Uni

t#1
COMPUTERSYSTEMS
EXERCI
SE
Sel
ectt
hesui tableanswerf orthefollowingMul ti
plechoiceQuest i
ons(MCQs)
IWhatcomput i
ngmachi newascapabl eoftakinginputf rom punchcar dsandst
ori
ngdat ain
memor y ?
A Abacus B Analyti
cal C Tabul at i
ng D Dif
ference
Engi
ne Machi ne Engine
I
I Whatt echnologyreplacedv acuum tubesinsecondgener ati
on
computers?
A Transistor
s B I ntegrated C Mi cropr ocessors D Magnet i
c
Ci r
cuits Tapes
I
II Whichcomput ergener ati
oni nt
roducedtheuseofI ntegr at
edCi r
cuit
s
(ICs)
?
A Fi
rst B Second C Thi r
d D Fourth
generation gener ati
on gener ati
on generati
on
I
V Whichoft hefoll
owi ngisanexampl eofanat ur
al system?

A Telephone B Human C Dat abase D Aut omobil

e
networ k Body
V Whichcomponentoft hemi cr
opr
ocessorcont
rol
sthewor ki
ngofi
npu t/
output
storagedevices? devi
cesand
Arit
hmet icLogic B ControlUnit C Memor y D Data
A Unit(ALU) (CU) Address Regist
er
Regist
er(
MAR) (DR)

VI Whicht
ypeofmemor
yretai
nsdat
aev
enwhent
hecomput
eri
stur
ned
off
?
A RAM B ROM C Cache D Regi
ster

VI
I Whati
sthemai
npur
poseofCachememor
y?

A St
orepr
ogram B Provi
de hi
gh ContCr
ol D Perfor
m
i
nstr
uct
ions speed input/ ari
thmetic
stor
age output operat
ions
devices
VI
II Whati
sthesmal
l
estuni
tofmemor
yinadi
git
alcomput er
?

A Ki
l
oby
te B BI
T C By
te D Megaby
te

I
X Whichmemor
yty
peusedl aserbeamstoreadandwri
te
dat
a?
A RAM B Opt ical C Cachememor
y D ROM
memor y
X I
nVonNeumannarchi
tect
ur e,
wherear
einstr
ucti
ondat
aandpr
ogr
am dat
ast
ored?
A I
nsepar
ate IB
nt he same C I nt he D Int hecache
memoryuni
t memor y processor’
s memor y
unit regist
ers
XI Whati
sthepr
imar
yfuncti
onoft hebusesi
nacomput er’
smemor
ysy
stem?
A Cont
rol B Di spl
aygraphics C Transmi
t D Per for
m
memory data ari
thmetic
oper
ati
ons between operat
ions
component
s
XI
I Whatist hepri
mar
yfunct
ionofthepresent
ati
onlay
erinOSImodel ?
A Establ
ishing B Conver
ting nt o C Deci dingthe D Sendi
ngdat ai
n
connections datai physical bothdir
ecti
ons
between a standard pathofdat a si
multaneousl
y
comput ers for
mat

XI
III
nwhi chnet
wor
ktopol
ogyi
sdat
atr
ansmi
ssi
onuni
dir
ect
ional
,li
ker
adi
oort
elev
isi
on
br
oadcast
s?
A St
art
opol
ogy B Bus C Mesht
opol
ogy D Ring
topol
ogy topol
ogy
XI
V Whichdat
acommunicat
ionst
andar
disusedf
ort
ransf
err
ingwebpagesandr
elat
ed
dat
aontheWorl
dWideWeb?
A TCP/I
P B HTTP C FTP D SMTP

XV Whichnetworkar
chitect
urerequi
redeachcomput
ert
oactasei
theraser
veroracl
i
ent
butnotbothsi
multaneousl
y?
A Cl
i
ent
/ser
ver B Peer
-t
o-Peer C Metropol
i
tan D WideArea
net
wor
k net
work AreaNetwor
k Networ
k
(MAN) (
WAN)

Giveshortanswer stothef ol
lowingshor tr
esponsequest i
ons( SRQs)
(i
) Whati sthefunct i
onandsi gnif
icanceofNapi er’
sBonei nearlycomput i
ng?
Ans In 1614,a Scot t
ish mathemat i
cian named John Napi erinvent
ed t he Napi erBone’s
cal
culati
ngmachi [Link] er’
sbonedev i
ceconsistsofawoodenboxcont ainingrotat
ing
cyl
inderswithdigi
tsrangingfrom 0t [Link]’
sbonescoul dmul t
iply
,di v
ide, andfindthe
[Link] er
’sboneswasal soext ensi
velyusedandut i
li
zedf ort hepur poseof
cal
culati
[Link] sothefi
rstmachi netocalcul
ateusingthedeci mal pointsy st
em.
(i
i) Howdi dCharlesBabbage’ sDiff
erenceEngi nedif
ferfr
om t heAnalyti
calEngi ne?
AnsAnal yti
calEngine Dif
ferenceEngine

I
tcandot he4basicmathematicaloperat
ionsuchas Itcanonlydoonemathemat
ical
addi
ti
on,subt
ract
ion,
multipl
i
cationanddiv i
sion operat
ionadditi
ononl
y
I
tisageneral
-pur
posecomput ersystem Iti sa t ype of si
mple mechani
cal
comput er
I
tissl
owerinspeed Iti
sfasterinspeed
AnalyticalEngi nei snotbeenconst r
uct edbecauseof Di f
ferenceEngi nesar econst r
ucted
i
tsmechani cal compl exiti
es
I
tisv eryheav i
lydet ai
ledandt echni calinnat ure Itisv eryi mpressi v
ei nnature
I
tdoesnotpr ov idemuchov erviewoft hedesi gns Ithelpsi nsolvingt hevari
oust ypesof
general -purpose compl expr oblems
Analytical Engi nedesi gnedbyChar lesBabbagei n Di f
ference Engi ne designed by al so
1837 Char les
Babbage buti n 1820
(i
ii
)Whati st hepr imar ygoaloff ift
hgener ationcomput ers?
AnsFi f thgener ationcomput ersai mt ounder standnat urall anguages andpossesst hi
nking
capabi li
ties,r el
yingonar t
ifi
ciali ntell
igence( AI)andenabl i
ngusercommandsi nany
language.
(
iv) Namet het hr
eet ypesofmemor yment i
onedont hemot herboardi ntheVonNeumann
archi tect ure?
AnsCache, RAM, Secondar ystorage, Regi sters
(
v) Di f f
er ent i
at ebetweenv olatil
eandnon- volat
il
ememor y?
Volatil
eMemor y Non-Vol at i
leMemor y
Vol at i
le,meani ngdat aislostwhenpoweri s Non- volatil
e,meani ngdat aisretained
lostort urnedof f. ev enwhenpoweri slostorturnedof f.
Tempor ar yst orageofdat awi t hf astaccess Per manentst orageofdat awi t
hsl ower
anddat ar etriev al accessanddat ar etri
eval
Mai nlyusedf orshor tterm storage Usedf orl ongt erm storage,fi
rmwar e
Exampl esar eRAM ( Random Access andsy stem sof tware
Memor y), ROM ( ReadOnl yMemor y)
,Flash
Cachememor y me mo r y
, hardd iskd r
ive(HD D),
sol i
d
Requi resconst antpowersuppl yt omai ntain stat edr i
v e(SSD)Doesnotr equir
epower
dat a. tor eta i
nd ata.
(
vi) Show
memor y
hierar chy wit
h
thehel pof
diagr am Ans

