Acids Bases & Salts
Acids
Acids are those Substance which dissociates (or ionise) on dissolving in water
to produce hydrogen ions [H+(aq) cons].
Physical Properties
Acids are sour in taste.
It turn blue litmus paper into red.
Acids are good conductor of electricity.
Strong acids are strong electrolyte and weak acids are weak electrolyte
Chemical Properties
1. Acids react with metals to form hydrogen gas.
We can check the presence of 'H₂' gas taking burning candle near a gas filled bubble
H₂ gas burn with a pop sound.
2. Acid react with metal carbonates (and metal hydrogen carbonate) to form carbon
dioxide gas.
3. Acid react with Base form salt and water.
4. Metal oxides react with acid form salt and water.
[Metallic oxide are said to be basic oxide]
Base
Bases are those substances which dissociate (or ionise) on dissolving in water
to produce hydroxide ions [OH-(aq) ions).
Physical Properties
Bases are bitter in taste.
It turn red litmus paper into blue.
They are good conductor of electricity.
Chemical Properties
1. Base react with some metal to form hydrogen gas.
2. Non-metallic oxide react with base, form salt and water.
Acids and Bases dissolve in Water
When an acid dissolves in water, it undergoes ionization, releasing hydrogen
ions (H+) into the solution. The extent of ionization depends on the strength of
the acid. Strong acids, like hydrochloric acid (HCI), ionize completely, while
weak acids ionize only partially. For example, the dissociation of hydrochloric
acid in water is represented as:
In the case of bases dissolving in water, they undergo ionization or dissociation
to release hydroxide ions (OH - ) into the solution. Similar to acids, the strength
of the base determines the degree of ionization. Strong bases, like sodium
hydroxide (NaOH), dissociate completely, while weak bases only partially
dissociate. The dissociation of sodium hydroxide is represented S:
These reactions contribute to the characteristic properties of acidic and basic
solutions. Acids increase the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) while
bases increase the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH). The combination of
hydrogen and hydroxide ions in water can result in neutralization reactions,
producing water and a salt. The behavior of acids and bases in water is
fundamental in understanding their chemical properties and their effects on
PH.
Indicator
Indicators are the Substance which indicate the nature of solution that it is
acidic or basic by change in its colour or change in smell.
Types of Indicator
(i)Natural Indicator Ye Sare points Yaad kar lena
Yaha se Question ban Sakte hai
→litmus is a natural indicator
→Its neutral colour is purple.
→It is extracted from plant (division Thallophyta) called lichen.
Acid (Red) Base (Blue).
→Red cabbage, turmeric, Coloured petal (Hydrangea, Petunia and Geranium)
(ii)Synthetic Indicator
Phenolphthalein
Methyl orange
Neutral - colourless
Neutral - Orange Acid - colourless
Acid - Red Base - Pink
Base - Yellow
(iii)Olfactory Indicator
Vanila, Onion and clove oil.
A.K.Q - 2.1
What change in colour did you observe with red litmus, blue litmus,
phenolphthalein and methyl orange solutions for each of the solutions?
Neutralisation Reaction
The reaction between an acid and a base to give a salt and water is known as a
neutralisation reaction.
Alkali
A water soluble base is called an alkali.
A.K.Q - 2.3
(i)What do you observe on the surface of zinc granules?
Hydrogen gas bubbles are formed on the surface of zinc granules.
(ii)Why are bubbles formed in the soap solution?
Soap bubbles filled with hydrogen are formed.
(iii)Take a burning candle near a gas-filled bubble. What do you observe?
Hydrogen burns with a pop sound.
Bubbles come out vigorously with strong acids. Zinc also reacts with weak
acids like acetic acid, but gas is formed slowly.
Dilution
Mixing an acid or base with water result in decrease in the concentration of
+ -
ions (H3O/ OH ) per unit volume.
during dilution→ H+ conc per volume
kam ho jate hai aur pH badh jata hai
(Less acidic = more pH value)
A.K.Q
Acid to water = normal dilution..... but water to acid = accident
#WTA → Wht the accident
Universal indicators
It is a mixture of several indicator and it show different colours at different
concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Acetic acid <- Vinegar. Tartaric acid <- Tamarind
Lactic acid <- sour milk (curd). Oxalic acid <- Tomato
Citric acid <- Orange, Lemon. Methanoic acid <- Ant, Nettle sting
Importance of pH in Everyday life
Plant and animal are sensitive to pH change :-
Our body work with in the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8.
pH of Rainwater less than 5.6 it is called acid rain.
This water lower the pH of the river water and aquatic life become difficult.
