NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHEDPUR DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTRUCTION SHEET FOR FLUID MACHINERY LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO.1 PELTON TURBINE TEST SETUP Pelton Turbine, ‘AIM: To study the performance and characteristics of the APPARATUS REQUIRED; Tachometer, Rope Brake Dynamometer, ‘Weights etc. INTRODUCTION & THEORY: A Pelton Turbine is a free-jet tangential flow, impulse TON (1829-1908) who Hydraulic turbine named after the American Engineer LA. PEL’ vxbuted much to its development. The basic principle of working of a turbine is the Comversion of hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy available at ‘he turbine shaft is used to run an electric generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of the turbine. ‘The Pelton turbine works tinder a high head of water and therefore, quantity of water. In this turbine, pi = p2 and vi>> Va. ‘The main parts of the turbine are: (a) Penstock (0) Spear and Nozzle (6) Runner (@ Casing © WORKING PRINCIPLE: ‘A pelton turbine gets water from a reservoir at @ high level. In the experimental setup (Fig-1), ‘water drawn from a sump is pressurized using a centrifugal pump. The flow of water from the pump is regulated using a gate valve. The water enters the turbine housing through a nozale. The jet of water from the nozzle hits a series of buckets on the rotor. requires comparatively less ‘The kinetic energy of the [Link] is transferred:to the rotor. This causes the: turbine shaft to rotate, The power of the turbine can be regulated by controlling the flow of water in the jet. This is done using a spear valve in the nozzle, which is adjusted using a hand wheel (Fig-2). In operating condition, speed is adjusted against varying loads by this. This is called governing of the turbine, The turbine converts the energy from the jet of water into mechanical energy on its shaft. In the setup, a dynamometer is provided to measure the output power. It consists of a brake drum on the turbine shaft in which resistance is applied through a rope. Weight is added to its free end while its other end is fixed to a spring balance. The dynamometer dissipates the thermal energy into the atmosphere and in the process the output power is measured The rate of flow through the turbine is measured using a venturimeter in the inlet pipe, eneHand wheel ||- to adjust LL needle — pl valve Nowle Buckets Fig.1 Pelton Turbine cA TH The overall efficiency (ry) of the Pelton Turbine is given by, 1o= Power available at the turbine shaft / Power supplied to the turbine runner = Shaft Power (S.P.) / Water Power (W.P.) ‘The power available at the turbine shaft or Shaft Power (S.P) = 2 NT / 60 watt Where, N = Speed of the shaft, r.p.m. T= Torque in N-m and is given by T=[(W-S) (D+d) 2] x 9.81, ‘Where, W = Load applied on the brake drum, Kg $= spring balance reading, Kg, 0.449 m, Diameter of Brake drum d= 0.016 m, Diameter of rope Power supplied to turbine runner or Water Power (W.P.)= pgQH watts w= sp. Weight of water, Nim’= pg H = Head of water at turbine inlet, m ischarge through the turbine, m°/s,ne cl t let Bucket I ER Hand wheel Cross section Jet of water + of the bucket Fig2 Nozzle and Buckets ‘Total head on the turbine (A); Total head on the turbine isthe level of water in the head race above the nozzle. Head rac is othe level of water in the reservoir. In the present experiment, the head race level is no! Known, So the total head is to'be calculated. This is obtained by adding different enerBy components. {he pressure of water entering the turbine is measured using a pressure gauge. Let this pressure at inlet be pt” This corresponds o ahead of #. Morcover, water is entering with a velocity v in the inlet pipe. This corresponds to a dynamic head of a ‘Thus the pressure 2 s hhead at the level of the centre of the pressure gauge is (2 +5") we (0) The corraponding prassure head tthe cenre of the nozzle Is obtained by nding to the Frresure above, the level difference 2 between the centre of the pressure gauge and the venite of the nozzle. Thus the total head is given by, H= (@ + 1) + 2 Where, pi is the wo Ze pressure read by the pressure gauge in N/m2 , w is the specific weight of water in N/m3 , vi Prete velocity of water in te inlet pipe in mi, gis the acceleration due to gravity in m/s? .z is the level difference between the centre of pressure gauge and centre of the nozzle in m. ‘Total head on the turbine (H)= (x (Kefem*)*10) + space 10 mofwater ; = Unit Speed)“ Zt7 Unit Discharge Q) 585 Unit Power (P )= £_ vo PACHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF HYDRAULICS TURBINES: ‘The turbines are normally designed for specific values of head (H) speed (N) discharge (Q, Power (P), and efficiency (7) but a turbine may have to be used under conditions, other than those for which it has been designed. Thus, to know about their exact to conduct test on machine. The behavior under varying conditions it becomes esser results so obtained are usually represented graphically and the curves obtained are known as “characteristics curve”. These curves are grouped as: (a) Main characteristics: These show variation of qualities Q, P and 7 with respect to N, H and nozzle ‘opening remaining constant throughout the variations. These relations therefore, relate to natural behavior of machine and hence the main characteristics. ‘The above curves with head remaining constant are suitable for turbine where head ‘generally remain constant in actual operation, (b) Operating characteristi In turbines, in addition to H, speed N is also maintained constant. The variation of power P and efficiency 1 with respect to discharge Q gives the operating characteristics of the turbine. DURE: ‘Switch on the motor, driving the pump, to allow water through the penstock. a. Adjust the delivery valve of the pump or vary the speed of the motor to keep the motor working head of the turbine as constant. b. Fix the discharge by adjusting the position of spear (say at 50% opening) ji. Record the working head by pressure gauge fitted at inlet side. ii: Measure the speed of shaft using Tachometer and record the spring balance reading S for «given load W and discharge from flow meter. iv, Vary the load W in increasing and then decreasing order and measure N, S, Q and ho v. Repeat all above for another opening of nozzle. " vi, Enter all the data so obtained in the Observation Table.OBSERVATION TABLE Diameter of Penstook = 50 mm. Table-1 Inlet Speed Spring SILNo Pressure | (N) ay ae Discharge | N @) p.m.) (S){Kg) (Q (mh) t (Kg/em*) 2 3. 4. 3. 6. ‘Table So. | Tou Head Dichage [Torus] Stalipower(W) | Water power JEtficieneyn Hatta) | Q@n%) | em wr) Oy a 2. 4. iS. 6. SAMPLE CALCULATIO? Make calculation for the required parameters and show any one as a sample calculation. RESULT: Present all calculated parameters in Tabular from in Table - 1 and II. Plot the operating characteristic curves. (@) Unit Speed (Nu) Ws Unit Discharge (Qu) for different opening and H = constant, (ii) Unit Speed (Nu) V/s Unit shaft power (sp) for different opening condition, PRECAUTION: Mention precautions to be taken ‘whilé performing the experiment,COMMENTS: ive comments and suggestions on the experimental results. Main Characteristics curve 109%.60 78%00 109% Go /________-snssc0 ie G0 23%00 29%00 > > a % 100% G0 % a x