The Development of Aircraft

Power Plant Construction

in the USSR and the 60th
Anniversary of CIAM
V.A. Sosounov, Central Institute
of Aviation Motors, Moscow, USSR

AlAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE
26th Joint Propulsion Conference
JULY 16- 18, 1990lORLAND0, FLORIDA

Copyright 0 ,CIAM, 1990

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V.A.3osounov*
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.-F-T-

o f A v i e t i o n .'.Iotors ( C I L I ) , : . : o s c o ~ , L s a n
I - troduc t i o n

?he A v i e f i o n i- :..ussia zrid i n t h e l i s t s f r o r CIii:, t h e ir-st e c3ccertx-

US32 h a s l o n g and r i c k t r a d i t i o n s . H o v t e d i t s e f f o r t s on s c i e ~ f i f i cr e s e a r c h
e v e r t h e de-reloprent a f a v i a t i o n engines i n tYLe f i e l d o f t h e x o d y n a n i c s r o c e s s ,
i n t h i s c o ~ n ~ *,-,as ~ r ydeleyec!. The f i r s t c h a r g e r s , f u e l e q u i y e n 5 , s';ruc;';rsl ennly-
samples of e o i n t i o n er:.$nes of o r i g i n a l sis etc.
S o v i e t d e s i g n were prcduced i n 1926-1 931.
The p r o d u c t l s n o f tb.e f i r s t e n g i n e s end
f u r t h e r developrrent o f e v i a t i o n e n g i n e s
i n t h e USSR a r e c l o s e l y c o r ~ l e c t e dw i t h The b e g i n n i n g o f sas t u r b i n e and t u r -
C e n t r a l I n s t i t u t e o f A v i a t i o n YIotors b o j e t e n g i n e development i n t h e US32 i s
(CIA.!!) which v a s founded i n December connected with t h e naxes of 3.3.Stechkin,
1930 and w i l l c e l e b r a t e i t s 6 0 - t h a n n i - V.'v'.Uvarov, A.."J.Lulflta.
versary t h i s year. The a c a d e m i c i a n 3 . Z . S t e c h k i n had
aorked out t h e foundations of a e r o j e f
e n g i n e t h e o r y a s e a r l y a s i n 1929.This
y e a r t h e 1 0 0 - a n n i v e r s a r y o f B.3.Stechkin
bypass r a t i o w i l l be c e l e b r a t e d . The f o u n d e r o f t u r b o -
flight altitude J e t ec@-es i n t h e VSSX i s c o n s i d e r e d t o
Xach number be a c a d e m i c i a n A.X.;ul "La, l a t e r e n g i n e
e n g i n e power general designer.
pressure r a t i o A.:I.Lulfka h a 6 s t a r t e c ! t h e work on
engine t h r u s t t u r b o , j e t e n g i n e ( T J E ) iz 1?37.
gas temperature at t h e turbine The d r a w i n g s mere completed i n 1940
ent ranc e and t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e f i r s t S o v i e t
specific fuel conswption T J U D-1 had been s t e r t e d ( F i g . 2 ) .
e n z i n e weight The e n g i n e 3ed a n a x i a l com:ressor azd
was d e s i g n e d f o r t h e t h r ~ s t - o f5 kK and
Prevmr p e r i o d T3'=920K. Unforf u n a t e l y t h e d e v e l o p ~ e n t
o f t h e e n g i n e :.;as s t o p e d a t t h e b e ~ i n n i n g
I n t h e e a r l y t h i r t i e s t h e r e Icere t h e K o r l d B a r 11. I n 1941 X.:.:.Lul ' k a ?a-
a few d e s i g n b u r e a u s i n s i d e CIA;1,~~1hich
?.,ere c o x p e t i t i n g i n d e v e l o p i n g ?olwerful
p i s t o z e c g i c e s . Gnly t ~ oof them went t o
.
t e n t e d t h e scheme o f b y p a s s t u r b o j e t
e n g i n e ( F i g . 3)
A.:.I.Lul 'ica r e s t a r t e d t h e :.rork on
mass p r o d u c t i o n and had a n i n t e r e s t i n g TJE i n 1943. The f i r s t S o v i e t T J B :.:as t?-e
destinity. T3.-1 e n g i n e d e s i g 2 e d by L u l f k a w i t h t3.e
&I-34 e z g i z e 2 e s i g n e d by A . A . X k u l i n t h r u s t 1 3 , 5 k?!, +Sch ,<:as c e r ~ i f i e di n
(1931) happened t o b e v e r y s u c c e s s f u l and 1947 ( F i g . 4 ) .Cn tile S a s e o f t h i s er.5ir.e
hed l o n g s e r v i c e l i f e ( F i g . 1 ) . U s i n g this c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e e n g i 2 e s Ai-3 a r d AL-5 v:e-
e n z i n e V.F.Chkalov a c d T.L!.Gronov x a d e r e d e v e l o p e d l a t e r w i t h t h e t h r u s t 45-
n o n s t o p f l i g k t s from t h e USSB t o U3A o v e r 50 kN.
t h e Y o r t h p o l e i n 1937 on s i n g l e e n g i n e P r o f e s s o r Uverov V.V. vL?o worked a t
A.S.2upolev iUT-25 a i r c r a f t . The n o d i f i - C I A X f o r many y e a r s s t a r t e d t o :;.ark on
c a t i o n s o f Aid-34 e n g i n e were u s e d on ma- as t u r b i - e s and g a s t u r b i n e power p l e n t s
ny a i r c r a f t , i n p a r t i c u l a r , on S . V , I l f u -
s h i n IL-2 (IL-10) E'orld War I1 assalt
7 GTPP) i n 1930. !!is i d e a s a b o u t t h e h i g h
t e m p e r a t u r e GTPP had become r e a l i t y i n
plane. 1939 a s a n e x p e r i m e n t a l TJE GTPP-3 w i t h
Tke second e n g i n e c.as d e s i g n e d a t t h e power o f 1150 h.p. ( F i g . 5 ) .
CIKS by A.D.Charornsky i n 1932. T h i s I n t h e f i r s t a f t e r 7:mr y e a r s t o g e t -
e n g i ~ e:.ms u s e d s u c c e s s f u l l y d u r i n g t h e h e r w i t h t h e developnent of o r i g i n a l
V'orld Bar I1 on t h e l o n g r a n g e 4-engine d e s i g n 8 of T J E t h e Geman d e s i g n e d en-
b o r b e r Pe-8 d e s i g n e d by V.i.I.Petliakov. g i n e s w i t h a x i a l c o m p r e s s o r s ;-iD-10
A f t e r o r g a n i z i n g i n t h e thirties s e p a ( JIJO-004) and RD-20 ( BTinl-003 ) were pro-
r a t e d e s i g n b u r e a u s , headed by t h e s p e c i a - duced f o r g a i n i n g t h e e x p e r i e n c e of
G e n a n and B r i t i s h i n d u s t r y , and 3 r i t i s h
-
l i c e n c e e n g i n e s w i t h c e n t r i f u c a l compres-
* ? r o f e s s o r , D.Sc., AIAA member s o r RD-500 env vent) and -3.D-45 (Nene-I).
A t t h e same d a y o f A p r i l 27,1946
C o p y r i g h t Q CIAX, 1990 tlwo new f i g h t e r s A.S.Yakovlev YaK-15
w i t h t h e e n g i n e RD-10 ( 9 kN o f t h r u s t )
a n d A.I.LIikoyan Mig-9 w i t h t w i n :a-20
e z g i n e s ( 2 x 8 k?T o f t h ~ u s t )hed t h e i r
n a l d e n f l i g h t . X g - 9 3eceze t h e f i r s t
s h o u l d a p p e a r ( F i g . 9).
The second z e n e r e t i o n o f X S
mess _ s r o d u c t i o n j e t a i r c r a f t vridely u s e d