(v
ii
) Whyi sthewordsizeofaprocessorimportant
,andhowdoesi taffectthecomput
er’
s
performance
AnsWordsizeref
erstothenumberofbitsthatacomputer’
sCPUcanpr ocessinasingl
e
operati
on(i
nstr
uct
ion)
.Thewordsizeisaf undament
alcharact
eri
sti
ct hataf
fect
sit
s
perf
ormanceandcapabil
it
[Link]
l
yal l
owsaCPUt ohandl
e
 l
argeri ntegers,per form mor ecompl exar i
thmet icoper at i
onsand addr esslarger
memor yspaces.
(vi
ii
) Whati spi peli
ning,andhowdoesi timpr ovet heef fi
ciencyofaCPU?
Ans Manymoder n CPUs use pi pelining t oi ncr ease ef fi
ciency .In a pi peli
ne,mul ti
ple
i
nstructionsar eindi fferentst agesofexecut ionsi multaneousl y( atthesamet i
me).
Thisal l
owsf orbet t
erut i
li
zat ionoft heCPU’ sr esourcesandf asterexecut i
onof
i
nstructions.
(i
x) I maginey ouar ebui ldingacust om comput erf oraf [Link] vet hreeconsi derat
ions
youwoul dt akei ntoaccountwhenchoosi ngt het ypeandsi zeofmemor yfort hi
s
comput er?
Ans DDR4 RAM: DDR4 modul es ar e mor e ener gy ef [Link] r educed power
consumpt i
ongi vessubst ant i
alpowersav i
ngsandal lowsoper ationathi gherspeeds
wit
houthi gherpowerandcool ingr equirement s.
NVMeSSD: NVMei smuchf ast erbecausei tpr ovidesmor ebandwi dtht hanSATA
model swhi chimpr ov esper for mancei nheav ierpr oduct ivit
yappl icat i
ons.
HardDi sk: Harddiskdr i
ve7200r pm bar racudaf orst orageofdat a
(x) Youar eacomput ert echni ciant askedwi thupgr adinganol dercomput erwithasl ow
[Link] ghtyoui mpr ov ei tsper formancewi thoutr epl acingt heent i
reCPU?
AnsReplacingt heCPUcanbeadr asticandexpensi vest epf oranol dercomput [Link]
someway stoimpr ov eitsper for mancewi thoutswappi ngt heCPU:
• Wewi l
lupgr adet her am.
• Wewi l
lExpandt heSt orage.
• Wewi l
lInstallaf asterst or ageMedi a
(xi
) Yourschooli splanni ngt opur chasenew pr i
ntersf ort hecomput erl [Link]
advant agesanddi sadv ant agesofi mpactandnon- i
mpactpr i
nter stohel pthem make

I
mpactPr
int
ers Non-
ImpactPr
int
ers
Adv antages Adv antages
i) Itpri
ntschar acter
sorimages i
)I t prints character
s and i mages
stri
kingpr i
nthammerorwheel against withoutst ri
ki
ngthepaper sii
)Itspeedis
aninkedr ibbon faster
ii
) Itnormallyusescont i
nuous i
ii)It
spr i
ntingqual
ityishi
gher
papersheeti ii
)Itislessexpensive Disadvant ages
Disadv antages i
)I ti
smor eexpensiveii
)Itusestoneror
i)I
tsspeedi ssl
oweri i)It
s cartri
dgeswhi chareexpensivetoo
pri
nt i
ngqual i
tyisloweri i
i)I
t i
ii)Itnormal l
yusesindivi
dualpaper
gener atenoiseduringpr i
nti
ng sheet
adecision
Ans
(xi
i) Def ine“ protocol”inthecont extofdat acommuni cation
AnsA pr ot ocoli sasetofr ulesthatgov ernsdat acommuni cations.I tr epresent san
agreementbet weent hecommuni cati
ngdev [Link] thoutapr otocol,twodev i
cesar e
connect edbutmaynotcommuni catewi t
heachot her.
(xi
ii
) Def inesi mpl ex,halfdupl exandf ullduplexmodesofcommuni cat i
onwi thoneexampl e
AnsSimpl exMode:I nsi mpl exmode, datacanf l
owonl yinonedi r
ect i
[Link] ed
inbot hdi recti
[Link] recti
onoff l
ownev erchanges
Exampl e:An exampl ei st r
aditionalTV br oadcast .The si gnali s sentf rom t he
transmi ttertoTVant [Link] eisnor eturnsi gnal
Hal fDupl exMode:I nhal fduplexmode, dat acanf l
owi nbot hdirectionbutNOTat
thesamet i
me.I tistr ansmi tt
edonewayatonet i
[Link] icewi thhal fdupl excan
sendorr ecei vedatabutnotatt hesamet ime.
Exampl e: I nternetsur fingisanexampl eofhal fdupl excommuni cat i
[Link]
issuesar equestf [Link] sdownl oadedanddi splay edt ot he
user .
FullDupl exMode:I nf ullduplexmode,dat acant ravelinbot hdi rectionsatt hesame
[Link] ldupl exmodei sf ast
erwayofdat at ransmi ssionascompar edt ohal fdupl ex.
Exampl e:At elephonei saf ullduplexdev i
[Link] hper sonscant alkatt hesamet ime.
(
xiv
) Whatar ethest artandst opbi t
s, andwher ear etheyusedi ndat atransmi ssi
on?
AnsThest ar tandst opbi tsar eusedi nasy nchronoust ransmi [Link] ar tbittel lsthe
receiv ert hatachar act eri scomi ngandst opbi tindicatest hatt het ransmi ssi onof
char act erhasended

Swi
tch Hub
Switch is a net working dev ice t
hat Hub i s a connect
ivi
tydevice used in
performsthesamej obast hehubbuti s LAN.I tconnectsmul t
ipl
eLAN dev i
ces
consider
ed as i ntell
igent as hub.I t ononenet workand makest hem act
gathersinfor
mat ion about t he data togetherasasi ngl
[Link] sa
packetandforwardsi ttoonlythenode. non- i
nt el
l
igentdevi
ceandsendsout put
toallthedev i
cesonthenetwork.
(
xv) Howdoesaswi tchdifferfrom hubi nanet
wor k?
Ans

(
xvi
) How doesasy
nchr
onoust
ransmi
ssi
ondi
ff
erf
rom sy
nchr
onoust
ransmi
ssi
on,andi
n

AsynchronousTransmissi
on Sy
nchr
onousTr
ansmi
ssi
on
whatsi
tuat
ionsaretheytypi
call
yused?
Ans Inasy nchronoust ransmission,datai s In synchronous mode,sav ed dat ai s
tr
ansmi tt
ed char acter by char acter
.t r
ansmi tt
edbl ockbybl [Link] ock
There ar e i r
regular gaps bet ween mayconsi stofmanychar acter
[Link]
character
[Link] l
ow cont r
olinstead a clock to cont r
olt he timing ofbi ts
ofclockt osy nchronousdat abetween bei ng sent .Sy nchronoust r
ansmi ssion
source and dest i
[Link] s cheaper i
s much f aster t han asy nchronous
becausedat ai snotsav edbef oreitis because t here i s no gap bet ween
sent. characters.
Exampl eofasynchronoust ransmission Exampl eofsy nchronoust r
ansmi ssion
i
s i
sdat at r
ansmi ssi
onbet weendev icesi n
keyboarddat atr
ansmi ssi
on networkcommuni cat i
onlinks

(
xvi
i) Explaintheconceptofpeer -t
o-peernetworkandi t
sl imitati
onscompar edtoacl i
ent
servernetwork
AnsAllcomput ersinpeer-t
o-peermodelhav esamest [Link] eisnoser v ercomputert o
controlothercomput [Link] erinthisnet workcanhav eaccesst ot he
devicesandf i
lesontheot [Link] erindependentlystoreit
sown
softwareandi nf
ormation.
Disadvant
agesofCl ient/
Servermodel Disadv ant
agesofpeer -t
o-peer
model
• I tisexpensiv
emodel Itissloweri [Link] yusecan
• Theoper ati
onsst opacrossthe slowdownt henetwor kspeed
net
workwhenser vergoesdown Ital so pr ovides l
ess securit
y of
dat aasf i
lesar estoredatdi f
ferent
locationsint henetwor k

Starnetwor kt opology Ringnet worktopology

(
xvi
ii
)Compar eandcont rastt hest arandr i
ngnetworktopol ogi esAns
Advant ages connectcomput er
s
• Iti s easyt o mai ntain and modify• I ti
smor eexpensive
networ k Advantages
• Addi ngorr emov ingcomput er
scan • I ti s l ess expensi v
e t han star
be done wi t
hout di st
urbing the topology
networ k • Ev er ycomput erhasequalaccesst o
• Fi ndingf ault
sbecomesv erysimple thenet wor k
• Si ngle comput erf ailure does not Di
sadv antages
bringdownt hewhol enetwork • Fai lureofonecomput erinthering
• Iti s mor e flexibl e among t he canaf fectt hewholenet work
remai ning • I t i s di f
ficul
t t o mai ntain
Di
sadv ant ages (tr
oubl eshoot )
• If cent r
al hub f ail
s, the ent i
re • Addi ng or r emoving comput ers
networ kbreaksdown affectt hewhol enetwork
• Itr equi r
esal ar
geamountofcabl eto
(xi
x) Whyi smesht opologyconsideredt hemostr el
iabl
ebutal sot hemostexpensi veto
implement
AnsInmesht opol
ogyeachnodei sdirect
lyconnectedtoal lt
henodes.I ti
smostr eli
able
[Link] outedaroundf ai
ledcomputer s.I
tcanmanagehi gh
tr
affi
[Link] vet oimplementandi tssetupandmai nt
enanceisv ery
di
ffi
cult.
(xx) Whati stheroleAppli
cati
onLay erinOSImodel ?
AnsAppli
cationlayerprov
idesservi
cest oenduser.I
tint
eractswit
ht heoperati
ngsystem or
appli
cati
on softwarewhenev ert heuserwant st o send f
il
es,r ead messagesor
perf
orm othernetworkrel
atedactivi
ti
es.

