Mathematical
Language and
Symbols:
Language of Relations
and Functions
Relation
• Relations abound in daily life. People are
related to each other in many ways as
parents and children, teachers and students,
employers and employees, and many others.
In business things that are bought are
related to their cost and to the amount paid
is related to the number of things bought.
Relation
• A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called
the domain) to a second set of values (called the range).
• The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a
machine that applies a rule to these inputs to generate a one or
more outputs.
• A relation is also a set of ordered pair �, �
Example: � = 1,2 , 2,4 , 3,6 , 4,8 , 5,10
Relation
• A relation from set X to Y is the set of ordered pairs of real
numbers (x,y) such that to each element x of the set X there
corresponds at least one element of the set Y.
• Let A and B sets. A relation R from A to B is a subset of A x B.
Given an ordered pair (x,y) in A x B, x is related to y by R,
written x R y, if and only if, (x,y) is in R. the set A is called the
domain of R and the set B is called its co-domain.
Notation
• The notation for a relation R may be written symbolically as follows:
� � � ������� �, � ∈ �.
• The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine
that applies a rule to these inputs to generate a one or more outputs.
• A relation is also a set of ordered pair �, �
Example: � = 1,2 , 2,4 , 3,6 , 4,8 , 5,10
Relation as a Subset
Let � = 1,2,3 ��� � = 2,3,4 and let us say that an element x in A is
related to an element y in B if and only if, x is less than y.
We use the notation xRy. Then it follows that:
1R2 1R3 1R4 2R3 2R4 3R3 3R4
� × � = 1,2 , 1,3 , 1,4 , 2,2 , 2,3 , 2,4 , 3,2 , 3,3 , 3,4
�<�
� � � = 1,2 , 1,3 , 1,4 , 2,3 , 2,4 , 3,4
Relation as a Subset
Let � = 1,2 ��� � = 1,2,3 and define a relation R from A to B as
follows: Given any �, � ∈ � × �,
�−�
�, � ∈ � ����� �ℎ�� �� �� �������.
2
a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in � × � and which are in
R.
b. Is 1 �3? Is 2 �3? Is 2�2?
c. What are the domain and co-domain of �?
Relation as a Subset (Solution)
a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in � × � and which are in R.
Solution: � × � = 1,1 , 1,2 , 1,3 , 2,1 , 2,2 , 2,3 . To determine
explicitly the composition of R, examine each ordered pair in � × � to
see whether its elements satisfy the defining condition for R
1−1 0
1,1 ∈ � because = = 0, which is an integer
2 2
1−2 −1
1,2 ∉ � because = , which is not an integer
2 2
1−3 −2
1,3 ∈ � because = =− 1, which is an integer
2 2
Relation as a Subset (Solution)
2−1 1
2,1 ∉ � because = , which is not an integer
2 2
2−2 0
2,2 ∈ � because = , which is an integer
2 2
2−3 −1
2,3 ∉ � because = , which is not an integer
2 2
Thus � = 1,1 , 1,3 , 2,2
Relation as a Subset (Solution)
b. Is 1 �3? Is 2 �3? Is 2�2?
Solution: Yes, 1 �3 because 1,3 ∈ �.
No, 2
c. The domain of R is 1,2 and the range is 1,2,3
Check Your Progress
• Let � = 0,1,2 ��� � = 0,1 and define a relation R from A to B as
follows: Given any �, � ∈ � × �,
�+�
�, � ∈ � means that is an integer.
2
a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in � × � and which are
in R
b. Is 1 R 0? Is 2 R 0? Is 2 R 1?
c. What are the domain and co-domain of R?
Arrow Diagram of a Relation
• Suppose R is a relation from a set A to a set B. The arrow
diagram for R is obtained as follows:
1. Represents the elements of A as points on one region and the
elements of B as points in another region.
2. For each x in A and y in B, draw an arrow from x to y if, and
only if, x is related to y by R.
Example
1. Given a relation to 1,2 , 0,1 , 3,4 , 2,1 , 0, − 2
2. What is the domain and co-domain of the relation?
Arrow Diagram of a Relation
• Let � = 1,2,3 ��� � = 1,3,5 and define relations S and T from A to B
as follows:
For all �, � ∈ � × �,
�, � ∈ � means that � < � � is a “less than” relation.
� = 2,1 , 2,5 .
Draw arrow diagrams for S and T.
Arrow Diagram of a Relation
• Let � = 1,2,3 ��� � = 1,3,5 and define relations S and T
from A to B as follows:
For all �, � ∈ � × �, �, � ∈ � means that � < � � is a “less
than” relation. � = 2,1 , 2,5 .
