreciation of an item throughout its life, using the sum of the
years digits.
The depreciation is greatest in the earlier part of the items life.

What is the Sum Of The Years Digits ?

The sum of the years digits adds together the each of the years of the life.
A life of 3 years has a sum of 1+2+3 equalling 6.
Each of the years is then calculated as a percentage of the sum of the years.
Year 3 is 50% of 6, year 2 is 33% of 6, year 1 is 17% 6.
The total depreciation of the item is then allocated on the basis of these percentages.
A depreciation of £9000 is allocated as 50% being £4500, 33% being £3000, 17% being £1500.

£9,000
1 17% £1,500
2 33% £3,000
3 50% £4,500

As the greater part of the depreciation is allocated to the earliest years the values are
inverted, year 1 is $4500, year 2 is £3000 and year 1 is £1500.

Example 1

Purchase Price Of A Car : £10,000

Salvage Value : £1,000
Expected Life in Years : 3
As % Of Total Depreciation
Depreciation in Year 1 : £4,500 ===> 0.5
Depreciation in Year 2 : £3,000 ===> 0.333333
Depreciation in Year 3 : £1,500 ===> 0.166667
 =SYD(E39,E40,E41,3)

1. Add together the digits of the Life to get the SumOfTheYearsDigits, 1+2+3=6.
2. Subtract the Salvage from the Purchase Price to get Total Deprectation, £10000-£1000=£9000.
3. Divide the Total Deprectation by the SumOfTheYearsDigits, £9000/6=£1500.
4. Invert the year digits, 1,2,3 becomes 3,2,1.
5. Multiply 3,2,1 by £1500 to get £4500, £3000, £1500, these values are the depreciation
values for each of the three years in the life of the item.

Example 2
The same example using 4 years.

Purchase Price Of A Car : £10,000

Salvage Value : £1,000
Expected Life in Years : 4
As % Of Total Depriciation
Depreciation in Year 1 : £3,600 0.4
Depreciation in Year 2 : £2,700 0.3
Depreciation in Year 3 : £1,800 0.2
Depreciation in Year 4 : £900 0.1
Total Depreciation : £9,000 100%

Example 3
This example will adjust itself to accommodate any number of years between 1 and 10.

Purchase Price Of A Car : £10,000

Salvage Value : £1,000
Expected Life in Years (1 to 10) : 7
As % Of Total Depriciation
Year 1 £2,250 25%
Year 2 £1,929 21%
Year 3 £1,607 18%
Year 4 £1,286 14%
Year 5 £964 11%
Year 6 £643 7%
Year 7 £321 4%
Year
Year
Year
£9,000 100%

Syntax
=SYD(OriginalCost,SalvageValue,Life,PeriodToCalculate)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
133 133

Cell To Test Result

Hello Hello =T(D4)
10 =T(D5)
1-Jan-98 =T(D6)
=T(D7)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines an entry to determine whether it is text or not.
If the value is text, then the text is the result of the function
If the value is not text, the result is a blank.
The function is not specifically needed by Excel, but is included for compatibility with
other spreadsheet programs.

Syntax
=T(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
134 134

Original Converte
Number d To Text
10 10.00 =TEXT(C4,"0.00")
10 £10.00 =TEXT(C5,"£0.00")
10 10 =TEXT(C6,"0")
10 £10 =TEXT(C7,"£0")
10.25 10.3 =TEXT(C8,"0.0")
10.25 £10.3 =TEXT(C9,"£0.0")

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a number to a piece of text.
The formatting for the text needs to be specified in the function.

Syntax
=TEXT(NumberToConvert,FormatForConversion)

Formatting
No special formatting is required.
135 135

Hour Minute Second Time

14 30 59 14:30:59 =TIME(C4,D4,E4)
14 30 59 ### =TIME(C5,D5,E5)
14 30 59 0.60485 =TIME(C6,D6,E6)

What Does It Do?

This function will convert three separate numbers to an actual time.

Syntax
=TIME(Hour,Minute,Second)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a time which can be formatted either as 12 or 24 hour style.
If a normal number format is applied a decimal fraction is shown which represents the
time as a fraction of the day.
136 136

Excel can work with time very easily.

