Here’s a clean, structured Operating System (OS) notes summary for you:
📘 Operating System (OS) Notes
1. Introduction
Definition: An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and
software resources and provides services for computer programs.
Goals:
Execute user programs.
Make the computer system convenient to use.
Manage hardware efficiently.
Types of OS:
Batch OS
Time-Sharing OS
Distributed OS
Network OS
Real-Time OS
Mobile OS
2. OS Architecture
Layers:
Hardware → OS → System Programs → Application Programs → Users
Components:
Process Management
Memory Management
File System Management
I/O System Management
Security & Protection
Networking
Command Interpreter (Shell)
3. Process Management
Process: A program in execution.
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Process States: New → Ready → Running → Waiting → Terminated
Process Control Block (PCB): Holds process info (PID, state, registers, program counter, etc.)
Scheduling:
Preemptive vs Non-preemptive
Algorithms:
FCFS (First Come, First Serve)
SJF (Shortest Job First)
RR (Round Robin)
Priority Scheduling
Multilevel Queue
Inter-Process Communication (IPC):
Shared Memory
Message Passing
Deadlock:
Conditions: Mutual Exclusion, Hold & Wait, No Preemption, Circular Wait
Handling: Prevention, Avoidance (Banker’s Algorithm), Detection & Recovery
4. Threads
Definition: Lightweight process (unit of CPU utilization).
Types:
User-level threads
Kernel-level threads
Multithreading Models:
Many-to-One
One-to-One
Many-to-Many
5. Memory Management
Main memory: RAM where processes execute.
Techniques:
Contiguous Allocation
Paging
Segmentation
Virtual Memory (Demand Paging, Page Replacement)
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Page Replacement Algorithms:
FIFO
LRU (Least Recently Used)
Optimal
Thrashing: Excessive paging that reduces performance.
6. Storage & File Management
File System: Provides way to store, organize, and access data.
File Operations: Create, Read, Write, Delete, Seek
Directory Structure:
Single-level
Two-level
Hierarchical
Acyclic / General Graph
Allocation Methods:
Contiguous
Linked
Indexed
Disk Scheduling Algorithms:
FCFS
SSTF (Shortest Seek Time First)
SCAN (Elevator)
C-SCAN
7. I/O Systems
I/O Hardware: Input devices, Output devices, Controllers
I/O Techniques:
Programmed I/O
Interrupt-driven I/O
DMA (Direct Memory Access)
Buffering, Spooling, Caching
8. Protection & Security
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Protection: Control of access to system resources.
Security: Defense against threats (viruses, worms, unauthorized access).
Mechanisms:
Authentication (password, biometrics)
Encryption
Firewalls
9. Distributed & Real-Time Systems
Distributed OS: Manages a group of distinct computers as a single system.
Real-Time OS:
Hard Real-Time: Strict deadlines (e.g., flight control).
Soft Real-Time: Flexible deadlines (e.g., multimedia).
10. Case Studies
Windows OS: GUI-based, multitasking, client/server.
Linux/UNIX: Open-source, multitasking, multi-user.
Android/iOS: Mobile OS, optimized for touch and sensors.
👉 Do you want me to make these OS notes more exam-focused (with short definitions + diagrams)
or project-focused (with examples + commands like Linux)?
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