LONGQUESTI ONS
Gi
veLonganswer
stot
hef
oll
owi
ngextendedr
esponsequest
ions(
ERQs)
Q1 Descr
ibetheevol
utionofcomputergenerat
ionsfrom t
hefi
rstgener
ati
ontothef
our
th
gener
ati
on,highl
ighti
ng t
he key technol
ogicaldevel
opments and t
hei
rimpacton
computi
ng
Ans: FirstGener at ionComput er s( 1940–
1956)
Charact
er i
stics:Thef ollowingar esomechar act eri
sticsoft hef ir
stgener ati
oncomput er
s:
 Vacuum t ubeswer eusedi nf ir
stgener ationcomput ers
 Thepr ocessi ngspeedwassl ow
 Memor ycapaci tywasl imited
 Thesecomput erswer emassi ve, occupy i
ngent i
rerooms
 Fi rstgener ationcomput erswer ebot hcost lyandunr el i
able
 Theyconsumedsi gnif
icantpowerandgener atedsubst anti
alheat
 I nputr eliedonpunchedcar ds
 Out putwasobt ainedthroughpr int outsv i
ael ectri
ctypewr it
ers
 Machi nel anguagewasonl ypr ogr ammi ngpar adigm ( model /pattern)
Examples: ENI AC,UNI VAC I,IBM 604,Mar k-IandEDSAC
SecondGener at ionComput ers(1956–1963)
Charact
er i
stics:Thef ollowingar esomechar act eri
sticsoft hesecondgener ati
oncomput ers:
 Second gener ation comput ersr eplaced v acuum t ubes wi t
ht ransi
stors,leading t
o
enhancedef ficiency
 Duet ot r ansi stors,comput ersi zewasr educedandi mprov edt hespeedandmemor y
capaci ty
 Secondgener ationcomput ersdemonst ratedincreasedr eli
abilit
yandcost -ef
fecti
veness
 Keyi nputandout putmet hodsi ncl udedpunchcar dr eaders,magnet i
ctapes,magnet i
c
disksandpr inters
 Assembl yl anguagewasempl oy edf orpr ogrammi ngpur poses
 Hi ghl ev el languages( suchasFORTRANandCOBOL)wer eintroduced
Examples:UNI VACI I,IBM 7030,Gener alElect ri
cGE635,andCont rolDat aCor porat
ion’
sCDC
1604Thi r
dGener ationComput ers( 1963–1971)
Charact
er i
stics: Thef ollowingar esomechar acteristi
csoft het hir
dgener ation
comput ers:  Thi r
dgener ationcomput ersusedI nt
egr atedCi rcuit(IC)chips
  Theut i
lizationofI Cchi psl edt oenhancement si ncomput erspeedandmemor y
 Thesecomput ersdemonst r
atedi mpr ov ement sinener gyef ficiency,sizer educt ion,cost
eff
ect i
venessandr eliabili
tycompar edt osecondgener at i
oncomput ers
 I nt
roducekey boar dandmoni torint hisgener ation
 Thesecomput ershadt hecapabi li
tyt oconcur rentlyr unmul tipleappl i
cat i
onpr ograms
Examples: I BM Sy st em/ 360 and Cont rolDat a Cor por ation’ s 3300 and 6600
computersFour thGener ationComput er s(1971–Pr esent )
Charact
erist i
cs:Thef ollowi ngar esomechar acteristi
csoft hef our thgener ationcomput er s:
 I nt
roduct ionofmi cropr ocessormar kedadef iningf eat ure,l eadingt ot heemer genceof
micr ocomput er
 Thi sgener ationcomput ersar eknownf ort heirexcept ionalspeed, l
argest or agecapaci ty
andadv ancei nput /out putdev i
ces
 Mi cr ocomput er si nt hisgener at i
onar echar act erizedbyt hei rsmal lsize,hi ghr eliabili
ty,
l
owpowerconsumpt ionandaf fordabi l
ity
 Awi dev ar i
etyofsof twar ebecameav ailableforusei nmi cr ocomput ers
 Oper atingsy st em wi thGr aphi calUserI nterfaces( GUI s)wer edev elopeddur ingt his
period
 Thi sgener ationcomput erssuppor tmul ti
medi asof twar e, enabl i
ngthei ntegr ationoft ext,
i
mage, soundandv ideo
 Thesecomput ersar ecompat iblewi thmoder npr ogr ammi ngl anguagessuchasVi sual
Basic( VB) ,C++,Jav aandPy thonf aci l
it
atingt hedev elopmentofpower fulsof tware
applicat ions
 Four thgener at i
oncomput erssuppor tadi verser angeofpor tabl
eandwi relessi nput/
outputdev ices.
Examples:I ntelPent ium Ser i
es,DualCor e,Cor e2Duo,Cor ei 3,i 5,i 7andAMDAt [Link] able
fourt
hgener ati
oncomput ermodel si ncludet heI BM Thi nkPadser ies,HPPav i
li
onser i
es,Del l
Inspi
rat
ionser ies, aswel lasAppl e’sMacBookPr oandMacBookAi rser i
es

Q2 Di scusst hei mport

anceofcat egori
zingandunder standingdi
ff
erentt
ypesofsystems,
bothnat uralandart
ifi
cial,
andpr ovi
deexampleofeacht ype
Ans: Sy stem
A“System”r ef
erstoacollectionofinter
connectedorint
errelat
edcomponentsorel
ementsthat
worktogethertoachieveaspeci f
icpurposeorfunct
ion.