Time can be entered in various different formats and calculations performed.
There are one or two oddities, but nothing which should put you off working with it.
See the TimeSheet example for an example.

Typing time
When time is entered into worksheet it should be entered with a colon between
the hour and the minutes, such as 12:30, rather than 12.30

1:30 12:30 20:15 22:45

Excel can cope with either the 24hour system or the am/pm system.
To use the am/pm system you must enter the am or pm after the time.
You must leave a space between the number and the text.

1:30 AM 1:30 PM 10:15 AM 10:15 PM

Finding the difference between two times

You can subtract two time values to find the length of time between.

Start End Duration

1:30 2:30 1:00 =D24-C24
8:00 17:00 9:00 =D25-C25
8:00 AM 5:00 PM 9:00 AM If the result is not shown correctly,
You may need to reformat the answer.
Look at the section about formatting
further in this worksheet.

Adding time
You can add time to find a total time.
This works well until the total time goes above 24 hours.
For totals greater than 24 hours you may need to apply some special formatting.

Start End Duration

1:30 2:30 1:00
8:00 17:00 9:00
7:30 AM 5:45 PM 10:15
20:15

Formatting time
When time is added together the result may go beyond 24 hours.
Usually this gives an incorrect result, as in the example below.
To correct this error, the result needs to be formatted with a Custom format.
Example 1 : Incorrect formatting
Start End Duration
7:00 18:30 11:30
8:00 17:00 9:00
7:30 17:45 10:15
Total 6:45 =SUM(E49:E51)

Example 2 : Correct formatting

Start End Duration
7:00 18:30 11:30
8:00 17:00 9:00
7:30 17:45 10:15
Total 30:45 =SUM(E56:E58)

How To Apply Custom Formatting

The custom format for time use a pair of square brackets [hh] on either side
of the hours indicators.

1. Click on the cell which needs the format.

2. Choose the Format menu.
3. Choose Cells.
4. Click the Number tag at the top right.
5. Choose Custom.
6. Click inside the Type: box.
7. Type [hh]:mm as the format.
8. Click OK to confirm.
137 137

Text Time
14:30:59 0.60485 =TIMEVALUE(C4)
14:30:59 14:30:59 =TIMEVALUE(C5)
14:30:59 ### =TIMEVALUE(C6)

What Does It Do?

This function will show an actual time based on a piece of text which looks
like a time. It is useful when data is imported from other applications, such as
from mainframe computers, which convert all values to text.

Syntax
=TIMEVALUE(Text)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a number representing the time a fraction of the day.
Formatting can be applied for either the 12 or 24 hour clock system.
138 138

Today Is
7-Sep-25 =TODAY()

What Does It Do?

Use this to show the current date.

Syntax
=TODAY()

Formatting
The result will normally be displayed using the DD-MMM-YY format.

Example
The following example shows how the Today function is used to calculate the number
of days since a particular day.

Date Days Since

1-Jan-97 10476 =TODAY()-C20
### 10255 =TODAY()-C21

Note that the result is actually the number of days before todays date. To calculate
a result which includes the current date an extra 1 will need to be added.

Date Days Since

1-Jan-97 10477 =TODAY()-C28+1
### 10256 =TODAY()-C29+1

Example
The following example shows the number of days from today until the year 2000.

Year 2000 Days Until

### -9381 =C36-TODAY()
139 139

Jan Feb
Alan 10 30
Bob 40 50
Carol 70 80
Total 120 160

Alan Bob Carol Total

Jan 10 40 70 120
Feb 30 50 80 160

{=TRANSPOSE(C3:E7)}

As an array formula in all these cells

What Does It Do ?
This function copies data from a range, and places in it in a new range, turning it so
that the data originally in columns is now in rows, and the data originally in rows
is in columns.
The transpose range must be the same size as the original range.
The function needs to be entered as an array formula.
To enter an array formula you must first highlight all the cells where the formula is required.
Next type the formula, such as =TRANSPOSE(A1:A5).
Finally press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to confirm it.
If changes need to be made to the formula, the entire array has to be highlighted, the edits
can then be made and the Ctrl+Shift+Enter used to confirm it.

