Biology 2 nd Paper
Chapter -01
Animal Diversity and Classification
Characteristics of
Amphibia To Mammalia
Presented by
Md. Jasim Uddin Howlader
Associate Professor
Department of Biology
Adamjee Cantonment College
Mobile : +8801711-780261
Class-4: Amphibia
(Greek, amphi = both + bios = life)
• Members of this class were the first to set off on four legs to
conquer land. Since then, these animals are known as
tetrapods.
• Although they are primarily terrestrial, they must return to
water to lay eggs, and the eggs hatch in water. For this reason,
members of this group are called amphibians (wandering in the
land and water).
• There are currently 7,700 living amphibian species. Among
these, 715 species are amphibians with tails, and 200 species
are without legs. The remaining 6,785 are four-legged
amphibians (frogs, etc.). The number of species found in
Bangladesh is 34.
Characteristics
• 1. Ectothermic (body temperature fluctuates with ambient temperature)
tetrapod vertebrates.
• 2. Aquatic in the larval stage, but aquatic or terrestrial in the adult.
• 3. Skin is smooth, moist, and glandular; it also aids in breathing.
• 4. The forelimbs have four clawless toes, and the hindlimbs have five.
5. Respiration occurs through gills during the larval stage and through lungs, skin,
and the buccal mucous membrane in the mature stage.
• 6. The heart is three-chambered two atria (auricles) and one ventricle; developed
renal and hepatic portal system.
• 7. They are unisexual animals; external fertilization occurs; however, some species
show internal fertilization (e.g., caecilians). The life cycle includes the tadpole
larval stage.
Several animals of the class Amphibia
Several animals of the class Amphibia
• Siren lacertina (Siren)
• Salamandra salamandra (Salamander)
• Ichthyophis glutinosus (Ceylon caecilian)
• Rhacophorus reinwardtii (Flying frog)
• Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Golden frog)
• Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Toad)
Class- 5- Reptilia
• Characteristics
• 1. Ectothermic terrestrial animals; locomotion by crawling.
• 2. The body is dry covered with epidermal scales or hard
plates.
• 3. Generally, two pairs of limbs, each has five clawed toes
(except snakes and some lizards, which lack toes).
• 4. The heart is incompletely four-chambered (with the
exception of crocodiles, which have a completely four-
chambered heart) as the ventricles are incompletely divided.
Class- 5- Reptilia
• 5. Lungs are their only respiratory organs.
• 6. The Skull of the head is connected to the spine with
one occipital condyle.
• 7. Most reptiles undergo internal fertilization and lay
eggs, but some, like certain species of lizards and
snakes, can give live birth. Eggs are covered with a
leathery or calcareous shell.
• 8. Four extra embryonic membranes (amnion, chorion,
yolk sac, and allantois) are formed during embryonic
development, resulting in no larval stage.
•
Class- 5- Reptilia
Some animals of the class Reptilia
• Gekko gecko (True gecko)
• Chameleon vulgaris (Arboreal lizard)
• Caretta caretta (Marine turtle)
• Draco volans (Flying lizard)
• Naja naja (Cobra)
• Gavialis gangeticus (Ghorial)
• Bungarus fasciatus (Banded Krait)
Class-6: Aves (Latin, avis = bird)
• The group of vertebrates that have left water and land to become airborne
are known as birds. Their origin, development, and diversity are so
extensive that much discussion occurs with birds. The free movement of
birds across the sky, land and water naturally seems enviable to other
vertebrate animals. Birds are widespread across all natural environments of
the world, including polar regions. Many species are opportunistic and
migrate between countries during specific times of the year. There are
currently 10,500 species of birds worldwide. In Bangladesh, there are 650
permanent species and 176 migratory species. Birds have undergone a
remarkable transformation to adapt for flight, with changes designed to
lighten the body and enable successful aerial adaptation.
Class-6: Aves (Latin, avis = bird)
• Characteristics
• 1. The body is covered with epidermal feathers; the neck is
elongated and "S"-shaped.
• 2. The forelimbs have evolved into wings for flight.
• 3. The jaw has become a toothless beak; skull bones fused
with one occipital condyle; sternum forms keel.
• 4. Bones are pneumatic and lightweight, with many bones
fused.
• 5. A thin air sac is attached to the lungs; the syrinx is the
sound-producing organ in the respiratory system.
Class-6: Aves
• 6. Birds have an efficient digestive system (including a
saccular crop and muscular gizzard) to support the rapid
metabolism of energy-rich food.
• 7. The heart has four chambers-two atria and two ventricles.
• 8. Birds are warm-blooded (endothermic), maintaining a
constant body temperature regardless of environmental
conditions.
• 9. Sexes separate; female with functional left ovary and
oviduct only.
• 10. Fertilization internal; amniotic eggs with much yolk and
hard calcareous shells.
•
Class-6: Aves
Some animals of the class Aves
• Pelecanus conspicillatus (Australian pelecan)
• Gallus gallus (Red jungle fowl)
• Columba livia (Pigeon)
• Struthio camelus (Ostrich)
• Sarcogyps calvus (Red headed vulture)
• Ardea purpurea (Purple heron)
• Copsychus saularis (Magpie robin)
•
Class-7: Mammalia
(Latin, mamma = breast)
• The class Mammalia represents the most advanced animal
group in the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom.
