SALT ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT – 4
Aim: To detect the cation and anion in the given inorganic salt sample.
Sample No. I1
Physical Properties:
➢ Crystalline
➢ White in colour
➢ Hydrated salt
Solubility:
Cold water Hot water Dil. HCl Dil. H2SO4 Dil. HNO3
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Dry test tube heating: Characteristic vinegar CH3COO- may be present
A small amount of the sample like smell
is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
➢ Conc. H2SO4 test: Colourless vapour CH3COO- may be present
Small quantity of salt is taken obtained with vinegar
in a test tube and 2 - 3 ml of smell, turns blue litmus
conc. H2SO4 is added to it red.
➢ Dil. H2SO4 Test: No Characteristic CO32-, SO32-, NO2-, S2- absent
To a small quantity of salt 1 – change
2ml of dil. H2SO4 was added
Confirmatory Test:
Wet test for acid radical:
Experiment Observation Inference
i) Take a small quantity Pleasant and fruity smell CH3COO- is confirmed.
of the salt solution and of ester.
add conc. H2SO4 and
heat. Then add C2H5OH
shake and pour the
content in a beaker of
water and stir.
ii) Take a small quantity CH3COO- is confirmed.
of the salt solution and Reddish colour observed
add FeCl3 solution.
Divide the solution into
two parts.
To one part, add HCl. Reddish colour disappears
To the other add H2O Reddish brown colour
remain.
Chemical Equation:
i) 2CH3COONa + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2CH3COOH
CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethyl acetate
(Fruity smell)
ii) 2CH3COONa + FeCl3 → (CH3COO)3Fe + 3NaCl
(CH3COO)3Fe + 2H2O → CH3COO)(OH)2 Fe ↓ + 2CH3COOH
(Reddish brown ppt)
Wet test for basic radical
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Nessler’s Reagent test: Ammonia gas is evolved. NH4+ is confirmed.
Take a small amount
of the salt solution and
add NaOH and heat.
Pass the gas through A brownish precipitate
Nessler’s reagent. obtained
Chemical Equation:
2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH → H2N.HgO.HgI↓ + 7KI + 2H2O
Nessler’s Reagent Brown ppt
Result: The given sample contains CH3COO- as anion and NH4+ as cation.
EXPERIMENT – 5
Aim: To detect the cation and anion in the given inorganic salt sample.
Sample No. I2
Physical Properties:
➢ Crystalline
➢ White in colour
Solubility:
Cold water Hot water Dil. HCl Dil. H2SO4 Dil. HNO3
✓ ✓ X X ✓
Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Dry test tube heating: ➢ Reddish brown NO3- may be present
A small amount of the sample fumes
is taken in a dry test tube and ➢ Brown residue when Pb2+ may be present
heated. hot and yellow when
cold
➢ Conc. H2SO4 test: Reddish brown gas with NO3- may be present
Small quantity of salt is taken pungent smell.
in a test tube and 2 - 3 ml of
conc. H2SO4 is added to it
➢ Dil. H2SO4 Test: No Characteristic change CO32-, SO32-, NO2-, S2-
To a small quantity of salt 1 – absent
2ml of dil. H2SO4 was added
Confirmatory test:
Wet test for acid radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Brown Ring Test: A dark brown ring is NO3- is confirmed.
To a small quantity of salt formed at the junction
solution, freshly prepared of the layers of acid
FeSO4 solution is added. Then and the solution.
add Conc. H2SO4 slowly along
the side of the test tube.
Chemical equation:
Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 → PbHSO4 + HNO3
Group Analysis:
Experiment Observation inference
To a small amount of solution NaOH • No pungent smell. Group Zero absent.
was added • Nesseler’s reagent
did not turn brown
To a small amount of solution HCl was White precipitate observed Group 1 is present
added
Chemical equation:
Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl → PbCl2 ↓ + 2HNO3
(White ppt.)
Wet test for Basic radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
Take a small portion of the salt solution White precipitate Pb2+ is present
and add HCl obtained
Boil the white ppt. with distilled water
and divide the solution into 2 parts.
i) Add KI to one part. Yellow ppt. observed. Pb2+ is confirmed.
ii) Add K2CrO4 to the 2nd part. Yellow ppt. obtained Pb2+ is confirmed.
