CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS 3.

Execution
4. Input and Output
TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
5. Control Flow
6. Memory Management
COMPUTER PROGRAM
7. Termination
● Known as software or an application, is a set of
LOW-LEVEL PLs vs HIGH-LEVEL PLs
instructions written in a programming language.
● The main difference between PLs lies primarily
● Designed to perform specific tasks or operations
on their level of abstraction.
when executed by a computer
ABSTRACTION
● Can be simple or complex, ranging from a basic
● Concept in computer science and software
calculator to sophisticated software applications
engineering that refers to the process of
used for various purposes, such as word
simplifying complex systems or ideas by
processing, web browsing, gaming, or data
focusing on the essential features or properties,
analysis
while hiding or ignoring irrelevant details
PROGRAMMING
LOW-LEVEL PLs
● Process of creating computer programs or sets
● Closer to machine code and generally specific to
of instructions that tell a computer how to
particular architectures.
perform specific tasks
● Provide a minimal abstraction from hardware,
● Involves writing coded using programming
allowing direct control over computer hardware
language such as Java, Python, C++, or
resources.
JavaScript
● Harder to read and write, but they offer
● Requires logic, problem-solving skills, and
excellent performance and efficiency.
attention to detail
Ex. Assembly language, Machine Language SOURCE CODE
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
HIGH-LEVEL PLs ● Any program written in programming language
● Prescribed language used to write instructions
● Designed to be closer to human language and ● Computers cannot understand source code
or algorithms for a computer to perform
are less dependent on specific hardware written on high-level PLs. Before it can be run
● Set of rules and syntax that allow programmers
architectures into a program, it must first be translated into a
to communicate with computer and give
● Provide a higher level of abstraction by utilizing form which a computer understands
commands
complex syntax, data structures and, libraries TRANSLATOR
● Low-level languages (assembly language) and
● Easier to read, write, and understand, making ● Program that basically converts source code into
high-level languages (such as C++, Java, or
them more user-friendly machine code
Python)
● Prioritize developer productivity and TYPES OF TRANSLATOR
maintainability over low-level performance INTERPRETER
Ex. C++, Java, Python ● Translates each statement in a high-level source
In summary, “low-level PLs offer fine-grained control over program and executes it immediately upon
hardware but have a steeper learning curve, and while translation
high-level PLs focus on ease of use and productivity at the ● Python, JavaScript, Ruby, Perl, PHP, and Lua
expense of some performance control.” COMPILER
● Translate into a high-level source of program as
a complete unit and stores it in an executable
file before any statement is executed
PROCESS OF HOW COMPUTER PROGRAM WORKS ● C, C++, Java, Fortran, Ada and Go
1. Writing the program
2. Code Translation
BASIC STEPS DURING PROGRAMMING
● Write or Edit the program
● Compile the program
● Execute the program

TYPES OF ERROR IN PROGRAMMING

SYNTAX ERROR
● Programmer violate the rules of the language FLOWCHART
(simply known as syntax), no matter how minor ● Uses symbols with phrases to designate the
RUN-TIME ERROR logic of how a problem is solved
● Programmer ask the computer to do something ● Common method for defining the logical steps
it considers to be illegal, such as dividing by of flow within a program by using a series of
zero symbols to identify the basic Input, Process and
LOGIC ERRORS Output (IPO’s) function within a program
● Programmer fails to express themselves ● Diagram representing the logical sequence in
correctly or they don’t understand the whole which a combination of steps or operations is to
logic on how the program should work and what be performed.
it should does ● Blueprint of the program

ALGORITHM
● Finite set of instructions that specify a sequence
of operations to be carried out in order to solve
a specific problem
● Defined as a step-by-step sequence of
instructions that must terminate and describes
how to perform an operation to produce a
desired output
PSEUDOCODE
● When English phrases are used to describe an
algorithm