i n t h e A i r F o r c e . I t VAS t h e f i r s t a i r - ( 1 95CthI1 ) i s ~ ~ a r a c t e r i s ebdy t h e ex;en-
c r a f f o f t h e famous :Iiq f a r i l y . s i v e L;rowth o f t h e su-:ser o f zev: s;?es
I n t>.e ecd of 19L7 t h e f a ~ o u sX g - 1 5 of d e v e l o p e d e c g i r ~ e s , ?.:0:13^ .:?:ich -;:ere
hed i t s r a i d e n f l i g h t w i t h t h e e r g i z e o u t s t e n d i n g s a ? . > l e s us& i? s e r v i c e Y? :o
1;..~-a5r7( 2 2 , 7 !dl of t h r u s t ) v k i c h v:es ~ i - dzc;e. I t ,:.Es ~ s i r l y:iii';cry er.zi::es i3,~t
2 e l y used i n t?-.e US33 end c t k e r c c u ? ~ r i e S !..it?! c o r - ~ e r c i a lm o r l i f i c a t i c - s .
The s a n e en.5ir.e v:as u s e d on w e l l I h e :;res o f t h e en;lnes r e r e t i l e
kno:m t - i n e n ~ l c ef r c n t i e r b o z b e r d e s i g - s a n e : T J E , TJZA3, tu:bopro?s.
ned by S . 7 . 1 1 f u s h i c IL-29. C-ly t h e a x i a l c o z p r e s s o r s mere
A t V.Ya.Klinzv d e s i g n b u r e a u vrith ].xed, i n c l u d i n g two-s?.aft c o n p r e s s o r s
?art i c i p a t i o n o f CIAY a q u i t e new e n g i n e y i t h PR=10-12. The t u r b i n e s had TET=12CC-
VK-1 u s i n g t h e f e a t u r e s o f FiD-45 -::as deve 1275 K, u s i c g u n c o o l e d S l a d e s and sone-
l o p e d i n 1948, v:hich had become t h e ~ o s t t i n e cooled vanes. S i g h temperature
=ass prnduced e z c i n e i n t h e USSR.VK-1 a l l o y s were u s e d n o r e b r o a d l y , and t h e
e n g i c e v!as t h e f i r s t S o v i e t e n g i c e w i t h t i t a n i u m a l l o y s were s t a r t e d t o b e u s e d .
a n a f t e r b u r n e r (VK-1 m o d i f i c a t i o n , The t h i r d g e n e r a t i o n o f GTE ( 1 9 6 0 t h )
-anc e
p e r f o L... .
Fig.6), thus increasing t h e a i r c r a f t
The S o v i e t a v i a t i o n e n g i n e d e s i g -
was c h a r ~ c t e r i s e df i r s t o f a l l by t h e de-
v e l o p n e n t o f by-pass e c g i n e s w i t h low o r
m o d e r a t e BR=0.5-2.5 f o r c o m e r c i a l a i r -
n e r s had g a i n e d e x p e r i e n c e i n j e t e n g i n e s c r a f t and f u r t k e r development o f TJTAS
v e r y q u i c k l y a c d had d e v e l o p e d new o r i g i - and t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t u r b o j e t b y p a s s
n a l configurations of turbojet engines, e n g i n e vrlth a f t e r b u r n e r (IJaEAB) ( e s mo-
f o r example TJE AL-5 by A.::.Lultka d i f i ~ a t ~ o no fs c i v i l a v i a t i o n TJBE) f o r
.
( T 50 kN) I n 1951 A.A.;Iickulin had de-
v e l o p e d AX-3 e n g i n e w i t h t h e t h r u s t 87.5
t h e n i l i t a r y a i r c r a f t and s u p e r s o n i c A i r
l i c e r , and t h e m a j o r f e a t u r e was t h e u s e
kN, IN^-ich was i n s t a l l e d on t h e boxSer of turbine blades a i r cooling at t h e in-
Tu-16, It was t h e most povrerful a v i a t i o n c r e a s e d TF;T ( u p t o 1350-1450 K ).Corn-
e n g i n e i n t h e world a t t h a t t i r e . The p r e s s o r s v:ere x a i n l y t ~ soh a f t w i t h
f u r t h e r modification of t h i s engine - PR=15-20. K i t h t h e f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e o f
IrD-3Eul w i t h t n e t h r u s t 95 kN was u s e d on n a t e r i a l performance t h e s h a r e o f h i g h
t h e j e t a i r l i n e r Tu-104. T h i s a i r p l a n e
was t h e f i r s t t o s t a r t c a r r y i n g passen-
g e r s r e g u l a r l y i n 1956 ( F i g . 7 ) .
creased .
t e m p e r a t u r e ecd t i t a n i u m a l l o y s i s i n -
The f o u r t h g e n e r a t i o n o f GTE i s t h e
It v x s t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e " g o l d e n .
g e n e r a t i o n o f l n t e n s i v e deve.lopnent F 3 i s
g e n e r a t i o n aas s o b r o a d and c o n p i e x t k a t
age" of t h e S o v i e t a v i e t i o n engine i n -
dust ry. i t c o v e r s 1 9 7 0 t h , 1 9 8 0 t h and w i l l con-
t i n u e i n 1990th. I n t h i s s e n e r a t i o n t h e
The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e a v i a t i o n e n g i n e s u b s o n i c TJaS w i t h h i g h BZ ( u p t o 4-6...
t e s t base a t C I A 2 8) f o r c i v i l a v i a t i o n end n i l i t a r y c a r g o s
were d e v e l o p e d i n p a r a l l e l -:eth 'J3E.43
I n 1947 f :he p e r s p e c t i v e g o v e m ~ e n t f o r c i l i f a r y s u c e r s o n i c c i r c r a f t of d i f -
d e c i s i o n Y,F~St a k e n a b o u t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n f e r e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s . B;i o f 2 - azd 3
a t C I A 3 of t h e n e t i a n a l experizental t e s t s'qaf t c o m p r e s s o r s hed i n c r e a s e d up t o
c e ~ t e rf o r t e s t i z g a l l t h e e n g i n e s deve- 25-30 f o r s u p e r s o n i c a c d u p t o 32-40 f o r
l o p e d i n d e s i g n b u r e a u s and e n g i c e conpo- s~~bsonT i cJ B E .
n e n t s a t s i x u l a t i n g a l t i ~ u d eand v e l o c i t y The t e m p e r a r u r e h a s i n c r e a s e d up $ 0
c o n d i t i o z s of f l i g h t . This l a r g e s t i n 1500-17CO K d u e t o u s e o f c o n b i r e d con-
%rope t e s t c e n t e r s t a r t e d t o o p e r a t e i n vective-protecting ccoling, blaies ~ i t h
1955 and b e c a n e t h e b r a n c h o f C I A J ( F i g . 8 ) d i r e c t i o n ~ lc r y s t a l l i z a t i o n and n o n o c r y s -
T5e t e s t c e n t e r w a s d e s i g n e d and c o n s t r u - t e l l s , powder n e t a l l u r 5 ; y d i s k s e t c . It a l -
c t e d i n s u c h a :vay, t h a t a f t e r n o t v e r y lowed t o o b t a i n t h r u s t t o weight r a t i o
l a r g e reconstruction it provides t e s t i n g 8 : l and h i g- h e r f o r t h e e n g i n e s w i t h a f t e r
and development of a l l t h e e n g i n e s u p t o burning.
date (Mg.8). The h i s t o r i c r e v i e w o f GTE g e n e r a -
t i o n s w e ' l l comulete w i t h t h e f o r e c a s t
The s t a g e s o f g a s t u r b i n e e n g i n e d e v e l o p - f o r t h e next f i f t h generation ( l a t e
-
ment 1 9 9 0 t h ) . I t w i l l be x i l i t a r y TJSEAB with
mrn