Mammals vary greatly in size, shape, and structure, ranging
from bats weighing just 1.5 grams to blue whales weighing
130 metric tons. Due to their physical structure, intelligence,
and agility, mammals dominate the world despite being
relatively small in numbers (compared to birds, fish, and
insects). Currently, there are about 6,000 species of mammals
worldwide. In Bangladesh, 99 species have been identified.
Class-7: Mammalia
(Latin, mamma = breast)
• Characteristics
• 1. Mammals are endothermic animals; the epidermis contains
various glands (sebaceous, sweat glands, etc.) and is covered
with hair (except in whales).
• 2. Newborns are nourished by milk secreted from the mature
female's functional mammary glands.
• 3. Mammals have a muscular pinna in the outer ear and three
small bones in the middle ear (malleus, incus & stapes). The
jaws contain different types of teeth (heterodont dentition).
• 4. The skull is connected to the vertebral column by two
occipital condyles.
Class-7: Mammalia
(Latin, mamma = breast)
• 5. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by a
muscular diaphragm.
6. Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus.
• 7. The heart is fully four-chambered, and the circulatory
system is advanced, featuring double circulation (systemic and
pulmonary cycles).
• 8. Fertilization is internal; most mammals give birth to live
young (viviparous) within the uterus.
• 9. Mammals inhabit terrestrial and aquatic habitats across all
environments. Some subgroups, such as bats, are capable of
flight.
Primary Classification of Mammals
• Mammals have established themselves as the
dominant group on Earth. Various characteristics
(anatomy, physiology, eugenics, paleontology, and
behavior) are used to classify them. Advances in
modern technology, such as phylogenetic analysis of
DNA sequences, have simplified classification and
increased its accuracy. However, the classification of
mammals based on reproductive techniques is
mentioned for H.S.C. Students.
• The class Mammalia is divided into three subclasses, as described
below:
Subclass-1: Prototheria (Greek, protos=first+ther = wild animal)
or Oviparus mammals
• Characteristics
• 1. Prototherians lay eggs with a leather coating, and immature
young hatch from the eggs.
• 2. Milk is secreted through the skin covering the mammary
glands on the abdomen and is consumed by the newborns.
Mammary glands without nipples.
• 3. Their lips are modified into a beak; adult lacking of teeth
and external ear or pinna.
• 4. A single opening is used for the excretory, reproductive, and
digestive systems; hence, they are called monotremes.
The class Mammalia is divided into three subclasses, as described below:
Subclass-1: Prototheria (Greek, protos=first+ther mammals
Subclass-2: Metatheria (Greek, meta =
next + ther= wildlife) or Marsupials
• Characteristics
• 1. Mammals with simple type of choriovitelline placenta
(composed of the yolk sac and chorion); they give birth to
underdeveloped neonates.
• 2. Females have a pouch called the marsupium, where the
newborn resides until it matures.
• 3. The mammary glands, including the nipples, are located
inside the marsupium.
• 4. Females possess two uteri and two vaginas.
Subclass-2: Metatheria (Greek, meta =
next + ther= wildlife) or Marsupials
• Distribution: Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, Central, and
South America.
• Osphranter rufus (=Macropus rufus, Red Kangaroo)
• Didelphis virginiana (Virginia opossum)
• Phascolarctos cinereus (Koala)
Subclass-3: Eutheria
(Greek, eu = true + ther= wild) or true Placental mammals
• Characteristics
• 1. Mammals with a true chorioallantoic placenta (composed of
the chorion and allantois), which provides nutrients throughout
the entire gestation period.
• 2. The embryo remains in the uterus for an extended period
and is born as a fully developed neonate.
• 3. Mammary glands are highly specialized.
• 4. Females have a single vagina, and the testes are usually
located in a scrotal sac.
•
Subclass-3: Eutheria
(Greek, eu = true + ther= wild) or true Placental mammals
• Distribution: Worldwide.
• Platanista gangetica (Ganges river dolphin)
• Mus musculus (House mouse)
• Rusa unicolor (Sambar deer)
• Pteropus giganteus (Fruit bat) at
• Panthera tigris (Bengal tiger)
Subclass-3: Eutheria
(Greek, eu = true + ther= wild) or true Placental mammals
All Vertebrates Are Chordates But All
Chordates Are Not Vertebrates
• Notable features of the phylum Chordata are:
• (i) Presence of a rod-shaped, elastic notochord,
• (ii) Presence of a hollow dorsal nerve cord,
• (iii) Presence of pharyngeal gill openings.
• The phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla:
• 1. Subphylum-1: Urochordata, Example: Ascidia.
• 2. Subphylum -2: Cephalochordata, Example: Branchiostoma.
• 3. Subphylum -3: Vertebrata, Examples: Copsychus (magpie-
robin), Hyla (frog). Chordates belonging to subphyla
Urochordata and Cephalochordata are called protochordates.
This is because their bodies always retain chordate features
throughout their life and never have vertebral column.
All Vertebrates Are Chordates But All
Chordates Are Not Vertebrates
• Chordates belonging to the subphylum Vertebrata have chordate
features only in the embryonic stage, and in the mature stage they
exhibit:
• (i) The notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.
• (ii) The nerve cord develops into the brain and spinal cord.
• (iii) Embryonic gill slits close, and lungs or gills emerge for
respiration.com Therefore, it appears that among chordate animals,
protochordates do not have vertebral column, but members of the
subphylum Vertebrata have backbones. This means not all chordates
are vertebrates. On the other hand, all vertebrates belong to the
phylum Chordata, as their vertebral column is a modified state of the
notochord. That is, all vertebrates are chordates.
•
