📘 CS610 – Short Notes (Lecture 1–45)
Lecture 1: Introduction to Data Communication
Data Communication: Exchange of data between devices via transmission medium.
Components: Message, Sender, Receiver, Medium, Protocol.
Protocol: Rules governing communication (syntax, semantics, timing).
Data vs. Signal: Data = information, Signal = encoded data.
Analog vs. Digital Signals.
Lecture 2: Transmission Modes
Simplex: One-way only.
Half-Duplex: Two-way, but one at a time.
Full-Duplex: Two-way simultaneous.
Parallel vs. Serial Transmission.
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous.
Lecture 3: Network Models
OSI 7 Layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application.
TCP/IP Model: Link, Internet, Transport, Application.
Comparison of OSI vs TCP/IP.
Lecture 4: Physical Layer
Functions: Bit transmission, encoding, signaling.
Transmission Media: Guided (Twisted Pair, Coaxial, Fiber) & Unguided (Radio, Microwave, Satellite).
Multiplexing: FDM, TDM, WDM.
Lecture 5: Data Link Layer Basics
Functions: Framing, Error Control, Flow Control, Access Control.
Error Detection: Parity, CRC, Checksum.
Error Correction: Hamming Code, ARQ (Stop-and-Wait, Go-Back-N, Selective Repeat).
Lecture 6: Framing Techniques
Character Count, Byte Stuffing, Bit Stuffing, Physical Layer Violations.
Efficiency of framing methods.
Lecture 7: Flow Control Protocols
Stop-and-Wait ARQ.
Sliding Window Protocols.
Efficiency of Stop-and-Wait = 1 / (1 + 2a).
Lecture 8: Error Detection & Correction
Redundancy techniques.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).
Hamming Code distance concepts (dmin = 2t+1).
Lecture 9: Data Link Control
Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless.
HDLC Protocol: Modes (NRM, ARM, ABM).
Frame types: I, S, U frames.
Lecture 10: Multiplexing
FDM, TDM, WDM explained.
Statistical TDM.
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous TDM.
Lecture 11: Switching
Circuit Switching: Dedicated path, predictable delay.
Packet Switching: Store-and-forward, variable delay.
Message Switching: Entire message stored then forwarded.
Lecture 12: Network Layer Basics
Functions: Routing, Addressing, Packet Forwarding, Congestion Control.
Services: Connectionless (IP), Connection-Oriented (X.25, ATM).
Lecture 13: IP Addressing
Classes A, B, C, D, E.
Subnetting: Borrowing host bits.
Supernetting (CIDR).
IPv6 addressing (128 bits).
Lecture 14: Routing Basics
Routing Tables.
Direct vs Indirect delivery.
Static vs Dynamic routing.
Lecture 15: Routing Protocols
Distance Vector: Bellman-Ford, RIP.
Link State: Dijkstra’s Algorithm, OSPF.
Path Vector: BGP.
Lecture 16: Congestion Control
Causes: High load, buffer overflow.
Techniques: Open-loop (prevention), Closed-loop (feedback).
Algorithms: Leaky Bucket, Token Bucket.
Lecture 17: Transport Layer
Functions: Process-to-process delivery, error control, flow control.
Services: Connection-oriented (TCP), Connectionless (UDP).
Lecture 18: TCP vs UDP
TCP: Reliable, stream-oriented, 3-way handshake, congestion control.
UDP: Connectionless, unreliable, fast.
Ports: Well-known ports (0–1023), registered ports.
Lecture 19: Session Layer
Functions: Dialog control, synchronization.
Checkpoints for recovery.
Lecture 20: Presentation Layer
Functions: Data translation, encryption, compression.
ASN.1 encoding standard.
Lecture 21: Application Layer Protocols
FTP: File transfer.
HTTP: Web communication.
SMTP: Email transfer.
DNS: Name-to-IP resolution.
Lecture 22: Security Basics
Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability (CIA).
Threats: Passive (eavesdropping), Active (modification, denial).
Encryption: Symmetric vs Asymmetric.
Lecture 23: Cryptography
Symmetric (DES, AES).
Asymmetric (RSA, ECC).
Hashing (SHA, MD5).
Digital Signatures.
Lecture 24: Authentication
Passwords, Biometrics, Tokens.
Message Authentication Code (MAC).
Kerberos Authentication Protocol.
Lecture 25: Firewalls & IDS
Firewall: Packet filtering, Proxy, Stateful inspection.
IDS: Detects attacks (signature-based, anomaly-based).
Lecture 26: Network Management
SNMP: Manager-Agent model.
MIB: Database of managed objects.
RMON: Remote monitoring.
Lecture 27: Multimedia Networking
Real-time traffic (voice, video).
QoS parameters: Delay, Jitter, Bandwidth.
Protocols: RTP, RTCP.
Lecture 28: Wireless Networks
Characteristics: Mobility, Interference.
Standards: IEEE 802.11 (WiFi), Bluetooth, WiMAX.
Cellular Networks (GSM, CDMA).
Lecture 29: Mobile IP
Mobile Node, Home Agent, Foreign Agent.
Tunneling and Encapsulation.
Lecture 30: ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
Fixed-size cells (53 bytes).
Virtual Paths & Virtual Circuits.
QoS categories: CBR, VBR, UBR, ABR.
Lecture 31: Frame Relay
Virtual circuits.
DLCI identifiers.
Congestion control: FECN, BECN.
Lecture 32: DSL & Cable Networks
DSL: Uses telephone line.
ADSL vs SDSL.
Cable Modem: Uses TV cable.
Lecture 33: SONET/SDH
Synchronous Optical Network.
Frame structure: STS-1.
Multiplexing in optical fiber.
Lecture 34: Satellite Communication
GEO, MEO, LEO orbits.
Advantages/disadvantages of satellite links.
VSAT systems.
Lecture 35: Optical Networks
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM).
DWDM: Dense WDM.
Optical Switching.
Lecture 36: Bluetooth
WPAN standard (IEEE 802.15.1).
Piconet (master + slaves).
Scatternet (multiple piconets).
Lecture 37: WiFi
IEEE 802.11 standards.
Infrastructure vs Ad-hoc mode.
Security: WEP, WPA, WPA2.
Lecture 38: WiMAX
IEEE 802.16 standard.
Provides broadband wireless access.
Range: up to 50 km.
Lecture 39: ZigBee
IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
Low-power, short-range communication.
Used in IoT and sensor networks.
Lecture 40: Internet of Things (IoT)
Interconnection of everyday devices.
Layers: Perception, Network, Application.
Protocols: MQTT, CoAP.
Lecture 41: Cloud Computing
Service Models: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS.
Deployment: Public, Private, Hybrid, Community.
Benefits: Scalability, Cost-efficiency.
Lecture 42: Data Centers
Contain servers, storage, networking equipment.
Virtualization: Efficient use of hardware.
Green Data Centers (energy efficient).
Lecture 43: Content Delivery Networks (CDN)
Distribute content across geographically distributed servers.
Improves latency, reliability.
Lecture 44: Network Virtualization
Abstracting network resources.
VLANs, VPNs.
SDN (Software Defined Networking).
Lecture 45: Future of Networking
5G and Beyond.
Quantum Communication.
AI in Networking.
Network Security Challenges.