,I up t o 1900 K , n i n i n u n n u n b e r o f
The f i r s t s t a g e o f TJE d e v e l o p z e n t p a r t s end th-rust t o weight r a t i o 0.1.
i n l a t e 4 0 - t h and e a r l y 5 0 - t h produced For t h e subsonic f l i g h t t h e engines
t y p e s o f " s u p e r f a n " and " p r o p f a n l ' w i l l be
so called f i r s t of t h e g a s
t u r b i n e e n g i n e s . It i s c h a r a c t e r i s e d by used .
- - .
t h e development of t h e m i l i t a r y TJE and
TJE tvith a f t e r b u r n e r ( T J P U ) a n d e-lso
by t h e f i r s t t u r b o p r o p s w i t h - r a t h e r l o w
7 ) ~ h ey e a r s of g e n e r a t i o n s a r e mentioned
r a t h e r r e l a t i ~ e l y ~ b e c a u st he e y were
c y c l e parameters. d i f f e r e n t i n d i f f e r e n t c o u n t r i e s , vinile
Up t o d a t e t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s o f TJE t h e m a j o r f e a t u r e s ?:rere a l m o s t t h e seTe
had changed e e c h o t h e r and i n 1 9 9 0 t h t h e e v e r y where.
f i r s t engines of t h e f i f t h g e n e r a t i o n
 The e n g i n e s o f th: s i x t h e n e r a t i o n The u c i q u e t u r b o s h a f t e n g i n e XK-12
( a f t e r t h e y e a r 2000) ~ r o mo u r E p o l n t o r d e v e l o p e d i n 1954 a t 2.9.Kuznet s o v d e s i g n
v i e w a r e d e s c r i b e d c o n p l e t e l y enough by b u r e a u i s t h e r e c o r d h o l d e r by t h e l e v e l
s h e g o a l s of a d o ? t e d i n t h e U S A program of : h n s t (12-15 t!2.ousscd h . 9 . ) xp t o
IHPZT. d s t e . P i s e n ~ i - e :.as i n s t a l l e d on t h e
A t t h a t t i a e due t o t h e r e s o u r c e li- l o n g r e n e e a i r c r a f t Tu-35 end o n t h e z a s -
. z i t a t i o n s 'Ice u s e of a l t e r n a t i v e f u e l s s e n g e r z o d i f i c a t i o n o f f ke a i r c r a f t
( l i q u i f i e d n a t - ~ r a lgas a s d h;;drogece) i n Eu-114, a l s o t h e heavy - L l i t e r y . c e r g o n l e r e
g e n e r r l a v i a t i o n sill be o f p r i n e i!?;or- An-22 "Anteg't and 2: i s s t i l l i n service,
tance. b e i n g a l s o t h e r e c o r d h o l d e r on t k e l o n g
L a t e r on we g i v e t h e s u r v e y o f a v i a - service l i f e (Fig.11). I n the prccess of
t i o n e n g i n e s develogment by g e n e r a t i o n s . t h i s e n ~ i n ed e v e l s p n e n t t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l
g e a r b o x f o r t h e c o u n t e r r o t a t i - g t ~ ToO -
The second s e n e r a t i o n o f S o v i e t GTE t o r propeller -vith t h e dia-eter nore than
7 19 5 0 t h ) . 6 m had been d e v e l o p e d .
T h e r e a r e 20 a n a l o g o u s d e s i g n s o l u -
V;e may s a y f r e e l y , t h a t t h e a c h i e v e - t i o n s f o r such a l e v e l of Foser i n t h e
ments of t h e S o v i e t a v i a t i o n e n g i n e deve- western z o r l d (Fig.12).
lopment a t t h a t p e r i o d o f t i m e were above
t h e r e s u l t s o f w e s t e r n companies c o n s i - The t h i r d g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t GTE
d e r i n g t h e o r i g i n a l i t y o f d e s i g n and u n i - 7 1 9 6 0 t h and e a r l y 19'10th).
q u e n e s s of u s e d s c i e n t i f i c s o l u t i o n s .
The u n i q u e a c h i e v e m e n t s i n c l u d e t h e Durlng t h i s p e r i o d o f t i n e t h e f a m i l y
s o l u t i o n of t h e following problem: o f bypass e n g i n e s f o r p a s s e n g e r and c a r g o
1 . The f i r s t i n t h e world s u p e r s o n i c com- p l a n e s had been d e v e l o y e d . Those a r e t h e
pressor stage. e n g i n e s c f ?.A.Soloviev - D-20P w i t h t h e
2. The development o f t h e e n g i n e s w i t h t h r 7 ~ s ot f 54 kN (Tu-124 a i r p l a n e , 1960) ;
a s m a l l nunber o f turbocompressor TJ3E C-30 w i t h t h e t h r u s t o f 6 8 kN
stages. (Tu-134 a i r p l a n e , 1'353) ; D30-KP w i t h t h e
3. The d e v e l o p n e n t o f t h e l i g- h t e s t i n t h e t h r u s t o f 120 kN (11-76 airplane, 1971)
world TJEAB. axd D30-KV w i t h t h e t h r u s t o f 11 5 kN
4. The development o f TJE and t u r b o p r o p s (11-62E a i r p l e n e , 1 ?72); and t h e f a m i l y
with t h e record high values of t h r u s t o f EK-8 e n g i n e s by Y.I).Kuznetsov, f o r
and power. 11-62, Tu-154 end 11-"6 a i r c r a f t .
5. The development o f t h e g e a r b o x f o r t h e I n t o t h e t h i r d generation may b e a l -
h i g h power t u r b o p r o p w i t h c o u n t e r - r o - s o i n c l ~ d e dt h e e c ; i ~ e s f o r t h e s u p e r s o -
t a t i n g propellers. n i c a i r l i n e r Iu-144 : 2J37AB ;iK-144 d e s i g n
A t A.X. L u l l k a l s d e s i g n b u r e a u t h e a t X.D.Ruznetsov d e s i g n b u r e a u and TJE
TJE w i t h a f t e r b u r n i n g AL-7F1 f o r t h e XI-51 d e s i g n e d a t P.A.Kolesov d e s i g n
t h r u s t o f 96 kN was d e v e l o p e d , which w a s b u r e a u , t h e s u c c e s s o r o f 7.A.3obrynin.
i n s t a l l e d o n w i d e l y used f i g h t e r - b o m b e r The l a t e r i n s p i t e o f i t ' s h i g h t e c h n i c a l
Su-7 andon c t h e r a i r c r a f t . T h i s e n g i n e l e v e l ms n o t u s e d i n se--vice due t o
was t h e f i r s t one w i t h t h e s u p e r s o n i c com- A e r o f l o t r e f u s a l t o ta!te i n t o s e r v i c e
pressor stage. Tu-144 a i r c r a f t .
The r e m a r k a b l e e n g i n e s were d e v e l o p e d I n s i d e t h e t h i r d s e n e r e t i o n bLigh
a t A.A.Xikulin d e s i g n b u r e a u . I n 1953- l e v e l TJEAB of b r o a d a y ~ l i c a t i o n,:rere
1954 TJEAB iiD-95 w i t h t h e t h r u s t o f 33 kN d e v e l o ? e d f o r t h e ~ i l i t a r ya i r c r a f t , s u c h
was put i n t o t h e mass p r o d u c t i o n . T h i s as AL-21F w i t h t h e t h r u s t 113 M? d e s i g n e d
e n g i n e a l s o had t h e s u p e r s o n i c f i r s t com- a t A..:.Lull!.a d e s i ~ nDureau ( f o r Su-27,
p r e s s o r s t a g e and r e c o r d l o w weight (T/W= Su-24 a i r c r a f t and o t h e r s ) and t h e f a -
C
J I
\
8

