Arduino Programming
1. Setting up the Arduino board. Installation of IDE in PC/ laptop for Arduino programming
(Sketch).
2. Program structure: Data types, variables, constants, operators, control statements, loops,
functions, string. Conditional like if elseif; for and while loop. Idea about global variable and
local variable. Use of serial monitor for input/output and serial plotter for observation of
variation of data.
3. Some Basic Operations: (i) Binary operation through HIGH/LOW status of digital pin.
Operation on inbuilt LED/ LED connected externally in series with a resistance e.g., blinking.
(ii) Sending analog voltage. Use of analog pins. Changing brightness of an LED. (iii)
Measurement of voltage through appropriate pins.
Arduino Programming
Date Types: Arduino supports several data types, which are used to declare variables and
store different types of data.
A. Basic Data Types:
1. int (Integer): Used for whole numbers, Range: –32,768 to 32,767 (16-bit).
int count = 10; // Declare an integer variable and initialize it to 10
2. float (Floating point): Used for decimal numbers (precision upto 6-7 decimal places)
float temperature = 36.5; // Declare a float variable for a temperature value
3. char (Character): Used to store a single character or a small integer (ASCII value),
occupies 1 byte
char letter = 'A'; // Stores the character 'A'
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Arduino Programming
A. Basic Data Types (contd.):
4. byte: Used for unsigned 8-bit data (0 to 255), used for raw data storage
byte data = 255; // Maximum value a byte can hold
5. boolean: Used for true/false values
boolean isLedOn = true; // Boolean variable for LED state
B. Derived Data Types:
1. string: Used for strings of text
string message = "Hello, Arduino!"; // String variable for a message
2. Array: Used to store multiple values of the same data type
int numbers[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; // Array of integers
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Arduino Programming
C. Advanced Data Types:
1. unsigned int: Integers without negative values, Range: 0 to 65,535 (16-bit)
unsigned int distance = 500; // Distance in millimeters
2. long: Used for large integers, Range: -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (32-bit)
long population = 8000000000; // Earth's population
3. unsigned long: Used for large unsigned integers, Range: 0 to 4,294,967,295 (32-bit).
unsigned long uptime = 1000000; // Time in milliseconds
4. double: Similar to float (on most Arduino boards, it has the same precision as float).
double pi = 3.14159265359; // Double variable
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Arduino Programming
Variables:
❑ Variables are essential for programming as they allow your code to manipulate and use
data dynamically.
❑ Variables are declared with a data type, a name, and optionally initialized with a value.
❑ Variable names must start with a letter or underscore; can include letters, numbers, and
underscores but no spaces or special characters; cannot use reserved keywords.
❑ General syntax: dataType variableName = value;
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Arduino Programming
Global Variables:
❑ Declared outside any function.
❑ Accessible from any function in the program.
❑ Typically used to store values needed throughout the program.
int count = 0; // Global variable
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
count++; // Increment the global variable
Serial.println(count);
delay(1000);
}
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Arduino Programming
Local Variables:
❑ Declared inside any function or bloc.
❑ Accessible only within that function or block.
❑ Used for temporary or function-specific data.
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int localCount = 0; // Local variable
localCount++; // Only accessible within this loop()
Serial.println(localCount);
delay(1000);
}
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Arduino Programming
Static Variables:
❑ Declared inside a function with the static keyword.
❑ Retains its value between function calls.
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
static int persistentCount = 0; // Retains its value
persistentCount++;
Serial.println(persistentCount);
delay(1000);
}
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Arduino Programming
Constants:
❑ Declared with the const keyword.
❑ Immutable values that do not change during program execution.
const int ledPin = 13; // Constant variable
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
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Arduino Programming
Constants:
❑ Declared with #define preprocessor directive as well.