Syntax
=TRANSPOSE(Range)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
140 140

Historical Data Predicted Values

Month Sales Month Sales
1 £1,000 7 £4,940 {=TREND(C8:C13,B8:B13,E8:E13)}
2 £2,000 8 £5,551 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
3 £2,500 9 £6,163 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
4 £3,500 10 £6,774 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
5 £3,800 11 £7,386 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
6 £4,000 12 £7,997 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}

What Does It Do ?
This function predicts values based upon three sets of related values.
The prediction is based upon the Linear Trend of the original values.
The function is an array function and must be entered using Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

Syntax
=TREND(KnownYs,KnownXs,RequiredXs,Constant)
The KnownYs is the range of values, such as Sales Figures.
The KnownXs is the intervals used when collecting the data, such as Months.
The RequiredXs is the range for which you want to make the prediction, such as Months.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following tables were used by a company to predict when they would start to
make a profit.
Their bank manager had told the company that unless they could show a profit by the
end of the next year, the bank would no longer provide an overdraft facility.
To prove to the bank that, based upon the past years performance, the company would
start to make a profit at the end of the next year, the =TREND() function was used.
The historical data for the past year was entered, months 1 to 12.
The months to predict were entered, 13 to 24.
The =TREND() function shows that it will be month 22 before the company make a profit.

Historical Data Predicted Values

Month Profit Month Profit
1 -£5,000 13 -£2,226 {=TREND(C41:C52,B41:B52,E41:E52)}
2 -£4,800 14 -£1,968 The
3 -£4,600 15 -£1,709 same
4 -£4,750 16 -£1,451 function
5 -£4,800 17 -£1,193 used
 6 -£4,500 18 -£935 in
7 -£4,000 19 -£676 all
8 -£3,800 20 -£418 cells
9 -£3,300 21 -£160 as
10 -£2,000 22 £98 an
11 -£2,500 23 £356 array
12 -£2,800 24 £615 formula

How To Enter An Array Formula

Select all the cells where the array is required, such as F41 to F52.
Type the formula such as =TREND(C41:C52,B41:B52,E41:E52), but do not press Enter.
Hold the Ctrl+Shift keys down.
Press Enter to enter the formula as an array.
141 141

Original TeTrimmed Text

ABCD ABCD =TRIM(C4)
A B C A B C D =TRIM(C5)
Alan Alan Jones =TRIM(C6)
ABCD ABCD =TRIM(C7)

What Does It Do ?
This function removes unwanted spaces from a piece of text.
The spaces before and after the text will be removed completely.
Multiple spaces within the text will be trimmed to a single space

Syntax
=TRIM(TextToTrim)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
142 142

Precision
For
Truncatio Truncated
Number n Number
1.47589 0 1 =TRUNC(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.4 =TRUNC(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.47 =TRUNC(C6,D6)
-1.47589 1 -1.4 =TRUNC(C7,D7)
-1.47589 2 -1.47 =TRUNC(C8,D8)
13643.48 -1 13640 =TRUNC(C9,D9)
13643.48 -2 13600 =TRUNC(C10,D10)
13643.48 -3 13000 =TRUNC(C11,D11)

What Does It Do ?
This function removes the decimal part of a number, it does not actually round the number.

Syntax
=TRUNC(NumberToTuncate,Precision)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
143 143

Original Text
Upper Case
alan jonesALAN JONES=UPPER(C4)
bob smithBOB SMITH =UPPER(C5)
carOl wiLLiamS
CAROL WILLIAMS =UPPER(C6)
cardiff CARDIFF =UPPER(C7)
abc123 ABC123 =UPPER(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts all characters in a piece of text to upper case.

Syntax
=UPPER(TextToConvert)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
See the example for FREQUENCY.
 144 144

Text
Containin
gA
Number Value
Annual tur Err:502 =VALUE(MID(C4,SEARCH("£",C4),99))

There was 0.02

There was 0.5
A 100% inc 1
Only a 2% i 2%
Approx 50% 50%
There was 100% * See explanation below.
=VALUE(MID(SUBSTITUTE(C11," "," "),SEARCH("???%",SUBSTITUTE(C11," "," ")),4))

The winnin 0.0625 =VALUE(MID(C14,SEARCH("??:??",C14),5))

The winnin 1:30 =VALUE(MID(C15,SEARCH("??:??",C15),5))
The winnin 10:30 =VALUE(MID(C16,SEARCH("??:??",C16),5))
The winnin 0:30 =VALUE(MID(C17,SEARCH("??:??",C17),5))

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a piece of text which resembles a number into an actual value.
If the number in the middle of a long piece of text it will have to be extracted using other
text functions such as =SEARCH(), =MID(), =FIND(), =SUBSTITUTE, =LEFT() or =RIGHT().