The e n g i n e R11-300 w i t h t h e a f t e r -
m i l y of t h e e 2 g i r e s '(-27.. . &-29-300
f o r t h e sane l e v e l of t h r u s t designed a t
b u r n i n g t h r u s t o f 61 kN d e s i g n e d by K.R.Khachaturov d e s i g n b u r e a u ( f o r
A.A.Xikulin and S.K.Tumansky became r e a l y
famous, It was t h e f i r s t i n t h e USSR two
..
J i g - 2 3 a i r c r a f t e t a1 ) ? h o s e e n g i n e s
were c h a r a c t e r i z e d by h i g h t h r u s t t o
s h a f t TJE, h a v i n g t h r e e s t a g e LP compres- weight r a t i o (T/V:=6.5-7.5) .The n a j o r
s o r with supersonic stages. A s t h e r e s u l t t e c h n i c a l new f e a t u r e o f t h e t h i r d gene-
t h e t u r b o c o m p r e s s o r had o n l y e i g h t s t a g e s rat i o n e r - i n e s e x c e p t the introduction
(3+3)-(?+I). This solution looks especial o f b y y a s s e n g i n e s -,as t h e u s e o f t u r b i n e
l y a t t r a c t i v e i n comparison o f R11-300 a i r cooling.
and a m e r i c a n a n a l o g u e two s h a f t e n g i n e T h i s p a r t i c u l a r new f e a t u r e a l l o w e d
5-79 ( F i g . 1 0 ) .The l a t e r e n g i n e had 20 t o i n c r e a s e a few t i a e s t h e r a t e o f s a s
s t a g e s (17+3). t e m p e r a t u r e grovith i n GTE ( i n some of t h e
A t A.A. Dobrynin d e s i g n b u r e a u i n 3-d g e n e r a t i o n e n g i n e s t h e t e m p e r a t u r e
1953 t h e TJEAB m - 7 w i t h 105 LJ o f t h r u s t i n c r e e s e i s 150-175 K compared w i t h t h e
was d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e l o n g r a n g e bomberof 2nd g e n e r a t i o n e n g i n e s ) . The t e m p e r a t u r e
V.X.Xyasishchev :I-4. The m o d i f i c a t i o n o f grovith r a t e h a s becone t h e main f a c t o r
t h i s e n g i n e VD-7X f o r t h e m i d d l e r a n g e
bomber o f A.N. Tupolev had t h e a f t e r b u r -
n i n g t h r u s t o f 150 MT. The e n g i n e s VD-7
developnent .
l i A : i t i n g t h e progress i n a v i a t i o n engine
The i n t r o d u c t i o n of c o o l e d t u r b i n e s
a c d VD-7Ll were t h e l a r ~ e s ti n t h e r o r l d . ms t h e r e s u l t o f j o i n t e f f o r t s o f d e s i g n
j u r e a u s z s d s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h i-s$i$c-
t e s i n t h e s o l - t i o n c f s:-e of s c i e n t i f i c
2nd t e c h n i c a l ~ r o b l c m s , n ~ z e l y : t h e deve-
i o ~ r e - t o f c s - p u t e t i o ~ a l tec:3ciques f a r
t k e x e l and struc':~:-el e n a l y s i s , t h e Ce-
vz;s?-ezs of e f f a c t i v o d e s i g n :f c o o l e d
j l a d e s , in?: c<uc t Lo- of h i ~ h: ? r . ? e r s t ? ~ r e
-. , z : e r a l C s , r?~S'n=.;.ss f ex?erLzenCel t u r -
3 i r ~ - e.'_eyelo;zer.t. :hose acnievnrie::ts r e r e
t k e f ~ u n d a t i o nand t h e s t i m l a f o r f i n -
t h e r a-c';ivit-: i n t t i s r e g i o n i c t h e pro-
c e s s o f new g e - ? r a t i o n e n g i n e deveiopment
(Fig.13).
C e r t r a l I n s t i t u t e o f A v i a t i o n ::otors
today