NaturalSy stems
Anat uralsyst em i
sani nt
erconnectedcol lecti
onofel ementsorcomponent sthatexistinthe
natur
[Link] stemsar et ypi
callyfoundi ntheenv i
ronmentandar echar acter
izedbyt heir
abil
it
yt osel fr
egulate,adaptandmai ntai
nacer tai
ndegr eeofstabi
l
ity
.Thef oll
owingar eaf ew
examples:
Ecosystem: Ecosy stemsar eper hapst hemostcommonanddi ver
senat [Link]
encompassv ari
oust ypes,
incl
uding:
 For estEcosy stems:Suchasat r
opicalrainforestwithi
tsmanypl antandanimal speci
es
 Aquat i
cEcosy stems:Li kef reshwat erlakes,riversandmar i
neecosy stemssuchcor al
r eefs
 Gr asslandEcosy st
ems: Suchast heAf r
icansav anna,homet ograzinganimalsl i
ke
zebr asandwi l
debeests
Weat herSy st ems:Weat hersy st ems i nv ol
vet he i nter act i
ons oft he Ear th’s at mospher e,
i
ncl udingphenomenal iker ainf al l
, windpat t
ernsandt emper aturechanges
Geol ogicalSy st ems:Thesesy st emsencompassgeol ogi cal pr ocessesandf eatur eslike:
 Pl at eTect oni cs:Themov ementofEar th’sl i
thospher icpl ates,l eadi ngt oear thquakes
andv ol cani cer upt ions
 Mount ainSy st ems: Suchast heHi mal ay as, for medbyt ect onicpl at ecollision
Hy drologi calSy stems:Thesesy st emsi nv olvet hemov ement ,di st ri
butionandqual ityofwat er
onEar th,incl udi ngr iver s, lakesandt hewat ercy cle
SolarSy st em:Oursol arsy st em i tsel fi sanat ur alsy stem,wi tht heSun,pl anet s,moons,
aster oi
ds, andcomet sal lint eract ingundert hei nfluenceofgr av i
ty
BiologicalSy st em:Bi ologi calsy st emsencompassawi der angeofl ivingor gani smsandt hei r
i
nter actions:
 HumanBody :Acompl exbi ologi calsy stem wi t
hor gans,t i
ssues,cel l
sandbi ochemi cal
processes
 Cor alReef : Anecosy st em bui l
tbycor alcol oni esandi nhabi tedbyv ariousmar ine
speci es
 Rai nf or estCanopy :Theupperl ay erofar ainf orest ,homet oauni quesetofpl antsand
ani mal sAr tificialSy stems
Artifici
alsy stems, alsoknownasman- madeorhuman- madesy st ems, ar ecr eatedanddesi gned
byhumanst oser verspeci ficpur poses,sol vepr obl ems,orachi ev epar ti
culargoal [Link] tificial
syst emsar eessent ialcomponent sofmoder nsoci et y,cont ri
but ingt oourabi li
tyt omeetawi de
rangeofneedsandadv ancei nv ar i
ousf [Link] tenr equi recar ef ulpl anni ng,engi neer ing
andmai ntenancet of unct ionef ficient lyandef fectiv ely.
Thef ol
lowi ngar esomecommonexampl es:
Communi cat ionSy stems:
 Tel ephoneNet wor ks:Cr eat edt of acili
tatecommuni cat ionov erl ongdi stances
 I nter net and Comput er Net wor ks: Bui ltt o enabl e dat a shar ing and di gital
communi cat i
ongl obal l
y .
 Sat el l
iteCommuni cat i
onSy st em: Dev elopedt ol ong- dist ance,wi relesscommuni cat ion
Infor mat ionSy stems:
 Dat abases: Usedf orst or i
ngandr etri
ev i
ngdat aef ficient ly
 Sof twar eAppl icat ion: Such aswor d pr ocessor s,spr eadsheet s,and v ideo edi ting
sof twar eTr anspor tat i
onSy stems:
 Aut omobi les:Desi gnedf orper sonal andmasst ranspor t at i
ononr oads
 Ai r craf t: Engi neer edf orai rt rav el,includi ngcommer ci alairplanes,hel icopt ers,and
drones
 Tr ainsandRai lSy st ems:Dev elopedf oref ficientl andt r
anspor tationont racks
 Subway sandMassTr ansi t:Desi gnedt omov el ar genumber sofpeopl ewi thinur ban
areas
Ener gySy st ems:
 PowerPl ant s:Desi gnedt ogener ateel ect ri
cityusi ngv ar i
ousener gysour cesl ikecoal ,
gaset c.
 Renewabl eEner gySy st em: I ncl udingsol arpanel s,wi ndt urbi nesandhy dr oelect ri
c
plant s El ect ricGr ids: I nf rastruct uref ort hedi st ri
but i
onofel ectricalpower
Manuf act ur i
ngSy stems:
 Fact oryAut omat ion:Sy st emst hataut omat emanuf act ur ingpr ocesses, suchasr obot i
cs
andconv ey orsy st ems
  AssemblyLines:Or gani
zedsystemsformassproduct
iongoodsHeal t
hcareSystems:
 Hospit
alInformati
onSy stem (
HI S)
: Desi
gnedtomanagepat ientrecords,bi
ll
ingand
ot
herhealthcaredata.
 MedicalDevices:Incl
udingMRImachines,X-
rayequi
pmentandar t
if
ici
alorgans

Q3 Expl aint he char acteristicsand pot entialchal lenges associat

ed wi t
hf i
f t
h generation
comput er st hatai mt ounder standnat ur allanguagesandpossesst hinkingcapabi li
ti
es.
Whatar et heimpl ications( suggest ions)ofsuchadv ancementsincomput ingonsoci ety?
Ans:Thet i
mel inef ort hef i
fthgener at i
oni snotaspr eciselydefi
nedast heear li
ergener ati
ons,
butitisgener allyassoci atedwi t
hongoi ngadv ancement si ncomputingthatwer eexpectedt o
emer geint hel ate20thcent uryandbey [Link] nobj ecti
veoffi
fthgener ationofcomput ers
istodev elopdev icest hatcanunder st andnat urallanguagesandhav ethinkingpower .Thi
sisa
bigchallengef orcomput erdev el
opersandpr ogr ammer stodesignsuchsy stemsandsof tware
forthem.
I
BM' sWat son,asacont estantwasf eat ur edont heTVshow Jeopar dythati smor ecommon
exampl eofar tifi
ciali ntel
li
gencei ncomput [Link] hermor eexampl est hatusedAIar e:on
Windows8andWi ndows10comput er s,Mi crosof t
'sCor tanaandAppl e'sSi riont heiPhone.
Also,AIisusedbyt heGoogl esearchengi net opr ocessusersear [Link] esincl
uded:
Ultr
aBook, Chromebook, Not ebook,Deskt op, andLapt op

Char
act
eri
sti
csoff
if
thgener
ati
onofcomput
ers
Therear ev ar iousf eat ur esof5thgener ationcomput ers, whi char easf ollows:
UseofAr tificialIntel l
igence:Oneoft hemai nf eat ur esof5t hgener ationcomput ersist heuseof
AI,whichhel pst omakecomput ersmor epower [Link] i
cationsofAIar eev erywher e, fr
om
navigati
ngt obr owsi [Link] so, i
tisappl i
edf orv ideoanal yzi
ng, imagepr ocessing,andmor e.
Thehugedev el
opmentofst orage:Al thought her ei sav ai l
abl eSSDst or
aget hati sf ast eras
compar edt [Link], thedev elopmenti srunni ngonaf ewot hert echnol [Link] efor e, f
if
th
-generationcomput er s, expect i
ngf ast erandl ar gerst orage
Multi-
processor -basedsy stem:Pr esent ly,onepr ocessorperCPU i sused;howev er,speci al
comput er sar ealreadyav ail
ablet hatar eusedwi thpar all
elcomput ing, butthesecomput er sare
notcompl et eandhav ev eryl i
mitedf unct ional itiesoAnot herf eaturei stheuseofopt icalf iberin
cir
cuits.
o De vel opmentoft heel ement sofpr ogramsandNat ur al l
anguagepr ocessing( NLP)o
Thecomput ermadei nt hef ift
hgener at ionusedULSI( UltraLar ge-Scal eIntegr ati
on)
technol ogy .o Adv ancementi nSuper conduct ortechnol ogyandPar all
elPr ocessi ng.o
Thesecomput er shav euser -f
riendl yint er facesi ncludi ngmul timedi afeatures.o
Dev el opmentofl argepower swi thar t
ifici al i
ntelli
gence.
o Ma gnet i
cenabl edchi ps
o The secomput ersar epl annedt oi ncor por ateadv ancedES( Exper tSy stem) ,whi char e
sof twar epr ogr amsdesi gnedt or eplicat et hedeci sionmaki ngcapabi l
it
iesofahuman
exper tsinspeci ficf i
elds.
o I nt hisgener at ionofcomput er suseri nt erfaceshav ebecomemor eintui
tive(nat ural )and
user f
r i
endly ,incl udingf eaturesl ikev oi cer ecogni ti
onandgest ur ebasedcont rols.
Adv
ant
agesofFi
ft
hGener
ati
onComput
er
Thecomputer
smadeinthefi
fthgenerat
ionaremor
epower
ful,
funct
ional,
fasti
nspeed,ev
enif
theyar
esti
l
linthedev
[Link]
esomeadvant
agesoft hecomput
ersthatuse
ULSI(
Ultr
aLar ge-ScaleIntegration)t echnology ,whicharegi v
enbel ow:
o Thec omput ersoff i
ft
h-gener at
ionuseAI( ar
ti
fi
cialint
ell
igence)technol
ogyt hatincl
udes:
Dev elopment of exper t sy stems, Game Pl ay i
ng, Robot i
cs, Natural language
under standi ng.
o TheAIt echnol ogymadet hesecomput erstounder standhumanl anguageaswel las
recogni zegr aphsandpi ct ures.
o Thede velopmentoff i
ft h-generati
oncomput ersi sintendedt osolvehi ghlycompl ex
probl ems, includingwor kingwi thnat urallanguage.
o Hope full
y,theywi l
lbeabl et ousemor ethanoneCPUandl essexpensivecompar edt o
ther ecentgener ati
on.
o Itisv eryeasyt otakethesecomput er sfrom onepl acetoanot herandtorepairthem.
o Thec omput ersmadei nt hef i
fthgener ati
oncanbehandl ingeasily
.
Di
sadv
ant
agesofFi
ft
hGener
ati
onofComput
er
Althoughtherear edif
ferentbenef it
soft hefi
fthgener at
ionofcomput er
s,theyalsohav
esome
li
mi t
ati
[Link] ediscussedbel ow:
FearofUnempl oyment :AlthoughAIof fersnumer ousbenef it
s,therearemanypeoplewhofeel
fearabouttheirjobandt hinkAIwi l
lreplacet
heirjobsinthef utur
e.
Takingov erthewor l
d:Ar ti
fici
alintel
li
genceisnotheal thyfort [Link]
ssomehow tr
ue,
becauseAIi sverycloset ohandleal lt
hewor l
d,li
ket hescienceficti
onmov ies.
Spy i
ngonpeopl e: Oneoft heotherdisadvantagesoff i
fth-generati
oncomput er
sisspyonthe
people,whichissomehowt rue.