#define LED_PIN 13 // Preprocessor constant
void setup() {
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
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Arduino Programming
Variable Initialization and Assignment:
int value; // Declaration
Declare and Initialize Separately:
value = 5; // Assignment
Declare and Initialize Together: int value = 5; // Declaration and initialization
Modify Variable Values: value = value + 10; // Modify variable
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Arduino Programming
Operators:
1. Arithmetic Operators: Perform basic mathematical operations.
Operator Description Example
+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x-y
* Multiplication x*y
/ Division x/y
% Modulus (remainder) x%y
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Arduino Programming
1. Arithmetic Operators (contd.)
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
int a = 10, b = 3;
Serial.println(a + b); // Output: 13
Serial.println(a - b); // Output: 7
Serial.println(a * b); // Output: 30
Serial.println(a / b); // Output: 3
(integer division)
Serial.println(a % b); // Output: 1
}
void loop() {}
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Arduino Programming
2. Assignment Operators: Assign or update the value of variables.
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Arduino Programming
2. Assignment Operators (contd.)
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Arduino Programming
3. Relational Operators: Compare two values. They return true (1) or false (0).
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Arduino Programming
3. Relational Operators (contd.)
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
int a = 10, b = 20;
Serial.println(a > b); // Output: 0 (false)
Serial.println(a < b); // Output: 1 (true)
}
void loop() {}
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Arduino Programming
4. Logical Operators: perform logical operations.
Operator Description
&& Logical AND (both true)
|| Logical OR (either one is true)
! Logical NOT (invert truth value)
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
int a = 10, b = 20;
Serial.println((a < b) && (a > 5)); // Output: 1 (true)
Serial.println((a > b) || (a > 5)); // Output: 1 (true)
Serial.println(!(a < b)); // Output: 0 (false)
}
void loop() {}
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Arduino Programming
5. Increment and Decrement Operators: Used to increase or decrease a variable's value by 1.
Operator Description
++ Increment by 1 (++x or x++)
-- Decrement by 1 (--x or x--)
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
int x = 10;
Serial.println(x++); // Output: 10 (post-increment)
Serial.println(++x); // Output: 12 (pre-increment)
}
void loop() {}
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Arduino Programming
6. Compound Operators: Combine arithmetic and assignment.
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
int x = 10;
x += 5; // Equivalent to x = x + 5
Serial.println(x); // Output: 15
}
void loop() {}
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Arduino Programming
Functions: Functions in Arduino are blocks of reusable code designed to perform a specific
task. They help organize code, make it more readable, and avoid repetition.
1. Built-in Functions: These are pre-defined functions provided by the Arduino
environment, such as digitalWrite(), delay(), pinMode() etc.
2. Used-defined Functions: Users create to implement custom behavior.
Syntax of a Function
returnType functionName(parameters) {
// Function body
return value; // Optional, if returnType is not void
}
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Arduino Programming
Key Components of Functions
1. Return Type: Specifies the type of data the function will return (int, float, void, etc.).
2. Function Name: Used to call the function.
3. Parameters: Optional inputs the function accepts.
4. Function Body: The code that runs when the function is called.
5. Return Statement: Optional, used to return a value if the return type is not void.
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Arduino Programming
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Arduino Programming
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Arduino Programming
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Arduino Programming
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Arduino Programming
Example: Mapping Analog Input
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); // Read analog input
int mappedValue = map(sensorValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255); // Map to 0–255
Serial.println(mappedValue);
delay(500);
}
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Arduino Programming
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Arduino Programming
Control Statements: Used to manage the flow of execution in a program. They help in
decision-making, looping, and controlling the overall structure of the code.