Te had s t e r t e d t h e vrork on t h e en- C I U today i s a l z r g e s c i e c t i f i c cen'er,

g i n e s of t h e 4-th g e n e r a t i o n ~ i t h soTe 1e a d i r g o r g a n i z a t i o n i n a v i a t i o n engi::es.
d e l a y . ?ke f i r s t TJ3E w i t h h i g h 3: p a s s - n e r e is a l a r g e group of disticguis:.ed
-7

r a t l o ( 3 3 = 6 ) D-36 w i t h t h e t h ~ ~ osf t s c i e n t i s t s wb.ose works e r e w e l l k n o w i n

65 4B v l a s d e v e l o p e d et Z a p o r o h z i e d e s i g n t h e S o v i e t U r i o n a c d a b r o a d . The a n a l y t i -
b u r e a u ( g e E e r a l d e s i g n e r V.A. L o t o r e v , c a l as& experinental isvestigations held
t h e s u c c e s s o r o f A.G.1vchenko). It ?*rent a t CIAi! a r e used i n d e s i g n , d e v e l o p x e n t
i r t o s e r v i c e i n 1975 on t h r e e - e n g i n e and s e r v i c e o f a l l s o v i e t e n-, ~ i n e so f a v i a -
YaK-42. A t t h e p r e s e n t t i x e t h e i n p r o v e d t i o n a z p l - i c a t i o n w i t h o u t any e x c e p t i o n s .
- o d i f r c c t i o n o f t L i s e n - i n e - D-436 \ n t h Ihe nein directions of CIAX a c t i v i -
t h e t h r u s t o f 70 kX vas develoced.These t i e s are:
engines use t h r e e - s h a f t schene. - f u n d m e n t a l i n v e s r i g a t i o n s on g a s dyna-
D-36 e n g i n e w.s t h e s c a l e d n o d e l f o r 3 i c s c o c b u s t i o n 2-d h e a t e x c h a ~ g e , s t r u c -
t h e l a r g e r h i r h bypass e n g i n e D-181 w i t h t x r e l a n a l y s i s , $‘!leery o f c o n t r o l ;
$"e t > r u s t c f 234 kN d e s i g n e d I n Zaporo- - research i n t h e f i e l d of a i r breathing
h z i e and v ~ i sn s t a i l e d s i n c e 1 9 8 5 on e n s i n e s t h e o r y a n d o ~ t i a i z a t i o no f ad-
4 - e n g i n e a i r c r a f t 0 .IC.Antonov AX-1 24 vznced e n g i c e s p e r f o r m a n c e s ;
"L-.uslan" a - d l a t e r on t h e h a v i e r 6 - e n g i n e -
f u n d a ~ e n t a land a p p l i e d i - v e s t i g a t i o n s
a i r c r a f t - c a r r i e r AX-225 "::ria". 3-1RT o f e n g i c e c o n p o n e n t s , s : . s t e n s , g a s gene-
engine i s t r e l a r g e s t S o v i e t subs?nic rators;
e n g i n e ( F i g . 1 5 ) h a v i n g h i g h 1e v e 1 o f p e r - -
s c i e n t i f i c s u p p o r t o f en. , i r e devc.lon.-.ert
f e c t i o n ( i t ' s SFC a t Y = 7 , 5 , H = l l km i s c a r r i e d on a t d e s i ~ nb u r e a w ;
a p p r o x i n a t l y 0 , 5 7 Icg/kg.h (FLig.14). -
e x p e r i n e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n 3f t h e engi-
A t t i e gresent t i ~ a e t t h e design b u r e a u n e s u n d e r d e v e l q x e ~ t ,o f i t s c o n y n e n t s
of Yu.S.?.eshetnikov,the s u c c e s s o r o f and s y s t e m ;
?.A.Soloviev, t h e d e v e l o p n e n t o f t h e new -
s e a r c h f o r t h e wa:-s o f c o z v e r s i o n f o r
0.58 kg/kg
the final stage ,
.
e n g i n e PS-9OA (T=l6O kN,3R=4.85, SIC=
h at id=0.8. H=ll krn) i s a t
Two-shaf t
e v i a J ; i o n e n g i r e s a:ld t h e s o l u t i o n s o f
e n v i r o n n e n t a l prcb1er.s.
i n e r e i s e s s e n t i a l i x r e a s e i n 'he
n 7