Chemical equation:
Potassium iodide test:
PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 ↓ + 2KCl
(Yellow ppt.)
Potassium chromate test:
PbCl2 + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 ↓ + 2KCl
(Yellow ppt.)
Result:
The given sample contains Pb2+ as cation and NO3- as anion.
__________________________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT – 6
Aim: To detect the cation and anion in the given inorganic salt sample.
Sample No. I3
Physical Properties:
➢ Crystalline
➢ Blue in colour
Solubility:
Cold water Hot water Dil. HCl Dil. H2SO4 Dil. HNO3
✓ ✓ X X X
Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Dry test tube heating: The blue colur of the Cu2+ may be present
A small amount of the sample is salt slowly turns white
taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
➢ Conc. H2SO4 test: No Characteristic Cl-, Br-, I-, C2O22-, CH3COO-
change absent
Small quantity of salt is taken in a
test tube and 2 - 3 ml of conc.
H2SO4 is added to it
➢ Dil. H2SO4 Test: No Characteristic CO32-, SO32-, NO2-, S2-
To a small quantity of salt 1 – 2ml change absent
of dil. H2SO4 was added
Confirmatory test:
Wet test for acid radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Barium Chloride Test: White ppt. SO42- is confirmed.
To a small quantity of salt solution, insoluble in HCl.
add barium chloride solution.
Chemical equation:
BaCl2 + CuSO4 → BaSO4 ↓ + CuCl2
(white ppt.)
Group Analysis:
Experiment Observation inference
To a small amount of solution • No pungent smell. Group Zero absent.
NaOH was added • Nesseler’s reagent did
not turn brown
To a small amount of solution No White precipitate observed Group 1 is absent.
HCl was added
To a small amount of solution, Black ppt. obtained Group 2 is present
HCl was added and H2S gas
was passed through the
solution.
Chemical equation:
CuSO4 + HCl → CuCl2 + H2SO4
CuCl2 + H2S → CuS ↓ + 2HCl
(Black ppt.)
Wet test for Basic radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
Take a small portion of the salt Chocolate brown precipitate Cu2+ is confirmed
solution and add acetic acid obtained
and potassium Ferro cyanide
solution.
Chemical equation:
2CuSO4 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Cu2[Fe(CN)6] ↓ + 2K2SO4
(chocolate brown ppt.)
Result: The given sample contains Cu2+ as cation and SO42- as anion.
__________________________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT – 7
Aim: To detect the cation and anion in the given inorganic salt sample.
Sample No. I4
Physical Properties:
➢ Hydrated
➢ White in colour
Solubility:
Cold water Hot water Dil. HCl Dil. H2SO4 Dil. HNO3
✓ ✓ X X X
Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Dry test tube heating: ➢ White colour Al3+ may be persent
A small amount of the sample resedue
is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
➢ Conc. H2SO4 test: Reddish brown gas with NO3- may be present
Small quantity of salt is taken pungent smell.
in a test tube and 2 - 3 ml of
conc. H2SO4 is added to it
➢ Dil. H2SO4 Test: No Characteristic change CO32-, SO32-, NO2-, S2-
To a small quantity of salt 1 – absent
2ml of dil. H2SO4 was added
Confirmatory test:
Wet test for acid radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Copper chips Test: A dark brown fumes NO3- presence is confirmed.
To a small quantity of salt evolved.
solution, Conc. H2SO4 was
added and then few copper
chips were added.
Chemical equation:
2KNO3 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2HNO3
4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
(Reddish Brown Gas)
Group Analysis:
Experiment Observation inference
To a small amount of solution NaOH • No pungent smell. Group Zero absent.
was added • Nesseler’s reagent
did not turn brown
To a small amount of solution HCl was No White precipitate Group 1 is absent
added observed
To a small amount of solution dil. HCl No black precipitate Group 2 is absent
was added and H2S gas passed. observed
A small amount of solution was White precipitate observed Group 3 is present
acidified with HNO3 and NH4Cl was
added boiled. Cool the solution and add
excess NH4OH.