Syntax
=VALUE(TextToConvert)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
The result will be shown as a value, based upon the original text.
If the £ sign is included in the text it will be ignored.
If the % sign is included in the text, the result will be a decimal fraction which can then
be formatted as a percentage.
If the original text format appears as a time hh:mm the result will be a time.
The same will be true for other recognised formats.

Explanation of formula shown above.

To extract the values from the following text is complicated!
The actual percentage value is of variable length, it can be either one, two or three digits long.
The only way to identify the value is the fact it always ends with the % sign.
There is no way to identify the beginning of the value, other than it is preceded by a space.
The main problem is calculating the length of the value to extract.
If the extraction assumes the maximum length of three digits and the % sign, errors will occur
when the percentage is only one digit long, as alphabetic characters will be included.
To get around the problem the =SUBSTITUTE() function was used to increase the size of the
spaces in the text.
Now when the extraction takes place any unnecessary characters will be spaces which are
ignored by the =VALUE() function.

There was 0.02

There was 0.5
There was 1

=VALUE(MID(SUBSTITUTE(C52," "," "),SEARCH("???%",SUBSTITUTE(C52," "," ")),4))

145 145

Values Values Values

10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.25 0.25 1.666667

=VAR(C4:C7) =VAR(E4:E7) =VAR(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the sample population variance of a list of values.
A sample population is used when the list of values represents a sample of a population.

Syntax
=VAR(Range1,Range2,Range3 through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The table below was used by a company interested in buying a new machine
to pack washing powder.
Three machines were short listed and allow to run for a day.
At the end of the day four boxes of soap powder were picked at random from the production
of each machine.
The boxes were weighed and the =VAR() function used as these boxes only represented
a sample of the complete days production.
The machine with the smallest variance was the most consistent.

Soap Powder Box Filling Machine Test Results

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Variance
Machine 1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.0067 =VAR(D34:G34)
Machine 2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.0025 =VAR(D35:G35)
Machine 3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.0167 =VAR(D36:G36)

The smallest variance is : 0.0025 =MIN(H34:H36)

The machine with the smallest variance is : Machine 2

=INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))

Explanation of formula:
This finds the lowest value. =MIN(H34:H36)
This finds the position of the lowest value. =MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0)
This looks down the Machine column to =INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))
find the machine name.
146 146

Values Values Values

10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.1875 0.1875 1.25

=VARP(C4:C7) =VARP(E4:E7) =VARP(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the variance of a list of values.
The variance is calculated on the basis that the values represent the entire population.

Syntax
=VARP(Range1,Range2,Range3 through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The table below was used by a company interested in buying a new machine
to pack washing powder.
A trial run a just four boxes per machine were produced.
The boxes were weighed and the =VARP() function used as these boxes
represented the entire test run.
The machine with the smallest variance was the most consistent.

Soap Powder Box Filling Machine Test Results

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Variance
Machine 1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.0050 =VARP(D32:G32)
Machine 2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.0019 =VARP(D33:G33)
Machine 3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.0125 =VARP(D34:G34)

The smallest variance is : 0.0019 =MIN(H32:H34)

The machine with the smallest variance is : Machine 2

=INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))

Explanation of formula:
This finds the lowest value. =(MIN(H32:H34)
This finds the position of the lowest value. =MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0)
This looks down the Machine column to =INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))
find the machine name.
147 147

The column numbers are not needed.

they are part of the illustration.
col 1 col 2 col 3 col 4 col 5 col 6
Jan 10 20 30 40 50
Feb 80 90 100 110 120
Mar 97 69 45 51 77

Type a month to look for : Feb

Which column needs to be picked out : 4

The result is : 100

=VLOOKUP(G11,C6:H8,G12,FALSE)

What Does It Do ?
This function scans down the row headings at the side of a table to find a specified item.
When the item is found, it then scans across to pick a cell entry.