2s-90A e n g i n e !?as modular c o n s t r u c t i o n , vo17xiie o f i n v e s t i i - ; a t i o s s c n t h e z a j o r

e l e c t r o n i c c o a t r o l and d i a g n o s t i c s s y s - t a s k o f inodern a v i a t l c n e n g i n e r ' e v e l o p ~ e n t
tems and o t h e r f e a t u r e s o f n o d e r n e ~ l g i n e t h e inprovement i n r e l i a b i l i t y , s e r v i c e
(Flg. 16). This engine i s intended f o r t h e l i f e and s a f e t y o f f l i s h t . F o r f h i s 2ur-
cevr g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t a i r l i n e r s : p o s e t h e i n s t i t u t e b a s developed advanced
l o n g r a n g e IL-96-300 and - i d d l e r a n g e z e t h o d o l o g y o f new e r , ~ i n ed e v e l o - ~ e q t , de-
'L'u-204 ( F i g . 1 5 ) . t e r m i n i n g t h e key f a c t o r s p r o v i d i n g t h e
The development o f t h e new b:-pass h i g h quali5y of t h e engines.
e n g i n e s w i t h a f t e r b u r n m g RD-33 o f Recently t h e r o l e of f ' m d a r m t a l re-
S . F . I z o t o v d e s i g n b u r e a u (T=83 kN) a z d s e a r c h h a s i n c r e a s e d a t CIA!,? i n t h e f i e l d s
AL-31F o f A.;d.Lul9ka d e s i g n b u r e a u (T= of gas dynarnics,co~bustion, heat t r a n s f e r
125 kN) f o r t h e f i 5 h t e r s Xi&-29 and axd c o o l i n g , s t r e n g t h , e l e c t r o n i c c o n t r o l
Su-27 was t h e l a r g e a c h i e v e m e n t o f t h e s y s t e m s and i t ' s s o f t w a r e . On t h e b a s e
S o v i e t z v i e t i o n i n d u s t r y . T h e s e two en- o f t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s t h e new conputa-
g i n e s have v e r y c l o s e d e s i g n w i t h two- t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e s have been d e v e l o p e d f o r
s h a f t 1 5 - s t a g e c o m p r e s s o r and one s t a g e t 5 e c a l c u l a t i o n o f 3-D f l o w s i n s i d e t h e
- .
t u r b i n e ( 4 + 9 ) ( 1 +1) The p a r t i c u l a r f ea-
t u r e s of t h e s e e n g i n e s a r e t h e small nun-
enc;ine and d e s i g n tec:miques e l l o v i n g t o
ir-crease t h e engine efficiency.
b e r o f s t a g e s , l o w s p e c i f i c weight i n e s t r u c t u r e o f C I A K c o n s i s t i r g of
"73

(T/W=8: 1 ) h i g h s u r z e n a r g i n e a t t h e h i g h t h e ..oscow c e n t e r and o u t o f t o m b r a n c h

a ~ g l eo f a t t a c k f l i g h t , s h o r t a f t e r b u r - is t h e following:
n e r , p r o v i d i n g h i g h ~ o r ~ b u s t i ol ne v e l a n d Xoscox s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h c e n t e r
broad r a c g e o f c o x t i ~ i o u so p e r a t i o n , g o o d includes 8 nucber of s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h
o p e r a t i o n on t r a z s i e n t s ond s i r p l e e r g m e de9artme-ts (engine theory,cornpressors,
control i n fligkt. A l l these features t l ~ r j i n e s c o x b u s t i o n c h u n b e r s , g a s dyna-
x i c s , p o ~ e r? l a : l t s , e n g i n e c o c t r o l SyS- The i n v e s t i : ; a t i ~ ~ - So f ?.:,?roger, 2s a
t e n s , s f r u c t u r e l a z s l y s i s ar.d r e l i e S i l i t y , 2 e r s ; e c t i v e e l t e r n a t i v e f u e l f o r t h e 5F:h
f u e l s , c ~ r t i f i c c t i o ne t c . ) , p o ~ ~ ~ e r cox- ful speed v e h i c l e s a r d g e n e r a l a v i n . t i o n sta;--
puter cecter, exFerinenta1 t e s t r i g s f o r t e 6 a t CIdL: as e a r l y ss i35Cth. 'Ye ? ? i c e 6
t e s ' i n ~ r o d e l s azd f u l l s c a l e ez:ines,a.d c o n j i d e r a b l e ?~-erf.;:-.2? i n 0:'q3:li~$.^i;.
e l s o exyeri-.?rtal ?lent. i..e cc-.':jl;stion ?:->CFSS,2.;; 1 z~1;3l;j 3r.d
I
,
.