Chemical equation:
Al (NO3)3 + NH4OH → NH4NO3 + Al (OH)3
(White ppt)
Wet test for Basic radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
Take a small quantity of the salt Blue mass observed Al3+ is confirmed
solution and add cobalt nitrate solution.
Take a small portion of the salt solution White precipitate Al3+ is confirmed
and add HCl, few drops of blue litmus obtained
solution and excess NH4OH
Chemical equation:
Lake Test:
Al (OH)3 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O …..dissolution
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH → 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3
Result:
The given sample contains Al3+ as cation and NO3- as anion.
__________________________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT – 8
Aim: To detect the cation and anion in the given inorganic salt sample.
Sample No. I5
Physical Properties:
➢ Crystalline
➢ White in colour
Solubility:
Cold water Hot water Dil. HCl Dil. H2SO4 Dil. HNO3
✓ ✓ X X X
Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Dry test tube heating: The residue is yellow Zn2+ may be present
A small amount of the sample is when hot and white
taken in a dry test tube and when cold
heated.
➢ Conc. H2SO4 test: No Characteristic Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, CH3COO-,
Small quantity of salt is taken in a change C2O42- absent
test tube and 2 - 3 ml of conc.
H2SO4 is added to it
➢ Dil. H2SO4 Test: No Characteristic CO32-, SO32-, NO2-, S2-
To a small quantity of salt 1 – 2ml change absent
of dil. H2SO4 was added
Confirmatory test:
Wet test for acid radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Barium Chloride Test: White ppt. insoluble in HCl. SO42- is confirmed.
To a small quantity of
salt solution, add
barium chloride
solution.
Chemical equation:
BaCl2 + CuSO4 → BaSO4 ↓ + CuCl2
(White ppt.)
Group Analysis:
Experiment Observation inference
To a small amount of solution • No pungent smell. Group Zero absent.
NaOH was added • Nesseler’s reagent did
not turn brown
To a small amount of solution No White precipitate observed Group 1 is absent.
HCl was added
To a small amount of solution, No Black ppt. obtained Group 2 is absent
HCl was added and H2S gas
was passed through the
solution.
Small amount of solution was No white ppt. observed Group 3 is absent
acidified with HNO3 and NH4Cl
was added
To a small amount of solution Dirty white ppt. obtained Group 4 is present
add NH4Cl and NH4OH and
pass H2S through the solution.
Chemical reaction:
Zn(OH)2 + H2S → 2H2O + ZnS ↓
(dirty white ppt.)
Wet test for Basic radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
Take a small portion of the salt Bluish white precipitate Zn2+ is confirmed
solution and add potassium obtained
Ferro cyanide solution.
Chemical equation:
2ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6] ↓ + 4KCl
(bluish white ppt.)
Result: The given sample contains Zn2+ as cation and SO42- as anion.
__________________________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT – 9
Aim: To detect the cation and anion in the given inorganic salt sample.
Sample No. I6
Physical Properties:
➢ crystalline
➢ White in colour
Solubility:
Cold water Hot water Dil. HCl Dil. H2SO4 Dil. HNO3
✓ ✓ X
Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Dry test tube heating: ➢ Reddish brown gas NO3- may be persent
A small amount of the sample evolved
is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
➢ Conc. H2SO4 test: Reddish brown gas with NO3- may be present
Small quantity of salt is taken pungent smell.
in a test tube and 2 - 3 ml of
conc. H2SO4 is added to it
➢ Dil. H2SO4 Test: No Characteristic change CO32-, SO32-, S2- absent
To a small quantity of salt 1 –
2ml of dil. H2SO4 was added
➢ Prepare a paste of the salt in Persistent grassy green Ba2+ may be present
conc. HCl and perform flame flame on prolonged heating
test
Confirmatory test:
Wet test for acid radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Copper chips Test: A dark brown fume NO3- is confirmed.
To a small quantity of salt evolved.
solution, Conc. H2SO4 was
added and then few copper
chips added.
➢ Brown Ring Test: A dark brown ring is NO3- is confirmed.
To a small quantity of salt formed at the junction
solution, freshly prepared of the layers of acid
FeSO4 solution is added. Then and the solution.
add Conc. H2SO4 slowly along
the side of the test tube.
