Leakage inductance is by itself largely lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformer's support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat. There are also radiative losses due to the oscillating magnetic field, but these are usually small and negligible. Dielectric Loss In the solid insulation or transformer oil i.e. insulation material of the transformer, dielectric loss occurs when the solid insulation gets damaged or the oil gets deteriorated or its quality decreases over the time. Hence, the overall efficiency of the transformer may be affected due to this loss. Other Losses Magnetostriction Losses Magnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material, such as the core, causes it to physically expand and contract slightly with each cycle of the magnetic field, an effect known as magnetostriction. This produces the buzzing sound commonly associated with transformers, and can cause losses due to frictional heating. Mechanical Losses In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating forces between the primary and secondary windings. These incite vibrations within nearby metalwork, adding to the buzzing noise, and consuming a small amount of power. 8. Different type of transformers? A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy. The transmission current is AC. It is commonly used to increase or decrease the supply voltage without a change in the frequency of AC between circuits. The transformer works on the basic principles of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction. Transformer Types Transformers are used in various fields like power generation grid, distribution sector, transmission and electric energy consumption. There are various types of transformers which are classified based on the following factors: @ — Working voltage range The medium used in the core Winding arrangement Installation location As per phase ‘As per cooing system Shale use Cowtype —Sheliype Settcooled Alrconed Olteoled Based on Voltage Levels Commonly used transformer types, depending on the voltage, are classified as follows:@ — Step-up Transformer: They are used between the power generator and the power grid. The secondary output voltage is higher than the input voltage. @ = Step-down Transformer: These transformers are used to convert high-voltage primary supply to low-voltage secondary output. Based on the Medium of Core Used In a transformer, we will find different types of cores that are used. @ = Air Core Transformer: The flux linkage between primary and secondary winding is through the air. The coil or windings wound on the non-magnetic strip. @ = tron Core Transformer: Windings are wound on multiple iron plates stacked together, which provides a perfect linkage path to generate flux. Based on the Winding Arrangement @ = Autotransformer: It will have only one winding wound over a laminated core. The primary and secondary share the same coil. Auto means “self” in the Greek language. Based on Install Location @ Power Transformer: It is used at power generation stations, as they are suitable for high voltage application @ Distribution Transformer: It is mostly used at distribution lanes for domestic purposes. They are designed for carrying low voltages. It is very easy to install and characterised by low magnetic losses. @ Measurement Transformers: They are mainly used for measuring voltage, current and power. @ = Protection Transformers: They are used for component protection purposes. In circuits, some components must be protected from voltage fluctuation, etc. Protection transformers ensure component protection. Working Principle of a Transformer Ui Sak alsa RAL cd mays Laminated core Secondary The transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction. There are usually two coils - primary coil and secondary coil - on the transformer core. The core laminations are joined in the form of strips. The two coils have high mutual inductance. When an alternating current passes through the primary coil, it creates a varying magnetic flux. As per Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, this change inmagnetic flux induces an EMF (electromotive force) in the secondary coil, which is linked to the core having a primary coil. This is mutual induction. Overall, a transformer carries out the following operations: Transfer of electrical energy from one circuit to another Transfer of electrical power through electromagnetic induction Electric power transfer without any change in frequency Two circuits are linked with mutual induction wows Current carrying wire Flux lines The figure shows the formation of magnetic flux lines around a current-carrying wire. The normal of the plane containing the flux lines is parallel to the normal of a cross-section of awire. meus The figure shows the formation of varying magnetic flux lines around a wire wound. The interesting part is that the reverse is also true; when a magnetic flux line fluctuates around a piece of wire, a current will be induced in it. This was what Michael Faraday found in 1831, which is the fundamental working principle of electric generators, as well as transformers. Parts of a Single-phase Transformer Parts of a Single-phase Transformer The major parts of a single-phase transformer consist of: 1. Core The core acts as a support to the winding in the transformer. It also provides a lowreluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. The winding is wound on the core, as shown in the picture. It is made up of a laminated soft iron core in order to reduce the losses ina transformer. The factors, such as operating voltage, current, power, etc., decide core composition. The core diameter is directly proportional to copper losses and inversely proportional to iron losses. 2. Windings Windings are the set of copper wires wound over the transformer core. Copper wires are used due to the following: @ = The high conductivity of copper minimises the loss in a transformer because when the conductivity increases, resistance to current flow decreases. @ = The high ductility of copper is the property of metals that allows it to be made into very thin wires. There are mainly two types of windings: primary windings and secondary windings. @ Primary winding: The set of turns of windings to which the supply current is fed. @ Secondary winding: The set of turns of winding from which output is taken. The primary and secondary windings are insulated from each other using insulation coating agents. 3. Insulation Agents Insulation is necessary for transformers to separate windings from each other and to avoid short circuits. This facilitates mutual induction. Insulation agents have an influence on the durability and stability of a transformer. The following are used as insulation mediums in a transformer: @ Insulating oil @ Insulating tape @ Insulating paper @ ~=Wood-based lamination Ideal Transformer The ideal transformer has no losses. There is no magnetic leakage flux, ohmic resistance in its windings and no iron loss in the core. EMF Equation of Transformer meus o N17 — Number of turns in the primary N2-Number of turns in the secondarym - Maximum flux in the weber (Wb) T-Time period. It is the time taken for 1 cycle. The flux formed is a sinusoidal wave. It rises to a maximum value of ®m and decreases to a negative maximum of @m. So, flux reaches a maximum in one-quarter of a cycle. The time taken is equal to T/4. Average rate of change of flux = @m/(T/4) = 4fom Where, f = frequency T= 1/f Induced EMF per turn = Rate of change of flux per turn Form factor = RMS value / average value RMS value = 1.11 (4f@m) = 4.44 fm [form factor of a sine wave is 1.11] RMS value of EMF induced in winding = RMS value of EMF per turn x No. of turns Primary Winding RMS value of induced EMF = E1 = 4.44 fom * N1 Secondary Winding RMS value of induced EMF = E2 = 4.44 fom * N2 = 4.44f dm This is the EMF equation of the transformer. For an ideal transformer at no load condition, E1 = Supply voltage on the primary winding £2 = Terminal voltage (theoretical or calculated) on the secondary winding Voltage Transformation Ratio fo Ny Ny K is called the voltage transformation ratio, which is a constant. Case 1:If N2 > N1, K>1, it is called a step-up transformer. Case 2: If N2< N1, K<1, it is called a step-down transformer. Transformer Efficiency Comparing system output with input will confirm transformer efficiency. The system is called better when its efficiency is high.