Test a r d r e s e a r c h c e n t e r ( S r a n c b ) control. A . s ?mvm i n 1 Xt? t';e f i r s t i n t h e

1233 f u l l s c z l e a l t i t u e e r r e s s u r e s e l l s .,-:oyld - . x s e r i r ; e r t a l a i : . c : m e ? . ~ - l c 5 ;1:L5h
f o r f e;t i c , ~ sTi5- ezd s 3 x p e r s o n i c ez;izes, t;2e e2;ir.e ~f ::.3.::uzr,etssv LIS~!:? 1 i q : i i d
e x ? e r i . x e n + z l f s c i l i t i e s :or t e s t l r g f:ll hydr-.ijen f o r t h e f u e l ?.ad i t ' s z a i d e n
s c a l e ~LIZL-ec3-;1czszts - c o x p r e s s o r s , f l i g h t . :'-.e e:-.:;L?e - a s d e v e l o p e d wit!^
f u r S i n e s , c ~ . . 2 xicr, t c::a.r.Sers and g a s ge- c l o s e C I G p e r t i c i p a t i o n . I n 1989 ' h i s
nerat a r s ; pr:erful energy c o s p l e x m t h a i r c r a f t had flown u s i n g l i q u i d n a t u r a l
c o z p r e z s o r s and e x h a u s t e r s , coo1ir.g and g a s (methan) as a f u e l .
d r a i n s t a t i o n s and o t h e r s y s t e n s , i z d u s t - Cze c o r e t r a d i t i o n a l r e g i o n o f CIKJ
r i a l s t r e n g t h t e s t i ~ gc e n t e r and a number work i s conbi-ed a i r b r e a t h i n g e n g i n e s ,
of s c i e n t i f i c and s e r v i c i n g d e p a r t c e n t s . vinich a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d s i n c e 1960-1970th.
So t h e l i s t o f p r o b l e n s be in^ s o l v e d E s p e c i a l l y d e t e i l e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s were
a t CIAiLiJ i s r a t h e r lo&-from t h e f o r e c a s t s mede on t h e c ~ n f i ~ ~ r a t i o fn sturbo-rem-
o f e n s i n e development t o e n g i x e s e r v i c e j e t s . A number o f e x p e r i z e n t a l turbo-ram-
( F i g . 17). Usiag c o r p u t e r i z e d mathematical j e t s w a s produced a t t h e i n s t i ' u t e
n o d e l i n g of t h e ergine-airfrar?.e s y s t e m , t a k: ( F i g . 22) ar,d t h e e x p e r i e n c e was g a i n e d on
t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t s e r v i c e l i f e c y c l e we working p r o c e s s o r g a n i z a t i o n , t r a n s f e r r e -
d e t e r x i n e t h e o p t i n u n c s n f i g u r a t i o n end gimes, c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e r m a l c o n d i t i o n .
m
advanced e n g i n e p a r a m e t e r s . Tke n e t h o Z s o f L h e n a x i ~ u mt i n e o f e n g i n e o p e r a t i o n a t
3-D c a l c u l e t i o r s and d e s i g n o f turbocom- the conditions s i m l a t i n g f l i g h t conciti-
p r e s s o r b l a d i n g and c o a b u s t i o n chambers, ons a t X=4-4.5 i s c l o s e t o 3 h o u r s . 3 e s e
aethods of ther,o-structural c a l c u l a t i o n works e r e t h e f o u n d n t i o n f o r t h e develop-
techciques a l l o w t o determine conplex n e n t o f t h e po-er ?lcr:s o f f u t u r e h y p e r -
.
s t r e s s - s t r a i n c o n d i t i o n s of t h e e r g i n e
p a r t s ( i n c l u d i n g t r p n s i e s t s ) ??.ese
c e t h o d s a l l o c a;so t o x a k e t h e e z z i r e
sonic air-space planes.
Except o f t h e s e u n t r r d i t i o n a l f i e l d s o f
i n v e s t i , y a t i o n s t h e z a i n e f f o r t s of t h e
s e r v i c e l i f e d e s i g n . V'e have d e v e l o p e d insti?:te eill be d i r e c t e d on t h e en,-ines
t h e c e t h o d s l o g y o f d e v e l o ~ i n ge n g i n e t e s - o f t h e y e e r 200C ( s u 3 s o n i c , t12r.oosheft,
t i n g , a l t i t u ? . e e n g i n e t e s t i n g et 21x1 supersonic, wlth veria5le cycle etc. ) ,
test facilities. v i t h t h e p r o b l e m of using non-rretclic
F i g . 1 8 shows t h e t - - ? e s o f e n z i n e t e s - m a t e r i a l s ( F i g . 2 3 ) .
t i n g on t h e a l t i t u d e t e s t f a c i l i t i e s o f
CIALI. 'That i s p e r f o r n a n c e d e t e r m i n a t i o n , Conclusion
t h e e s t i s a t e of v i b r o s t r e n g t h and t h e r m a l
conditions,surge zargines, transients etc. ?he work o f C I X d u r i ~ g1930-1990 i s :
The r e c o x t r u c t i o n o f one of t h e t e s t f a - - 60 g e a r s o f e x p e r i e n c e azd t r e d i t i o n ;
c i l i t i e s a l l o w s now t o t e s t t h e e n g i n e s - r i c h h i s t o r y and z r e a t g o e i s i n f u t u r e .
f o r supersonic, airc-ft with
c o n ? l e t e s i n u l a t i o n o f f l i z h t dynamics CIKI and S o v i e t a v i a t i o n er.;ine i n -
a l o z g t h e t r a j e c t o r y inclu2i::g i n l e t f l o w d u s t r y a r e r e a d y t o e n t e r t h e X X I c e n t u r y
d i s t o r t i c n s a-d o s c i l l a t i o n s , c o r r e s p o n - and t h e second c e n t u r y of a v i a t i o n w i t h
ding t o t h e i n l e t , operating a t a diffe- new i d e e s and p o s s i b i l i t i e s .
r e n t a n g l e o f a t t a c k and s l i p a n g l e . The
2 i c t u r e o f t h i s u n i q u e f a c i l i t y i s shown
a t Fig.19. Tke r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f CIXJ
t e s t f a c i l i t i e s i s g o i n g on.
F u n d a y e n t a l r e s e a r c h and new g o a l s
F u n d m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e one
of t h e m a j o r t r a d i f i o n s o f C I A ; d , ~ i ~ i cweh
a r e g o i n g t o i l l u s t r a t e by f e w examples.
The t r a d i t i o n o f a v i a t i o n e n g i n e i n -
d u s t r y of t>.e USSii i s t h e development o f
r a m j e t s ( F i g . 2 0 ) . Tke f i r s t sub- a n d
s u p e r s o n i c r a m j e t s were d e v e l o p e d by s u c h
d e s i g n e r s a s I .A.:,Ierkulov and :,:.LI.Bonda-
r i u k . C I L V s t a r t i n g from t h e l a t e 1 9 5 0 t h
s u p p l i e d t h e t h e o r y and p a r t i c i p a t e d i n
t h e development o f i n t e g r a t e d r a m j e t s
u s i n g s o l i d and l i q u i d f u e l s . The p r i o r i -
t y o f t h e USSR i n t h e f i e l d o f r a ~ j e t si s
w e l l knovn. These t r a d i t i o n s h e l p e d t o
.
c a r r y on t h e o r e t i c a l a r d e x p e r i m e n t a l
.narks on r m - j e t s (Fig.21 )
PISTON MOTOR AM-34