Soil in our Backyard:-
Plants require a specific pH range for their healthy growth
pH in our digestive system /tooth decay:-
Tooth decay start when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5.
calcium hydroxy apatite corroded when pH in the mouth is below 5.5
Using tooth paste (contain base), neutralise the excess acid.
Our stomach produce HCl acid.
Indigestion produce too much acid and this cause pain and irritation.
To get rid of the pain people use, Called antacid. (Magnesium hydroxide).
Self defence by animal and plants. [ B.K.Q ]
Bee-sting leaves as methanoic acid, which causes pain and irritation.
Nettle leaves inject methanoic acid, causing burning pain.
To get relief from these we use baking soda and dock plant.
A.K.Q - 2.6
What is the colour of the solution?
The solution becomes pink colour.
Is there any colour change for the reaction mixture?
The pink colour changes and disappears.
Why did the colour of phenolphthalein change after the addition of an acid?
Phenolphthalein is a weak acid. It gives pink colour in a strong base. When an
acid is added, it reacts with the base and neutralisation reaction occurs. So
pink colour disappears.
Does the pink colour of phenolphthalein reappear?
Yes
Why do you think this has happened?
It is due to the increase in amount of base (NaOH) than acid.
The effect of a base is nullified by an acid and vice-veria
NaOH(aq) HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) H₂O(1)
Salts
The compound that formed by the reaction of one acid and one base or by the
reaction of twe simple salt.
Salts of a strong acid and a strong base are neutral with pH values of 7.
Salts of a strong acid and weak base acidic with pH value less than 7.
Salts of strong base and weak acid-basic in nature pH value more than 7.
Common salt - sodium chloride (Nacl)
Extraction sea water and Rock salt
Formation - NaOH(aq) +HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) H20(1)
Uses
1. Used in cooking food.
2. Used in manufacturing of soap.
3. Used for making important raw material, sodium hydroxide, baking soda,
washing soda etc.
Caustic Soda - sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Chlor-alkali: When electricity is pass the rough an aquas solution of sodium
chloride an aquas (called brine), it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. This
process is called the chlor- alkali process because of the product form (chlor)
for chlorine and (alkali) for sodium hydroxide.
Brine - The solution of salt in water,
Formation- ₂
Uses:-
1. Cl₂ - water treatment, swimming pool, PVC, disinfectants, CFCs, Pesticides.
2. H₂ - Fuels, margarine, ammonia for fertiliser.
3. NaOH-De-greasing metal, soaps and detergents paper making, artificial
fibres.
Bleaching powder calcium Oxychloride (CaOCl₂)
iske cl₂ se yaad rakhna
cl - cotton Industry.
I - linen Industry.
Formation-CH(OH)₂ + Cl₂→ CaOCl₂H₂O
Uses:-
1. For bleaching cotton and Linen in the textile industry.
2. For bleaching wood pulp in paper.
3. For bleaching washed clo clothes in laundry.
4. As an oxidising agent in many in chemical industries.
5. To make drinking water free from from germs.
Baking soda - Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃)
Washing Soda (No₂Co₃ . 10H₂O
Uses-
1. Used in glass, soap and paper industries
[Link] of sodium compounds such as borax
[Link] as a cleaning agent for domestic purpose
[Link] for removing permanent hardness of water.
Hydrated Salts
Plaster of paris
A.K.Q 2.9
What do you observe? Is there a gas coming out of the delivery tube?
Answer: HCl gas comes out of the delivery tube.
In which case does the litmus paper change colour?
Answer: When HCl gas is tested with wet blue litmus paper, it becomes
red colour. But with dry litmus paper, no colour change occurs.
On the basis of the above Activity, what do you infer about the
acidic character of:
(i) dry HCl gas
(ii) HCl solution?
Answer:
(i) dry HCl gas cannot produce H+ ions. So it does not behave as an acid.
(ii) HCl solution can produce Ht ions and behave as an acid.
Activity 2.10
Is there a change in temperature?
Yes. It becomes hot.
Is this an exothermic or endothermic process?
Exothermic.
Repeat the above Activity with sodium hydroxide pellets and record your
observations.
It is also an exothermic reaction.
Activity 2.13
Identify the acids and bases from which the above salts may be obtained.
Salts having the same positive or negative radicals are said to belong to a
family. For example, NaCl and Na₂So4 belong to the family of sodium salts.
Similarly, NaCl and KCI belong to the family of chloride salts. How many
families can you identify among the salts given in this Activity?
A.K.Q 2.14
Answer
E.K.Q
1-Which one of the following can be used as an acid base indicator by a
visually impaired student?