Chemical equation:
1) Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 → PbHSO4 + HNO3
2) 2KNO3 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2HNO3
4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
(Reddish Brown Gas)
Group Analysis:
Experiment Observation inference
To a small amount of solution NaOH • No pungent smell. Group Zero absent.
was added • Nesseler’s reagent
did not turn brown
To a small amount of solution HCl was No White precipitate Group 1 is absent
added observed
To a small amount of solution dil. HCl No black precipitate Group 2 is absent
was added and H2S gas passed. observed
A small amount of solution was No White precipitate Group 3 is absent
acidified with HNO3 and NH4Cl was observed
added boiled. Cool the solution and add
excess NH4OH.
To a small amount of solution add No White precipitate Group 4 is absent
NH4Cl and NH4OH and pass H2S through observed
the solution
To a small amount of solution add White precipitate formed Group 5 is present
NH4Cl and NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 which dissolves in CH3COOH
Chemical equation:
BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2 + H2O
Wet test for Basic radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
Take a small quantity of the salt Yellow precipitate observed Ba2+ is confirmed
solution and add K2CrO4 solution.
Perform flame test with the salt Persistent grassy green flame Ba2+ is confirmed
on prolonged heating
Chemical equation:
(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 → 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4
(Yellow ppt)
Result:
The given sample contains Ba2+ as cation and NO3- as anion.
__________________________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENT – 10
Aim: To detect the cation and anion in the given inorganic salt sample.
Sample No. I7
Physical Properties:
➢ Hydrated
➢ White in colour
Solubility:
Cold water Hot water Dil. HCl Dil. H2SO4 Dil. HNO3
✓ ✓ X
Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Dry test tube heating: White residue obtained Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ or Mg2+
A small amount of the sample may be present
is taken in a dry test tube and
heated.
➢ Conc. H2SO4 test: No colourless gas with Cl- may be absent
Small quantity of salt is taken pungent smell.
in a test tube and 2 - 3 ml of
conc. H2SO4 is added to it
➢ Dil. H2SO4 Test: No Characteristic change CO32-, SO32-, S2- absent
To a small quantity of salt 1 –
2ml of dil. H2SO4 was added
Confirmatory test:
Wet test for acid radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
➢ Copper chips Test: A dark brown fume NO3- is confirmed.
To a small quantity of salt evolved.
solution, Conc. H2SO4 was
added and then few copper
chips added.
➢ Brown Ring Test: A dark brown ring is NO3- is confirmed.
To a small quantity of salt formed at the junction
solution, freshly prepared of the layers of acid
FeSO4 solution is added. Then and the solution.
add Conc. H2SO4 slowly along
the side of the test tube.
Chemical equation:
3) Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 → PbHSO4 + HNO3
4) 2KNO3 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2HNO3
4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
(Reddish Brown Gas)
Group Analysis:
Experiment Observation inference
To a small amount of solution NaOH • No pungent smell. Group Zero absent.
was added • Nesseler’s reagent
did not turn brown
To a small amount of solution HCl was No White precipitate Group 1 is absent
added observed
To a small amount of solution dil. HCl No black precipitate Group 2 is absent
was added and H2S gas passed. observed
A small amount of solution was No White precipitate Group 3 is absent
acidified with HNO3 and NH4Cl was observed
added boiled. Cool the solution and add
excess NH4OH.
To a small amount of solution add No White precipitate Group 4 is absent
NH4Cl and NH4OH and pass H2S through observed
the solution
To a small amount of solution add No White precipitate formed Group 5 is absent
NH4Cl and NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3
To a small amount of solution add White precipitate formed Group 5 is present
NH4Cl and NH4OH and excess of
(NH4)2HPO4
Chemical equation:
MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 → Mg (NH4)PO4 + 2NH4Cl + H2O
(white ppt)
Wet test for Basic radicals:
Experiment Observation Inference
To a small amount of solution add White precipitate formed Mg2+ is confirmed
NH4Cl and NH4OH and excess of
(NH4)2HPO4
Chemical equation:
MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 → Mg (NH4)PO4 + 2NH4Cl + H2O
(white ppt
Result:
The given sample contains Mg2+ as cation and NO3- as anion.
__________________________________________________________________________________