Q4 Explai
nthefundamentalcomponentsofnetwor kcommunicati
on,
andhowdot heywork
t
ogethert
ofacil
it
atea
dt
at r
ansfer
?
Ans: Datacommunicati
onistheprocessoftr
ansferri
nginf
ormati
onfr
om onepoi
nttoanot
heri
na
net
worki
ngenvi
[Link]
i
c
ionconsistsoffi
vebasi
ccomponent
sasf ol
l
ows:
Sender
Message
Medium
Prot
ocol
Recei
ver

Sender : Sender ,alsocalledtransmi tterisacomput er/dev i

cet hatsendst hemessagef rom
sour cet odest inationi nacommuni cationnet wor [Link] er,wor kstat
ion,cell
phoneorcamer [Link] iceconv ertstheel ectr
icalsignalint
oaf ormt hatissuit
abl efor
transmi ssionov erthecommuni cati
onnet wor k.
Message:Messagei sthedataori nformat i
ont hatist obet ransmi t
[Link] nt he
for m oft ext,audio,v i
deooranycombi nationoft hese.
Medi um:Medi um i st hepatht hroughwhi chmessaget ravelsf r
om sour cet o desti
nat i
on.
Medi um canbewi red,[Link] e,coaxi alcableandf i
beropt [Link] sobe
wi relessf orexampl eBl uetoot
h, Wi-Fi
, microwav e,radiowav eandsat elli
te.
Recei ver:Recei verist hedevicewhi chrecei v
est ransmi t
tedmessage.I tcanbeacomput er
,
wor kstati
on,t elephonehandsetort elevisi
onset .Thedat ar eceivedf rom t het r
ansmi ssion
medi amaynotbei npr operfor mt obeaccept edt otherecei v
erandi tmustbeconv ertedt o
sui tablefor m beforei ti
srecei
v ed.
Pr otocol :A pr otocoli sasetofr ulest hatgov ernsdat acommuni cati
ons.I trepresent san
agreementbet
weent
hecommunicat
ingdevi
[Link]
thoutapr
otocol
,twodev
icesar
econnect
ed
butmaynotcommunicat
ewi
theachother
.

Q5 Descr i
bet her olesofcommoncommuni cat i
ondev i
cesl ikehubs,swi tches,rout ersand
gateway si n dat acommuni cat i
[Link] do t heycont ributet ot hef unctionalityofa
networ k
Ans:A dev i
cet hati susedi nt elecommuni cati
onsy stemsf ort r
ansmi tt
ingdat af r
om one
l
ocat i
ont oanot heri sknownascommuni cationdev ice.
Hub:Hubi saconnect i
vitydeviceusedi nLAN.I tconnect smul tipleLANdev i
cesononenet wor k
andmakest hem actt ogetherasasi nglenet wor [Link] snon- intelli
gentdev i
ceandsendsout put
toal lthedev icesont henet wor [Link] ti
plei nput /
out putpor t
s, i
nwhi chani nputi none
portr esultsini tbei nganout puti nal ltheot herpar ts.
Switch:Swi t
chi sanet wor kingdev icet hatper formst hesamej obast hehubbuti sconsi der ed
asi ntell
igentashub.I tgat hersi nformat ionaboutt hedat apacketandf orwardsi tt oonlyt he
node( comput er )itwaspoi nt
edout .Adat apacketi sabasi cuni tofcommuni cationov era
comput ernet wor [Link] ai st ransmi tt
ed,i tisbr okendowni ntopacket swhi char er e-
assembl edtot heor i
gi nal f
orm oncet heyr eacht hedest inati
on.
Rout er:Rout eri sacommuni cat i
ondev i
cewhi chi susedt oconnectt woormor enet wor ks.
Today ,mostoft henet wor ksar econnect edt oi nter net .Whencomput ersi ssendi ngdat at o
anot hercomput eront hei nternet ,r outerr eceivest hedat apacket s,looksf ort her emot e
comput eraddr essandf orwar dsi tt oacomput ert hati scl osert ot her emot ecomput er.I t
forwar dst hedat apacket sbysel ectingt hebestpat hwaybasedonnet wor ktraffi
[Link] out er s
takepar tint ransmi ttingt hedat apacket sf r
om onel ocat i
ont oanot her.
Gateway :Gat ewayi sadev i
cet hati susedt oconnectanet wor ktoanot hernetwor kt hatuses
diff
er entpr otocol s.I fwehav et ol i
nkdi fferentki ndsofnet works,suchasanet wor kof
mai nframecomput er sandanet wor kofPCs,wemi ghthav et ouseagat eway .Gat eway s
changet hef ormatofdat apacket sbutnott hecont ent soft hemessage,t omakei tconf ormt o
theappl icati
onpr ogr am oft her emot ecomput er.

Q6Di scusstheadvant
agesandli
mit
ati
onsofdi
ff
erentnetwor
ktopologi
es,i
ncludingbus,st
ar,
[Link]
ogybeusedinanetworkdesign?
Ans:Thear r
angementofnetwor
knodes(comput
ers)andconnect
ionsbetweent hem iscal
l
ed
thenetworktopol
[Link]
ogyi
ssimplyamapoft helay
outofnodesandconnect ionsint
he
network.

BusTopol
ogy
:
Busnet
workt
opol
ogyconnect
seachnodet
othenet
wor
kal
ongasi
ngl
epi
eceofcabl
ecal
l
eda
bus.

Adv
ant
ages(
Sal
i
entFeat
ures(Di
sadv
ant
ages(
Limi
tat
ions) Sui
tabl
eforasmal
l
networ k I fthesi nglecabl eisdamagedorbr okenatany Easyt oconnectacomputerora
peripheral point,t
heent i
renetworkcangodown.
devicet ot henet wor k Di
ff
iculttoi
dent
if
ytheprobl
em i
ftheent
ir
e
• Requi resl esscabl et oimplement networkgoesdown
• Ter mi natori sinst al
ledateachendoft hecable Notsui t
abl
ef orl
arge
networ kt opr eventsi gnal
sf r
om r efl
ectingbackont o t hebusandcause
err
[Link] minatori sadevicethatisattachedt oground.
StarTopol ogy :
I
nast arnet wor ktopol ogy,eachnetwor knodei sconnectedt o
acent r
aldev i
cecal [Link] genet wor kscanr equire
manyhubsandhubscanbeconnect edtoeachot hertocreate
asinglel argenet wor k.

Adv antages( SalientFeat ur

es( Disadv antages(Limi
tat
ions)
• I ti
ssui t
ablef orbot hsmal landl argenet works Fail
ure ofhub causes t he enti
re
networkt ogo
• Easyt oi nstal
l andwi re down
• Easyt odet ectandr emov ef ault
s Expensivet [Link]
• Fai l
ureofcabl esdoesnotst opfunct i
oningofcabl ewithahubi srequi
redtoinst
allst
arthe
enti
renet work t opology
RingTopol ogy:
Ri
ngt opologyi sshapedj ustli
kear i
ng.I tismadeofanunbr okenci rcl
eofnetwork
node.
Advantages( Sal i
entFeat ures( Disadvantages( Li
mi tati
ons)
• Eachnodei sdi r
ect l
yconnect edto I
ftheringisbroken, theent i
rether
ing
networkst opsf unct i
oning
• Easyt oi nstal
l andwi re Slower than ot her net work
• Dat aonnet wor kflowsi none t opologi
esdi r
ection
• Notcost lytoimpl ement

MeshTopol
ogy:
I
nmeshtopol
ogy,eachnodei
sdi
rect
lyconnect
edt
oal
lthenodes.

Advantages(Sal
ientFeatur
es( Di
sadvant
ages(
Limitat
ions)
• Mostr el
i
ablenetworktopol
ogy Mostexpensi
vet
opologyto
• Datacanber outedaroundimplementf
ail
edcomputersorbusyones Set
upmai
ntenance
i
sv ery
• Canmanagehi ghtraff
ic di
ffi
cul
t

Q7 Whatis OSImodel ,and how does ithelpi n understandi

ng the pr
ocess ofdat
a
communicati
on?Explaineachoft
hesevenlay
ersandt heirfunct
ions
Ans: TheInt
ernati
onalStandar
dOrgani
zat
ion(I
SO)basedi n
Geneva,
dev
eloped st andards for i nt
ernat
ional and
national dat acommuni cations.I ntheear ly1970s, ISO
dev elopedast andar dmodel ofadat acommuni cat ionsy stem and
calledi tt heOpenSy stemsI nterconnect ion( OSI)model .TheOSI
model consi st sofsev enl ay [Link] ay erper f
ormsaspeci f
ict ask
dur i
ngdat acommuni cat [Link] enl ayersofOSImodel are
descr ibedbel ow:
Lay er7–Appl i
cat ionLay er
Appl icat i
onl ay erpr ov idesser vicest oenduser .I tint eract swi th
theoper at i
ngsy stem orappl i
cat i
onsof twar ewhenev ert heuser
want st osendf iles,r eadmessagesorper form ot hernet wor k
rel
at edact ivities.
Lay er6–Pr esent ationLay er
Present ationl ay ert akest hedat apr ov i
dedbyt heappl icat i
onl ay erandconv ertsi tintoa
standar df or matt hatt heot herl ay erscanunder st [Link] her eceiv i
ngendi talsof ormat sthe
informat ionsot hati tlookst hewayt heusercanunder st and.
Lay er5–Sessi onLay er
Sessi onl ay erper for msf unct ionst hatenabl et woappl i
cat ionsort wopiecesoft hesame
appl i
cat i
ont ocommuni cat eacr osst henet work.I tper f ormssecur i
t y,namerecogni t
ion,logging
andot hersi mi larf unct i
on.I tal soest ablished,mai ntainsandendscommuni cationwi t
ht he
receiv ingcomput er.
Lay er4–Tr anspor tLay er
Transpor tl ay erest abl i
shesconnect ionsbet weent wocomput ersont henetwor [Link] es
qual i
t ycont rol bymaki ngsur et hatt hedat areceiv edi si nt her ightfor matandt her ightor der.
Lay er3–Net wor kLay er
Net wor kl ay erdeci deswhi chphy sicalpat h-wayt hedat ashoul dt aket oreacht hedest inati
on.
Thecommuni cat iondev i
cer outerwor ksi nnet wor kl ay er.
Lay er2–Dat aLi nkLay er
Dat aLi nkl ay erdef inest hef ormatofdat aont henet wor [Link] sl ayerconvertst hedat ainto
packet sandcheckst hem bef oreput ti
ngt hem ont hepat h- way .Thecommuni cationdev ice
Swi tchwor ksi nt hi sl ay er.
Lay er1–Phy si calLay er
Phy sicall ay erdef inescabl esandsi gnal i
ng.I tpr ov ideshar dwar emeanssuchascabl esand
connect orsf orsendi ngandr ecei vingdat [Link] es, hubsandr epeat ersworkint hislay er.