(a) Litmus
(b) Vanilla essence
(c) Turmeric
(d) Petunia leaves
Ans-b
2-What happens when a solution of an acid is mixed with a solution of a base in a test
tube?
(i) The temperature of the solution increases
(ii) The temperature of the solution decreases
(iii) The temperature of the solution remains the same
(iv) salt formation takes place
(a) (i) only
(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Ans-d
3-During the preparation of hydrogen chloride gas on a humid day, the gas is
usually passed through the guard tube containing calcium chloride. The role of
calcium chloride taken in the guard tube is to
(a) Absorb the evolved gas
(b) Moisten the gas
(c) Absorb moisture from the gas
(d) Absorb Ci ions from the evolved gas
Ans- c
4-Which of the following statements is not correct?
(a) All metal carbonates react with acid to give a salt, water and carbon dioxide
(b) All metal oxides react with water to give salt and acid.
(c) Some metals react with acids to give salt and hydrogen
(d) some non-metal oxides react with water to form an acid
Ans-b
5-Which of the following is (are) true when HCI (g) is passed through water?
(i) it does not ionise in the solution as it is a covalent compound
(ii) it ionises in the solution
(iii) It gives both hydrogen and hydroxyl ion in the solution
(iv) it forms hydronium ion in the solution due to the combination of hydrogen
ion with water molecule
(a) (i) only
(b) (ii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) only
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Ans-b
6- Which of the following salts does not contain water of crystallisation?
(a) Blue vitriol
(b) Baking soda
(c) Washing soda
(d) Gypsum
Ans-b
7-Sodium carbonate is a basic salt because it is a salt of
(a) strong acid and strong base.
(b) weak acid and weak base.
(c) strong acid and weak base.
(d) weak acid and strong base.
Ans-d
8-What are strong and weak acids? In the following list of acids, separate
strong acids from weak acids:
Hydrochloric acid, Citric acid, Acetic acid, Nitric acid, Formic acid, Sulphuric
acid
Ans. The acid that ionises completely in aqueous solution, thus producing a
high concentration of ions, is called a strong acid, e.g., HCl, etc. Weak acid
ionises only partially in aqueous solution of same molar concentration provides
a much smaller concentration of H₃O+ ions and thus it produces ions as well
as molecules, e.g., acetic acid, carbonic acid.
Strong acids -nitric acid & Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid
Weak acids-Citric acid, acetic acid and formic acid
9. A dry pellet of a common base B, when kept in open absorbs moisture and
turns sticky. The mi compound is also a by-product of chloralkaline process.
Identify B. What type of reaction occurs when B is treated with an acidic oxide?
Write a balanced chemical equation for one such solution.
Ans. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a commonly used base and is hygroscopic,
that is, it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and becomes sticky. The
acidic Toxides react with base to give salt and water. The reaction between
NaOH and Co, can be given as: 2NaOH CO₂→ Na₂CO₃+H₂O
[Na₂CO₃→ White Solid)
10-For making cake, baking powder is taken. If at home your mother
uses baking soda instead of baking powder in cake,
(a) How will it affect the taste of the cake and why?
(b) How can baking soda be converted into baking powder? NaHCO₃ → (White Crystalline
(c) What is the role of tartaric acid added to baking soda? Powder)
Ans. (a) Baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate.
On heating, it is converted into sodium carbonate which is bitter to
taste-
2NaHCO₃ Na₂CH₂O+ CO₂
(b) Baking soda can be converted into baking powder by the
addition of suitable amount of tartaric acid to it.
(c) The role of tartaric acid is to neutralise sodium carbonate and
cake will not taste bitter.
[Link] and HNO₃ show acidic characteristics in aqueous solution while alcohol
and glucose solutions do not. Give reasons.
Or Why do HCI, HNO₃, etc., show acidic characters in aqueous solutions while
solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
Ans. HCI and HNO₃ , produce H+ ions in aqueous solution. Hence they show
acidic characteristics. Alcohol and glucose do not produce H+ ions in aqueous
solution, hence they do not show acidic characteristics.
12.A green coloured hydrated metallic salt on heating loses its water of
crystallisation and gives the smell of burning sulphur. Identify the salt and write
down the reaction involved.
Answer:
Procedure:
The activity 2.8 asks us to pass electricity through the
various solution and see if bulb glow.
Observation:
The bulb glows with Hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid
but does not glow with alcohol or glucose solution.
Explanation:
Acid ionises in water solution. As a result, ions are freely
available. in the water to conduct electricity. As a result,
bulb glow. Alcohol and glucose are organic compounds.
They do not ionise in water. As a result, such a solution
does not conduct electricity.
Inference/conclusion:
Acids, bases and salts increase the electrical conductivity
of the water.