Syntax
=VLOOKUP(ItemToFind,RangeToLookIn,ColumnToPickFrom,SortedOrUnsorted)
The ItemToFind is a single item specified by the user.
The RangeToLookIn is the range of data with the row headings at the left hand side.
The ColumnToPickFrom is how far across the table the function should look to pick from.
The Sorted/Unsorted is whether the column headings are sorted. TRUE for yes, FALSE for no.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
This table is used to find a value based on a specified name and month.
The =VLOOKUP() is used to scan down to find the name.
The problem arises when we need to scan across to find the month column.
To solve the problem the =MATCH() function is used.

The =MATCH() looks through the list of names to find the month we require. It then calculates
the position of the month in the list. Unfortunately, because the list of months is not as wide
as the lookup range, the =MATCH() number is 1 less than we require, so and extra 1 is
added to compensate.

The =VLOOKUP() now uses this =MATCH() number to look across the columns and
picks out the correct cell entry.

The =VLOOKUP() uses FALSE at the end of the function to indicate to Excel that the
row headings are not sorted.

Jan Feb Mar

Bob 10 80 97
Eric 20 90 69
Alan 30 100 45
Carol 40 110 51
David 50 120 77

Type a name to look for : eric

Type a month to look for : mar

The result is : 69
=VLOOKUP(F56,C50:F54,MATCH(F57,D49:F49,0)+1,FALSE)

Example 2
This example shows how the =VLOOKUP() is used to pick the cost of a spare part for
different makes of cars.
The =VLOOKUP() scans down row headings in column F for the spare part entered in column C.
When the make is found, the =VLOOKUP() then scans across to find the price, using the
result of the =MATCH() function to find the position of the make of car.

The functions use the absolute ranges indicated by the dollar symbol . This ensures that
when the formula is copied to more cells, the ranges for =VLOOKUP() and =MATCH() do
not change.

Maker Spare Cost Lookup Table

Vauxhall Ignition £50 Vauxhall Ford VW
VW GearBox £600 GearBox 500 450 600
Ford Engine £1,200 Engine 1000 1200 800
VW Steering £275 Steering 250 350 275
Ford Ignition £70 Ignition 50 70 45
Ford CYHead £290 CYHead 300 290 310
Vauxhall GearBox £500
Ford Engine £1,200
=VLOOKUP(C81,F75:I79,MATCH(B81,G74:I74,0)+1,FALSE)

Example 3
In the following example a builders merchant is offering discount on large orders.
The Unit Cost Table holds the cost of 1 unit of Brick, Wood and Glass.
The Discount Table holds the various discounts for different quantities of each product.
The Orders Table is used to enter the orders and calculate the Total.
All the calculations take place in the Orders Table.
The name of the Item is typed in column C of the Orders Table.

The Unit Cost of the item is then looked up in the Unit Cost Table.
The FALSE option has been used at the end of the function to indicate that the product
names down the side of the Unit Cost Table are not sorted.
Using the FALSE option forces the function to search for an exact match. If a match is
not found, the function will produce an error.
=VLOOKUP(C126,C114:D116,2,FALSE)

The discount is then looked up in the Discount Table

If the Quantity Ordered matches a value at the side of the Discount Table the =VLOOKUP will
look across to find the correct discount.
The TRUE option has been used at the end of the function to indicate that the values
down the side of the Discount Table are sorted.
Using TRUE will allow the function to make an approximate match. If the Quantity Ordered does
not match a value at the side of the Discount Table, the next lowest value is used.
Trying to match an order of 125 will drop down to 100, and the discount from
the 100 row is used.
=VLOOKUP(D126,F114:I116,MATCH(C126,G113:I113,0)+1,TRUE)

Discount Table
Unit Cost Table Brick Wood Glass
Brick £2 1 0% 0% 0%
Wood £1 100 6% 3% 12%
Glass £3 300 8% 5% 15%

Orders Table
Item Units Unit Cost Discount Total
Brick 100 £2 6% £188
Wood 200 £1 3% £194
Glass 150 £3 12% £396
Brick 225 £2 6% £423
Wood 50 £1 0% £50
Glass 500 £3 15% £1,275

Formula for :
Unit Cost =VLOOKUP(C126,C114:D116,2,FALSE)
Discount =VLOOKUP(D126,F114:I116,MATCH(C126,G113:I113,0)+1,TRUE)
Total =(D126*E126)-(D126*E126*F126)
Ordered does
148 148

Date Weekday
### 5 =WEEKDAY(C4)
### 5 =WEEKDAY(C5)
### 5 =WEEKDAY(C6,1)
### 4 =WEEKDAY(C7,2)
### 3 =WEEKDAY(C8,3)

What Does It Do?