��
= 1,1 , 1,3 , 1,5 , 2,1 , 2,3 , 2,5 , 3,1 , 3,3 , 3,5
�=�<�
� = 1,3 , 1,5 , 2,3 , 2,5 , 3,5
� = 2,1 , 2,5
Arrow Diagram of a Relation
��= 1,1 , 1,3 , 1,5 , 2,1 , 2,3 , 2,5 , 3,1 , 3,3 , 3,5
� = 1,3 , 1,5 , 2,3 , 2,5 , 3,5
������: 1,2,3 ����� �� �� − ������: 3,5
� = 2,1 , 2,5
������: 2 ����� �� �� − ������: 1,5
x y x y
1
2 3 1
2
3 5 5
S T
Function
• A function is a relation where each element in the domain is
related to only one value in the range by some rule.
• The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a
machine tht applies a rule so that each input corresponds to only
one
• A function is a set of ordered pairs �, � such that no two ordered
pairs have the same x-value but different y-values.
Function Machines
• Another useful way to think of a function is as machine. Suppose f is a
function from X to Y and input x of X is given. Imagine f to be a machine
that processes x in a certain way to produce the output f � . This is
illustrated in figure 2.2
Notation
• If A and B are sets and F is a function
from A to B, then given any element x
in A, the unique element in B that is
related to x by F is denoted F(x),
which is read “F of x.”
Functions can be represented in
different ways
1. Table of values
2. Ordered pairs
3. Graph
4. An equation � = 5� + 4
Which of the following relations are
functions?
• � = 1,2 , 2,2 , 3,5 , 4,5
Function
• � = 1,3 , 1,4 , 2,5 , 2,6 , 3,7
��� ��������
• � = �, � , �, � , �, � , . . . , �, �� , . . .
��������
Which of the following mapping
diagrams represent functions?
Function Not a Function Function
Example
• Let � = 2,4,6 ��� � = 1,3,5 . Which of the relations R, S
and T defined below as functions from A to B?
a. � = 2,5 , 4,1 , 4,3 , 6,5
not a function
b. or all �, � ∈ � × �, �, � ∈ � ����� �ℎ�� � = � + 1.
function
Example
c. T is defined by the arrow diagram
A Function
Check Your Progress
• Let � = �, �, � ��� � = 1,2,3,4 .which opf the relations A,B,C defined
below are functions from X to Y?
a. � = �, 1 , �, 2 , �, 3
b. For all �, � ∈ � × �, �, � ∈ � ����� �ℎ�� � is a vowel and y is even
c. C is defined by the arrow diagram
Equality of Functions
• Define �: � → � ��� �: � → ��� �ℎ� ��������� ��������:
� � = � ��� ��� � ∈ �.
� � = �2 ��� ��� � ∈ �
Does � = �?
Solution:
Yes. Because the absolute value of any real umbers equals the square root of
its square, � = �2 ��� ��� � ∈ �. ����� � = �.
Operations on Functions
The following are definitions of the operations on
functions.
a. The sum or difference of f and g, denoted by f ± � is
the function defined by � ± � � = � � ± � � .
b. The product of f and g, denoted by � ⋅ � is the function
defined by � ⋅ � � = � � ⋅ � � .
Operations on Functions
c. The quotient of f and g denoted by � � is the function
� �
defined by , where � � is not equal to zero.
� �
d. The composite function of f and g denoted by � ∘ � is
the function defined by � ∘ � � = � � � . Similarly,
the composite function of g by f, denoted by � ∘ �, is
the function defined by � ∘ � � = � � � .
Operations on Functions
Example:
1. If � � = 2� + 1 ��� � � = 3� + 2, what is � + � � ?
�+� � =� � +� �
= 2� + 1 + 3� + 2
= 2� + 3� + 1 + 2
= 5� + 3
Operations on Functions
Example:
2. What is � ⋅ � � �� � � = 2� + 1��� � � = 3� + 2?
�⋅� � =� � ⋅� �
= 2� + 1 3� + 2
= 6�2 + 7� + 2
Operations on Functions
Example:
�
1. If � � = 2� + 6� ��� � � = � + 3�, what is �
� ?
� �
� �
2� + 6�
=
� + 3�
2 � + 3�
=
� + 3�
=�
Evaluating a Function
• Evaluate � � = �2 − 2� + 2 �� � = 2
Substitute:
� � = �� − �� + �
� � = �� − � � + �
� � =�−�+�
� � =�
Evaluating a Function
• Evaluate � � = 2� + 1 �� � = 3� − 1
Substitute:
� �� − � = � �� − � + �
� �� − � = �� − � + �
� �� − � = �� − �
Operations on function
1. If � � = �� + � ��� � � = �� − �; ���� � + � �
2. � � = ��� − ��� + � ��� � � = ��� − � + �; ���� � − � �
3. � � = �� + �� + � ��� � � = �� − �; ���� � ∙ � �
�
4. � � = �� + � ��� � � = �� − �; ���� �
�
5. � � = ��� + �� − � ��� � � = �� − �� + �; ���� � + � �
Evaluate the function
1. If � � = ��� + �� + � at x = 2
2. � � = �� + �� at x = 9
3. � � = �� + ��� − � at � =− �
4. � � =− �� − � at � =− �
5. � � = �� at � =− ��
