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I’ll make concise, well-structured Computer Network (CN) notes for you. These will cover definitions,
layers, protocols, devices, and important concepts – useful for quick revision.
📘 Computer Networks Notes
1. Introduction
Computer Network: Interconnection of multiple devices (nodes) using communication channels
to share resources and information.
Goals:
Resource sharing (files, printers, applications).
Reliability & backup.
Communication (email, messaging, video conferencing).
Cost-effectiveness.
Types of Networks:
LAN (Local Area Network) – small area, high speed (e.g., office, home).
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) – city-level.
WAN (Wide Area Network) – country/continent-level (e.g., Internet).
PAN (Personal Area Network) – Bluetooth, hotspot.
2. Network Topologies
Bus – single backbone cable, cheap but prone to failure.
Star – devices connected to central hub/switch (common in LAN).
Ring – devices in circular path, data passes one by one.
Mesh – every node connected to every other, reliable but costly.
Hybrid – combination of topologies.
3. OSI Model (7 Layers)
1. Physical – transmission of raw bits (cables, hubs).
2. Data Link – error detection/correction, framing, MAC (switches).
3. Network – logical addressing, routing (IP, routers).
4. Transport – reliable delivery, flow control (TCP/UDP).
5. Session – dialog control, synchronization.
6. Presentation – data format translation, encryption, compression.
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7. Application – user interaction (HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS).
4. TCP/IP Model (4 Layers)
Application – all OSI top 3 layers (HTTP, FTP, DNS, SMTP).
Transport – TCP/UDP.
Internet – IP, ICMP, ARP.
Network Access – Ethernet, Wi-Fi, hardware.
5. Transmission Media
Guided:
Twisted Pair Cable (cheap, used in LAN).
Coaxial Cable (TV, moderate speed).
Optical Fiber (high speed, long distance).
Unguided:
Radio Waves (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth).
Microwaves (satellite).
Infrared.
6. Switching Techniques
Circuit Switching – dedicated path (telephone).
Packet Switching – data split into packets, sent independently (Internet).
Message Switching – entire message stored & forwarded.
7. IP Addressing
IPv4: 32-bit, written as dotted decimal (e.g., [Link]).
IPv6: 128-bit, written in hexadecimal.
Classes of IPv4:
A (1–126) – Large networks.
B (128–191) – Medium networks.
C (192–223) – Small networks.
D (224–239) – Multicast.
E (240–255) – Reserved.
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8. Protocols
Application Layer:
HTTP/HTTPS → Web.
FTP/SFTP → File transfer.
SMTP/IMAP/POP3 → Email.
DNS → Domain resolution.
Transport Layer:
TCP – reliable, connection-oriented.
UDP – faster, connectionless.
Network Layer:
IP – addressing/routing.
ICMP – error messages (ping).
ARP – find MAC from IP.
RARP – find IP from MAC.
9. Network Devices
Hub – simple, broadcasts data to all.
Switch – forwards based on MAC (efficient).
Router – forwards based on IP (connects different networks).
Gateway – protocol converter.
Access Point – wireless LAN device.
Firewall – filters traffic for security.
10. Error Detection & Control
Parity Bit – simple error detection.
Checksums – detect errors in blocks.
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) – strong detection.
ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) – retransmission mechanism.
11. Multiplexing
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) – channels divided by frequency.
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) – time slots assigned.
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) – optical fiber multiplexing.
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12. Security in Networks
Threats: Eavesdropping, phishing, spoofing, denial of service.
Techniques:
Encryption (AES, RSA).
Authentication (passwords, biometrics).
Firewalls, VPN, IDS/IPS.
✅ That’s a complete high-level notes set for Computer Networks.
Do you want me to make it into a PDF (formatted revision notes) or keep it as text?
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