A. A. Mikulin
1934 - 1945 P = 850 -- 2000 H.P.

TB-3 bomber 11-2 attack-aircraft

THE LYULKA RD-1 TURBOJET ENGINE

1940. THRUST = 5 0 0 KG

Fig. 2
PATENT TAKEN OUT BY A. M. LYULKA FOR
BY-PASS ENGINE

.. By-pass engine distinguished

by separation of the air flow

behing the fan into two flow ..."

fig. 3

THE LYULKA TR-1 TURBOJET ENGINE

1947 THRUST = 1350 KG

I ' i -- .
$'
EXPERIMENTAL TURBOSHAFT ENGINE
DESIGNED BY PROF. V. V. UVAROV

1939. P = 1500 h.p. TET = 1500 K (water cooling)

MiG-17 WITH VK-1 F AUGMENTED TURBOJET ENGINES

-..
FEBRUARY, I", 1950 : MF> 1 .\'-
TURBOJET ENGINES AM-3 - RD-3M

1951. Thrust = 8750 kg

Tu- 16

BRANCH OF ClAM (1947 - 1955)

@ Thermal altitude chamber for full-scale engtnes testing

H = up to 25 km V, = up to 3000 km/h Thrust = up to 2 5 i ,

Thermal altitude chamber for f t i " scale units testing

.-
-.._
GAS-TURBINE ENGINES GENERATIONS --.-. -- -.
.--

s Turbofan
Augm. t ~ ~ d an
m f r-:.-~ ~ ....--___-
.

Turbofan -- -.-.

--
. T I

Compressor: two-spooi e Augm.turbof an

axla1 s w l e - s p o o l s Cooled turbme @ Propfan
and twn-soool
TJ Uncooled turbine
Augm. TJ Steel, alumlnlum.
0 Compressor: h~gh-temperature
single-spool.
centrifugal or axial
I Compressor. axial,
0 Uncooled turb~ne two-spool and
Steel. alumln~um. three-spool
mqnesium i
a Cooled turblne
----- -- ------ a ?eel, t ~ t a n ~ u m .
\1 h~qh-temperature
alloys
Tltanlum,
hlqh-temperature
alloys

TR-1 V K - 1 - RD-3M. R l l - 3 0 0 . AI-21F 5-30 AI-31F r -90A

535. J47. J48 J57. J75, J79 TF30, JTBO F100. J 1 d 0
1 -st 2 -d 3- 4 4-th 5-th

Fig. 9

SECONG GENERATION

R11 - 300(MiG-2 1) Number of stages 3 +3+1+ 1 =8

J79(F4) Number of stages 17 + 3 = 30

THRUST = IDEM
Fig. 10
12
THE KLIINETSOV NK-12 TURBOSHAFT ENGINE

Coaxial birotative reduction a ~ n ~ i ~ ~ ~

INCREASE IN OPERATING TURBINE TEMPERATURE

SC cast TBC metal

cornpos~tetllm-

DS. SC cast fh-

convective coolma

1200 Years

Generations of gas-turbine engines

Fig. 13
 THE PS-9OA TURBOFAN

For the Tu-204 and lL-96-300 aircraft

THRUST = 16000 kg

SFC = 0,58kglkg h

Fig. 1 5

FOURTH GENERATION ENGINES

AL-31(SU-27) Number of stages 4 c 9 + * -. +

, -
: -3

FlOO(F15) Number of stages 3 + 10 + 2 + 2 = 17

ENGINES THRUST = IDEM

 e n g m cycle optlmlsation

'esI!ng ;n .-?.?inna va
- --c,tlcra 2.::.

prODuIs~onsystem
optlmtsatton

. .-

TYPES OF ENGINES AND THEIR

COMPONENTS TESTING

CONTROL SYSTEMS
PERFORMANCE
 TURBOJET ENGINE ALTITUDE TEST FACILiT'ES

RAMJET - TRADITION AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

INTEGRAL RAMJET - ROCKET - NEW STAGE OF DE\JE1_ '%

:. z
.-'iTi s

YE4RS
'Ilr M i 1 Mercouiov LA(1939) M = 2 -4 - Bondarjuk MM ' I 334 - -

60-t!es MEAN FEATL'RES

INTEGRATION OF PS AND FV
ENCLOSING SF?
HEAVY FUELS (SF. LF!
70-ties ROCKET - RAMJET

THEORY:
90-ties. - Stechkin B.S.
-2000 - Bondaquk M. M
- Schetinkov E. S
- Chernv G. G.
 DMSCRJ MODEL INVESTlGATiON

\ -1-
DMSCRJ FOR FLIGHT LABORATORY TESTS

Ramjet engine mode

CONTINUONS OPERATION TIME AT M = 4 - 4.5 IS ABOUT 3 HOURS

Fig. 22
FUTURE GOALS

* Alternative fuels
LH2 CHI Heavy
fuels

* Nonmetallic
MATERIALS
@
-
I C~AM I * Combined
for ASP
engines
Turboramiets

Ir Aeroengines-2000 * Hypersonic engines

STOlCHlOMETRlC TURBOJET DMSCRJ
Superfan, propfan SCRJ-R
Turboshafts SCRJ + LR
VCE

Fig. 2 3