This function shows the day of the week from a date.

Syntax
=WEEKDAY(Date,Type)
Type : This is used to indicate the week day numbering system.
1 : will set Sunday as 1 through to Saturday as 7
2 : will set Monday as 1 through to Sunday as 7.
3 : will set Monday as 0 through to Sunday as 6.
If no number is specified, Excel will use 1.

Formatting
The result will be shown as a normal number.
To show the result as the name of the day, use Format, Cells, Custom and set
the Type to ddd or dddd.

Example
The following table was used by a hotel which rented a function room.
The hotel charged different rates depending upon which day of the week the booking was for.
The Booking Date is entered.
The Actual Day is calculated.
The Booking Cost is picked from a list of rates using the =LOOKUP() function.

Booking Date
Actual Day
Booking Cost
7-Jan-98 ### £ 30.00
=LOOKUP(WEEKDAY(C34),C39:D45)

Booking Rates
Day Of Week Cost
1 £50
2 £25
3 £25
4 £30
5 £40
6 £50
7 £100
149 149

StartDate Days Result

1-Jan-98 28 35836 =WORKDAY(D4,E4)
1-Jan-98 28 ### =WORKDAY(D5,E5)

What Does It Do?

Use this function to calculate a past or future date based on a starting date and a
specified number of days. The function excludes weekends and holidays and can
therefore be used to calculate delivery dates or invoice dates.

Syntax
=WORKDAY(StartDate,Days,Holidays)

Formatting
The result will normally be shown as a number which can be formatted to a
normal date by using Format,Cells,Number,Date.

Example
The following example shows how the function can be used to calculate delivery dates
based upon an initial Order Date and estimated Delivery Days.

Order Date
Delivery Days
Delivery Date
### 2 ###
### 28 ###
=WORKDAY(D25,E25,D28:D32)
Holidays
Bank Holiday ###
Xmas ###
New Year ###
New Year ###
New Year ###
150 150

Date Year
### 1998 =YEAR(C4)

What Does It Do?

This function extracts the year number from a date.

Syntax
=YEAR(Date)

Formatting
The result is shown as a number.
151 151

Start Date End Date Fraction

1-Jan-98 1-Apr-98 0.25 C(C4,D4)
1-Jan-98 ### 1 C(C5,D5)
1-Jan-98 1-Apr-98 25% C(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

This function calculates the difference between two dates and expresses the result
as a decimal fraction.

Syntax
=YEARFRAC(StartDate,EndData,Basis)
Basis : Defines the calendar system to be used in the function.
0 : or omitted USA style 30 days per month divided by 360.
1 : 29 or 30 or 31 days per month divided by 365.
2 : 29 or 30 or 31 days per month divided by 360.
3 : 29 or 30 0r 31 days per month divided by 365.
4 : European 29 or 30 or 31 days divided by 360.

Formatting
The result will be shown as a decimal fraction, but can be formatted as a percent.

Example
The following table was used by a company which hired people on short term contracts
for a part of the year.
The Pro Rata Salary which represents the annual salary is entered.
The Start and End dates of the contract are entered.
The =YEARFRAC() function is used to calculate Actual Salary for the portion of the year.

Start End Pro Rata Salary

Actual Salary
1-Jan-98 ### £12,000 £12,000 =YEARFRAC(B32,C32+1,4)*D32
1-Jan-98 ### £12,000 £3,000 =YEARFRAC(B33,C33+1,4)*D33
1-Jan-98 30-Jun-98 £12,000 £6,000 =YEARFRAC(B34,C34+1,4)*D34

Note
The extra 1 has been added to the End date to compensate for the fact that the =YEARFRAC()
function calculates from the Start date up to, but not including, the End date.