Q8Expl aint heev olutionoft heI nter

netfrom i tsor iginstot hemoder ndaygl obalnet work.
Whatmaj ortechnol ogicaladv ancementcont ributedtoitsgrowth?
Ans: TheI nternet
Thei nter netisagl obalnet wor kofi nter
connect edcomput ernetworkst hatal l
owsf orthe
exchangeofdat a,informat i
onandcommuni cati
onamonguser sanddev i
cesacr osst hewor ld.
Iti
sav astanddecent ralizednet wor kt
hatspanscont i
nentsandconnect sbil
lionsofcomput ers,
serversandot herdev ices.
EvolutionofI nternet
ARPANETandt heBirthoft heI nternet:
Thej our neyofi nt
ernett echnol ogiesbeganwi tht hecr eati
onofARPANET( Adv ancedResear ch
Proj
ect s AgencyNet wor k)int he [Link] eloped byt he [Link] ense,
ARPANET was t he f irst net wor kt o use t he packet -
switchi
ng technique,al lowing f or
decentr ali
zedcommuni cat i
onbet weencomput er [Link] slai
dt hefoundati
onf ort heinternetas
weknowi tt oday .
TheWor ldWi deWeb( WWW) :
The1990ssaw t heemer genceoft heWor ldWi deWeb,asy st em ofi nt erlinkedhy per text
document saccessedv iat hei nt ernet .Ti m Ber ners-Lee' sinv entionoft heHTTPpr otocolandt he
fir
stwebbr owsermar kedasi gni f
icantmi lest [Link] ser ademocr atizedi nf or mat ionaccess,
l
eadi ngt ot hepr olifer at i
onofwebsi tesandonl ineser v i
ces.
Br oadbandandHi gh- SpeedConnect ivit
y :
Adv ancement si ni nt ernetspeedandconnect ivit
yi nt hel at e20t hcent uryf aci litatedf asterdat a
transf erandi mpr ov eduserexper [Link] ransi ti
onf rom di al-upt obr oadbandandt he
depl oy mentoff iber opt icnet wor kscont ri
but edt oamor eseaml essonl ineexper ience,enabl i
ng
mul ti
medi acont entandr eal -t
imecommuni cat ion.
Mobi leInt er netandt heRi seofSmar t
phones:
The21stcent urywi tnessedt hei nt egr at i
onoft hei nternetwi thmobi l
edev ices,par ticular l
y
smar [Link] lei nt er net ,madepossi bleby3G, 4G, andnow5Gt echnol ogi es, transf ormed
thewaypeopl eaccessi nf or mat i
onont [Link] stem f lour ished,i nt roduci ngnew
possi bi l
itiesf orcommuni cat ion, product ivity, andent ertainment .
CloudComput ing:
Cloud comput i
ng r ev ol utioni zed t he i nt ernetl andscape byof fer ing on- demand access t o
comput ingr esour cesandst or [Link] esandi ndiv i
dual scoul dnow st oreandpr ocess
dat ar emot ely ,leadi ngt oi ncr easedscal abi l
ity,ef fi
ciency ,andcost -eff ect i
v [Link] vi
cesl ike
AmazonWebSer v
ices( AWS)andMi crosof tAzur ebecamei ntegr al tomoder nwebappl i
cat i
ons.
Soci alMedi aandOnl ineCol labor ation:
Ther iseofsoci almedi apl at formsl ikeFacebook,Twi tter ,andI nst agr am t ransf ormedt he
i
nt er neti ntoady nami c,i nter act ivespacef orgl obalcommuni cat ionandcol l
abor [Link]
plat for msr edef i
nedhowpeopl econnect , shar ei nformat i
on, andengagei nonl inecommuni t
ies.
Inter netofThi ngs( IoT) :
I
nt hecur renter a,t heI nt ernetofThi ngshasemer gedasapar adi gm t hatconnect sev eryday
obj ect st ot hei nter net ,enabl ingt hem t ocol lectandexchangedat [Link] thomes,wear abl e
dev ices,andi ndust r i
alI oTappl icat i
onsr epr esentt hedi v er seappl i
cat ionsoft hist echnol ogy .
Thei nter connect ednessofdev iceshaspav edt hewayf ormor eef ficientpr ocesses,pr edi ctive
anal y tics, andenhanceduserexper iences.
Concl usi on:
Theev olut i
onofi nt er nett echnol ogi eshasbeenar emar kabl ejour ney ,f rom t heear lyday sof
ARPANETt ot hepr esenter aoft heI nt ernetofThi [Link] echnol ogycont i
nuest oadv ance, t he
i
nt er netwi lll ikely under go f ur thert ransf or mat ions,shapi ng t he way we l ive,wor k,and
communi cat ei nt hey ear st [Link] ngabr eastoft hesedev elopment si scr ucialaswe
nav igat eani ncr easi ngl yi nt erconnect edanddi giti
zedwor ld
Q9Di scusst headv ant agesanddi sadv ant agesoft heI nt er net,consi der i
ngf act orsl ikegl obal
connect ivity,inf or mat ionaccess, pr i
v acyconcer nsanddi gitaladdi ct ion
Ans: Ad vant agesofI nternet
I
nter
nett echnologyhasnumer ousadvant
[Link]
sworld
wit
houtfacinganyer r
[Link]
nethasbroughtt
heworldcl
oset
oeachot
[Link]
ealookat
someessent i
al benef
it
sofinternet
.
[Link] [Link]
tai
nment
I
nformation
[Link] nf or
med [Link]
neShopping
 [Link] cat
ion [Link]
Networki
ng
[Link]
ning [Link] n Money from t
he
I
nternet
[Link] ineBanki ng [Link]
bil
it
y
[Link] ceofI nfor mat ion
Themai nadv ant ageoft hei nterneti sasour ceofi nfor mat i
[Link] nt er neti sf ulloft housands
ofknowl edgeabl ewebsi tesandv aluabl econt [Link] i
ndal lt
y pesofsol utionsv iainter net
sites,whet heracademi corsci ent i
fi
ci nfor mat [Link] nt ernethasmadel i
feeasi erandmor e
[Link] eov er, student scanr esear cht heirsubj ectsorassi gnment sathome.
[Link] ceofEnt er tainment
Thei nter netpr ov idesal otofent er t
ainmentt oi tsuser si nsev eralway [Link] i
stent omusi c,
playgames, wat chmov i
es, andchatv iasoci al networ kingsi [Link] nt er netpr ov i
desmanyf ree
ent ertaini ngwebsi tesf orpeopl et ot alkaboutandshar et heircont ent .I tisdi ffi
cul ttogetbor ed
ont hei nt ernetsi ncet her e'sanet ernal meansoff un.
[Link] nf or med
Thei nter netkeepsy ouupt odat ewi t hnewsr egular l
y .Wi thoutwai tingf ornewsheadl ines,y ou
caneasi l
yaccesscur rentnewsont hei nternetwi thi [Link] tter ,Facebook,andLi nkedI n
ar eal lsoci al medi apl atfor mst hatal l
owuser st ost ayawar eofcur rentaf f airswor ldwi de.
[Link] ineshoppi ng
Ov ert hel astt wodecades,bot hconsumer sandr et ail
er shav ebenef itedf rom t her iseofonl i
ne
shoppi [Link] t
ht heconv eni enceofmobi l
esorl apt ops, consumer scaneasi lyaccessanar rayof
pr oduct swi thjustaf ewcl [Link] nt ernetusercanpur chasemanygoodsatar easonabl epr ice.
[Link] cation
Thei nter neti sbenef icial forcommuni cation.I toffer sav ar i
etyoff r
eecommuni cat i
onpl atfor ms,
includi ngFacebook,Zoom,Twi tter,andLi nkedI [Link] ot heI nt er net ,i ndividual scanbe
connect edv iaemai l, videoconf erenci ng, chat ting, blogs, andnewsf eeds.
[Link] alNet wor king
Thei nter net 'spr imar ybenef itisthati tallowsy out or emai nconnect [Link] eachany one,
any wher eont hegl obe,atanyt [Link] ckl ycommuni catewi thf riendsandf ami l
yno
mat terwher et heyar [Link] fferenti nter netappl icationsal low y out ocommuni cat eal lov ert he
wor ld.
[Link] ni ng
Wecannowl ear nandt eachmor eef fect i
v elyduet ot heI nternet .TheI nt er netof f
er sav arietyof
learni ngandt eachi ngr esour cest oi tsconsumer s,i ncludi ngwel l-resear chedsubj ect -r
elat ed
cont ent ,v ideol ect ur eset [Link] inev ideos,l ect ures,andnot eshav emadet hel ear ning
pr ocessuni que.
[Link] nMoneyont heI nter net
Manyf reelanci ngmar ket placesar eav ail
abl eonl i
ne,wher ey oucansel ly ourser vi
cesandget
pai di mmedi ately .Maki ngy ourwebsi te,f reelanci ng,v i
rtualassoci ation,af fil
iatemar keting,and
manyot heropt i
onsar eav [Link] cemont hlyi ncomewi thI nternet -
basedj obs.
[Link] ineBanki ng
Anot heradv ant ageofusi ngt hei nterneti sonl inebanki [Link] oonl inemar keting,t het ransf er
ofpay ment si sal sogoi ngonl i
[Link] inebanki ngser vicesar eav ai labl eont hei nter net,
allowi ngy out ot ransf ermoneyf rom onel ocat iont oanot herr egar dlessofwhet hert hebanki s
[Link] ei snoneedt ov isitaphy sical banki fy ouuseonl i
nebanki ngser v i
ces.
[Link]
it
y
Manyusersuset heinter
nett
opr omotetheirbusinessesregardl
essofwhethertheyshoponline.
Youmayl ocatev ariousser
vicesont hei nter
net,suchashomeser vi
ces,medi calser
vices,
plumbers,[Link] heirint
ernetbusi
nessesbybringinginaddi
ti
onal
customersandmaki ngyouatease.
Di
sadv
ant
agesofI
nter
net
Thei nt er nethasmanyconv eni ences,butexcessi veusageoft hei nternetcanaf fectyoui na
var i
et yofway [Link] ear eal otofusesandl imi t
ationsoft hei nter [Link],l et'
sexpl oret he
drawbacksoft hei nternet .
[Link] eoft i
me [Link] ePl acef orChi ldren
[Link] iv acyExposur e [Link] auds
[Link] r us/ Mal war e [Link] ineThr eat eningorHar assment
[Link] berbul lying [Link] ongI nfor mat ion
[Link] thI ssues
[Link] eofTi me
Themai ndi sadv ant ageoft hei nt er
neti st hati twast est [Link] nt ernetuser swast eal otof
timeonsoci alnet wor ki
ngsi t
eswhi ledoi ngnot hingpr oduct i
v [Link] sbecomeaddi ctedtot hese
onl i
neser vicesbecauseoft hisact i
v i
ty.
[Link] ePl acef orChi ldren
The i nter neti s unsaf ef orchi ldr
en because manyunet hicalwebsi tes har m t he younger
gener [Link] udent sgetdi sconnect edf rom t hei rst udies,whi chl eadst o distracti
onf r
om
educat ion.
[Link] i
v acyExposur e
Thei nt er nethasasi gni ficanti mpactonhumanpr ivacyandper sonaldat [Link] teson
thei nter netar ei nsecur [Link] tainuneducat edi nternetuser suset hosewebsi t
es,andt heir
per sonal infor mat i
oni shackedi nunet hical way s.
[Link] aud
I
nt ernetf raudi saschemet hati nv olvesof feringf raudul entadv ertisement sandr equest i
ng
adv ancepay ment sv iaemai l,websi tes,chatr ooms,ormessageboar [Link] er t
isersmi slead
cust omer sandgai nal lt heirbankaccounti nf ormat i
onusi ngt hist y peoff raudconduct edov er
thei nt ernet .
[Link] rus/ Mal war e
Ani nter netv ir
usormal war ei shar mf ulsof twar et hatdamagesy ourdat aorsl owsdowny our
comput er '
sper [Link] l,remov abl emedi a,anddownl oadi ngi nfectedf il
esf rom t he
internetcanpr opagat et hisv i
rus.
[Link] ineThr eat eningorHar assment
Soci almedi asi tesl ikeFacebook,What sapp,andI nst agram ar eusedt ost ealmuchper sonal
infor mat [Link] tackerf i
rstobt ainsy ourper sonali nfor mat ionandt hent argetsy ouf or
har assment .Thi scanal sol eadt ocr i
mi nal act i
vity.
[Link] berbul ly i
ng
Cy berbul lyingi sanonl inef orm ofhar assment .It'smostcommoni ngami ngandsoci almedi a
plat f
or [Link] emakedi spar agingorhat ef ulr emar ksaboutcy berbul l
yingv i
ctims, humiliati
ng
them.
[Link] ongI nf ormat ion
Althought hei nt erneti sr egar dedast hepr imar ysour ceofi nfor mat ion,somewebsi tesinclude
inaccur at e and wor thless i nf ormat i
[Link] imes,User s can hav et r
ouble di sti
nguishing
betweenwhatiscorr
ectandwhatisincorr
ectmateri
al.
[Link]
hIssues
Excessi
veuseoft heint
ernetcausesmanyheal t
[Link]
netsuf
fer
fr
om ey estrai
n,migrai
nes,badpost ur
e,lackofsleep,depressi
on,andst
[Link]
ear e
becomingvicti
msofsuchdangerousdiseasesduetotheint
ernet
.