1. Decision-Making Statements 2. Looping Statements 3. Jump Statements
• if • for • break
• if-else • while • continue
• else if • do-while • return
• switch-case
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Arduino Programming
if Statement: Executes a block of code if a condition is true
void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
if (digitalRead(7) == HIGH) { // If button is pressed
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn on LED
}
}
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Arduino Programming
If-else Statement: Executes one block if the condition is true, and another block if
the condition is false
void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
if (digitalRead(7) == HIGH) { // If button is pressed
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn on LED
} else {
digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Turn off LED
}
}
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Arduino Programming
else if Statement: Checks multiple conditions
void setup() {
pinMode(9, OUTPUT); // LED connected to PWM pin
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0); // Read sensor value
if (sensorValue < 300) {
analogWrite(9, 50); // Low brightness
} else if (sensorValue < 700) {
analogWrite(9, 150); // Medium brightness
} else {
analogWrite(9, 255); // High brightness
}
}
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Arduino Programming
Switch-case Statement: Selects one of many blocks of code to execute based on a variable's value
//LED colour selection
void setup() {
pinMode(3, OUTPUT); // Red
pinMode(5, OUTPUT); // Green
pinMode(6, OUTPUT); // Blue
}
void loop() {
int mode = analogRead(A0) / 341; // Map sensor value to 0-2
switch (mode) {
case 0:
digitalWrite(3, HIGH); // Red ON
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
break;
case 1:
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(5, HIGH); // Green ON
digitalWrite(6, LOW);
break;
case 2:
digitalWrite(3, LOW);
digitalWrite(5, LOW);
digitalWrite(6, HIGH); // Blue ON
break;
}
}
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Arduino Programming
for Loop Statement: Repeats a block of code a specific number of times.
//LED Blink Sequence
void setup() {
for (int i = 2; i <= 7; i++) { // Set
pins 2-7 as outputs
pinMode(i, OUTPUT);
}
}
void loop() {
for (int i = 2; i <= 7; i++) { //
Iterate over pins
digitalWrite(i, HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(i, LOW);
delay(500);
}
}
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Arduino Programming
while Loop Statement: Repeats a block of code as long as a condition is true.
//Wait for Button Press
void setup() {
pinMode(7, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
while (digitalRead(7) == LOW) {
// Do nothing, wait for button press
}
Serial.println("Button Pressed!");
}
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Arduino Programming
do-while Loop Statement: Repeats a block of code as long as a condition is true.
//LED Blinking Until Button Pressed
void setup() {
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
do {
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(13, LOW);
delay(500);
} while (digitalRead(7) == LOW); // Stop when button is pressed
}
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Arduino Programming
break Statement: Exits a loop or switch-case.
void setup() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
break; // Exit loop when i equals 5
}
Serial.println(i);
}
}
void loop() {}
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Arduino Programming
continue Statement: Skips the rest of the current iteration and moves to the next iteration.
//Skip Even Numbers
void setup() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
continue; // Skip even numbers
}
Serial.println(i);
}
}
void loop() {}
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Arduino Programming
return Statement: Exits a function and optionally returns a value.
int sum(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
int result = sum(5, 10); // Call
function and get result
Serial.println(result); // Output: 15
}
void loop() {}
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Arduino Programming
Some Basic Operations: Blinking of LED
void setup() {
// initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an
output.
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}
// the loop function runs over and over again
forever
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED
on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a
second
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED
off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}
Arduino Programming
Some Basic Operations: Changing brightness of an LED
Arduino Programming
Some Basic Operations: Changing brightness of an LED
// Define the pin where the LED is connected
const int ledPin = 5; // PWM-enabled pin
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set the pin as output
}
void loop() {
// Gradually increase the brightness
for (int i = 0; i <= 255; i++) {
analogWrite(ledPin, i); // Set LED brightness
delay(100); // Wait 100 ms for a smooth fade
}
// Gradually decrease the brightness
for (int i = 255; i >= 0; i--) {
analogWrite(ledPin, i); // Set LED brightness
delay(10); // Wait 10ms for a smooth fade
}
}
Arduino Programming
Some Basic Operations: Measurement of voltage through appropriate pins
const int aP = A0; // Analog pin to read voltage
const float rV = 5.0; // Reference voltage of Arduino (3.3V or
5V)
const float rR = 1.0; // Resistor ratio, adjust if using a
voltage divider
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communication
}
void loop() {
int value = analogRead(aP); // Read raw ADC value (0-1023)
float voltage = (value / 1023.0) * rV * rR;
Serial.print("Voltage: ");
Serial.print(voltage);
Serial.println(" V");
delay(1000); // Delay for readability
}
