Chapter -7-Data Handling Part 2
Operators
• The symbols that shows a special behaviour or
action when applied to operands are called
operators. For ex- +
,-,
>
< etc.
• Python supports following operators.
[Link] Operator
II. Relation Operator
III. Identity Operators
IV. Logical Operators
V. Bitwise Operators
VI. Membership Operators
Arithmetic Operators
• Python has following binary arithmetic operator -
• For addition + for ex- 2+3 will result in to 5
• For subtraction – for ex- 2-3 will result in to -1
• For multiplication * for ex- 2*3 will result in to 6
• For division / its result comes in fraction.
for ex- 13/2 will result in to 6.5
• For quotient // its result comes as a whole number
for ex- 13/2 will result into 6.
• For remnant % its result comes as a whole remnant number.
For ex-13/2will result into 1.
• For exponent ** it will come as per exponent value.
For ex- 2
3 will result into 8.
Assignment Operators and shorthand
• Python has following assignment operator and shorthand -
• = a=10 , 10 will be assigned to a.
• += a+=5 is equal to a=a+5.
• -= a-=5 is equal to a=a-5.
• *= a*=5 is equal to a=a*5.
• /= a/=5 is equal to a=a/5.
• //= a//=5 is equal to a=a//5.
• %= a%=5 is equal to a=a%5.
• **= a**=5 is equal to a=a**5.
Relational Operators
• Python uses Relational operators to check for equality.
These results into true or false. Relational Operator are of following types-
• < Less Than like a<b
• > Greater Than like a>b
• <= Less Than and Equal to like a<=b
• >= Greater Than and Equal to like a>=b
• == Equal to like a==b
• != not Equal to like a!=b
Identity Operators
Identity operator is also used to check for equality. These
expression also results into True or False. Identity Operators
are of following types-
• “is” operator if a=5 and b=5 then a is b will come to True
•“is not” operator if a=5 and b=5 then a is not b will come to False
• Relational Operator ( == ) and Identity operator (is) differs in case of strings that we will see later.
Logical Operators
• Python has two binary logical operators -
• or operator
» if a = True and b = False then a or b will return True.
• and operator
» If a = True and b = False then a and b will return False.
• Python has one Unary logical operator –
• not operator
• if a = True then not a will return False.
Operator Associativity
• In Python, if an expression or statement consists of multiple or more than one operator then
operator associativity will be followed from left-toright.
• In above given expression, first 7*8 will be calculated as 56, then 56 will be divided by 5 and will
result into 11.2, then 11.2 again divided by 2 and will result into 5.0.
*Only in case of **, associativity will be followed from right-to-left.
Above given example will be calculated as 3**(3**2).
Expressions
• Python has following types of expression -
• Arithmetic Expressions like a+b, 5-4 etc.
• Relational Expressions like a>b, a==b etc.
• Logical Expressions like a>b and a>c , a or b etc.
• String Expressions like “Pankaj” + “Kumar” etc
Type Casting
• As we know, in Python, an expression may be consists of mixed datatypes. In such cases, python
changes data types of operands internally. This process of internal data type conversion is called
implicit type conversion.
• One other option is explicit type conversion which is like-
<datatype> (identifier)
For ex a=“4”
b=int(a)
Another ex If a=5 and b=10.5 then we can convert a to float.
Like d=float(a)
In python, following are the data conversion functions-
(1) int ( ) (2) float( ) (3) complex( ) (4) str( ) (5) bool( )
Debugging:
Refer page no:214 Table 2.11.