Q10Explor
ecommonappl i
cat
ionsoftheinter
netandt hei
rimpactonvar
iousaspectsof
soci
ety
,incl
udi
ng communi
cati
on,educat
ion,busi
ness,enter
tai
nmentand resear
ch Ans:
CommonAppl
icat
ionsofI
nter
net
Mai
napplicati
onsofthei nternetincl
ude:
• Communi cati
on:Emai l,
messagi ng,andv i
deocal l
s
• Inf
ormat i
onRet r
ieval: Webbr owsi ng,sear chengines,andonl i
nedat abases
• E-Commer ce: Onl ineshoppi ng, banking, anddigi
tal payment s
• SocialMedi a: Net working,contentshar i
ngandsoci ali
nteraction
• Entert
ainment : St r
eami ng,onlinegami ng,andmul ti
medi acont ent
• Education: Onlinecour ses, r
esear ch,ande-learningplatforms
• BusinessandWor k:Remot ewor k,collaborationande- commer ce
• ResearchandI nnovat i
on:Accesst oresear chmat eri
alsandi nnov at
ionplat
for
ms
Communi
cat
ion
Communi cationi sal labouthowwet alkt oeachot herandshar ei mpor t
antt [Link] nt ernet
hasemai l,inst antmessagi ng, soci almedi a,onl i
nedi scussi onf orums, vi
deo, andv oicecal lsf or
themaj orpor t
ionofcommuni cat i
[Link] oll
owi ngt oolsmakei teasi erf orust oconnect ,
col
laborate, andl earnf rom oneanot her.
• Emai l:Emai lwasoneoft heear li
estandmosti mpor tantusesoft heI nternet .Itallows
peopl et osendmessages, shar efiles, photos, andv i
deos, andcommuni cat eforbot h
per sonal andbusi nesspur [Link] l
et herear enowmanyot hersadv anced
collabor ationt ool sav ai
lable, emai lremai nsext remel ypopul arf orof fi
cial andper sonal
communi cat i
on.
• Soc i
alMedi aPl atformsf orConnect i
ng:Soci almedi ai swher eweconnectwi thf ri
ends,
fami ly,andot her sonl [Link] eupdat es, pictures,andv ideosonpl atformsl ike
Facebook, Twi tter ,
andI nstagr am.
• Vi deoandVoi ceCal ls:Somet i
mes, wecan’ tmeeti nper son, butwest i
llwantt oseeand
talkt oeachot her .That ’swher ev i
deoandv oi cecal lscomei [Link] i
keSky pe, Zoom, or
Googl eMeetl etust alktosomeoneusi ngourcomput [Link] cat ion
Educati
ont hroughi nt erneti smakel i
fesosi mpl [Link]:
• Ac cesst ov astonl inel i
br aries:Wi tht heusesofi nternet ,r
esear cher s,student s,and
teacher scanf indmanyar ticles,books, andot herresour ceswi thoutl eav i
[Link] s
meanswecanf indt hei nfor mationweneedqui cklyandeasi l
y.
• E- lear ningpl atfor msandonl i
necour ses:Now, wecanl earnonl ine!Ther ear especi al
websi teswher ewecant akecour sesondi f
fer entsubj [Link] sesar ef l
exi ble
sot hatwecanl earnatourownspeedandwhenev erpossi bl
e.
• Vi rtualcl assr oomsf oronl i
nel ear ningpr ogr ams:Somet i
mes, wecan’ tgot oaphy si cal
classr [Link] heI nternetl etsusat tendcl assesonl i
[Link] oinv i
rtual classr ooms
usingv ideocal lsandspeci al softwar [Link] at
for msl ikeZoom andMi crosof tTeamsar e
usedf orv i
r t
ual classr ooms.
Ent
ert
ainment
Entertai
nmentandmedi ahav ebecomemucheasi erandmor ef unbecauseoft heInter net.
• St reami ngofmov ies,TVshows,andmusi c:St r
eami ngser vi
cesont heI nternetar elike
giantlibrari
eswher ewecanwat chandenj oyTVshowsandmov iesandl i
stent omusi c
withoutbuy i
ngt hem.
• Onl i
negami ngandmul ti
playerpl atforms:Onl inegami ngl etsuspl ayv ideogameswi th
peopl ewor ldwi det hroughagl obali nt
er netconnect i
[Link] atf
or msl ikeXboxLi v
eand
Steam ont heI nternetbr inggamer st ogether .
• Cont entCr eat orsandI nfluencer s:Soci almedi ahasal soal lowedcr eativepeopl et o
showt heirtalentsandgetr ecogni zedf ort heirwor [Link] l
uencer screat evideosorpost s
ont heI nter nett hroughpl atformsl i
keYouTube,I nst agr am,andTi kTok,wher emany
peopl eenjoyt heircont entsBu siness
Thei nter
nethasel iminat edgeogr aphi calbar r
iersandopenedupawor ldofoppor tuniti
esf or
businesses.
• Re mot eWor k:Wecanwor kathomeaspar tti
meorf ullti
me
• E- commer ceandOnl ineRet ail:Ther iseofe- commer cehasbeenoneoft hemost
tr
ansf ormat iveaspect soft heI nternetf orbusi [Link] esl ikeAmazonand
Alibabahav ebecomegi antsi nt hei ndust ry.E-commer ceof fersconv enience,choi ce,
andcompet iti
vepr icing,maki ngi tanat tract i
veopt i
onf orconsumer s.
• Col l
abor at
ion: I nonl i
nebusi nesst herei si mpor tanceoft eam wor [Link] oughsoci al
medi a,sear chengi neopt imiz ati
on, emai lmar keting,andt ar getedonl i
neadv ertisement s
measur etheef fect i
v enessoft heircampai gns,andadj ustt heirstrategiesaccor dingly
.
Resear
ch
Technol ogicaladv ances,especi all
yt hei nt ernet ,openednew hor i
zonsf oral mostal l
scientifi
cf [Link] ntegr alpar tofsci ence,r esear chalsot ookadv antageoft hebenef i
ts
i
nter netbr [Link] esar oundt hewor l
dusei tfort hi
spur pose.
Therei snodoubtt hatt hewebi st hebi ggestsour ceofi nformat i
[Link] ewer et i
mes
whenr esear chersneededt oacqui rephy sicalcopi esofbooks,j ournal sorot herpubl i
cat i
onsi n
ordert ouset [Link] nternetpr ovidesachancet ogetal mostev erythingi ndi git
alf ormat.
Sear chengi nesy ieldbi llionsofr esul tswi thj ustonecl i
[Link] cher sneededt ot rav elto
variousl ocat i
onsf orspeci ficpur posesbef oret hei nter netage, butnowt her ei snoneedf ori tall
thet [Link] aphicalr estri
ctionsmeani tispossi bl
et ofindpar tici
pant sf rom al lov erthe
wor ldwi thoutdependi ngononepl ace.I ti sespeci allyhelpfuli fther esear cht opicr equires
i
nter nationalpar ti
ci pati
[Link] chwi tht hiski ndofi nvolvementmayal sohav eaposi ti
ve
i
mpactongl obalissues.
Oneoft hedownsi desofusi ngt hei nternetf orr esearchist hati tisnotal way spossi ble
toconf i
rmt hesour ceofi nformat [Link] onecancr eateawebsi teandputi nformat i
ononi t
withoutacknowl edgi ngt hesour cemat [Link] ngt hiski ndofi nfor mat ioncanmi sdirectt he
resear chpr [Link] lkindsofonl i
nepl atformsar edi sposedt ohacki ng.